Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):e21–181. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191261. [PubMed: 19075105].
Laures AS, Gomez E, Baltar J, Alvarez-Grande J. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease during the first 2 years after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(9):3778–81. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.201. [PubMed: 16386536].
Kasiske BL, Guijarro C, Massy ZA, Wiederkehr MR, Ma JZ. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(1):158– 65. [PubMed: 8808124].
Arashnia R, Roohi-Gilani K, Karimi-Sari H, Nikjoo N, Bahramifar A. Effect of pioglitazone therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein and lipid profile in diabetic patients with renal transplantation; a randomize clinical trial. J Nephropathol. 2015;4(2):48–53. doi: 10.12860/jnp.2015.10. [PubMed: 25964889]. [PubMed Central: PMC4417670].
Ramji DP, Davies TS. Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2015;26(6):673–85. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.04.003. [PubMed: 26005197]. [PubMed Central: PMC4671520].
Kozarov E, Huber K, Wojta J. Infection-associated biomarkers of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(13):1776–82. [PubMed: 25435361].
Heybar H, Alavi SM, Farashahi Nejad M, Latifi M. Cytomegalovirus infection and atherosclerosis in candidate of coronary artery bypass graft. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(3). e15476. doi: 10.5812/jjm.15476. [PubMed: 25834719]. [PubMed Central: PMC4377172].
Adiloglu AK, Can R, Nazli C, Ocal A, Ergene O, Tinaz G, et al. Ectasia and severe atherosclerosis: relationships with chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacterpylori, and inflammatory markers. Tex Heart Inst J. 2005;32(1):21–7. [PubMed: 15902817]. [PubMed Central: PMC555817].
Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Tohidi M, Sabouri A, Ramezani-Binabaj M, Sadeghi-Ghahrodi M, Einollahi B. Infectious and coronary artery disease. ARYA Atheroscler. 2016;12(1):41–9. [PubMed: 27114736]. [PubMed Central: PMC4834180].
Ramezani-Binabaj M, Mobasher-Jannat A, Safiabadi M, Saburi A, Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Karimi-Sari H. The Relationship between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Atherosclerosis: A Meta-analysis. Erciyes Med J. 2016;38(3):90–4. doi: 10.5152/etd.2016.0030.
Buchler M, Hurault de Ligny B, Madec C, Lebranchu Y, French Thy-moglobuline Pharmacovigilance Study G. Induction therapy by anti-thymocyte globulin (rabbit) in renal transplantation: a 1-yr follow-up of safety and efficacy. Clin Transplant. 2003;17(6):539–45. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-0012.2003.00102.x. [PubMed: 14756271].
Burke G3, Kaufman DB, Millis JM, Gaber AO, Johnson CP, Sutherland DE, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of the effect of antibody induction in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplan-tation: three-year results. Transplantation. 2004;77(8):1269–75. doi: 10.1097/01.TP.0000123903.12311.36. [PubMed: 15114097].
Bal Z, Uyar ME, Tutal E, Erdogan E, Colak T, Sezer S, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients: one center’s experience. Transplant Proc. 2013;45(10):3520–3. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.08.098. [PubMed: 24314948].
Le Page AK, Mackie FE, McTaggart SJ, Kennedy SE. Cytomegalovirus & Epstein Barr Virus serostatus as a predictor of the long-term outcome of kidney transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013;18(12):813–9. doi: 10.1111/nep.12149. [PubMed: 23927085].
de Mattos AM, Prather J, Olyaei AJ, Shibagaki Y, Keith DS, Mori M, et al. Cardiovascular events following renal transplantation: role of traditional and transplant-specific risk factors. Kidney Int. 2006;70(4):757– 64. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001628. [PubMed: 16788687].
Hernandez D, Hanson E, Kasiske MK, Danielson B, Roel J, Kasiske BL. Cytomegalovirus disease is not a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72(8):1395–9. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200110270-00011. [PubMed: 11685110].
Toz H, Duman S, Altunel E, Sezis M, Ozbek S, Ozkahya M, et al. Intima media thickness as a predictor of atherosclerosis in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(1):156–8. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.11.058. [PubMed: 15013331].
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Int Med. 2009;151(4):264–9.
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonran-domised studies in meta-analyses. 2018. Available from: http://www. ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
Humar A, Gillingham K, Payne WD, Sutherland DE, Matas AJ. Increased incidence of cardiac complications in kidney transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus disease. Transplantation. 2000;70(2):310–3. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200007270-00013. [PubMed: 10933155].
Kalil RS, Hudson SL, Gaston RS. Determinants of cardiovascular mortality after renal transplantation: a role for cytomegalovirus? Am J Transplant. 2003;3(1):79–81. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.30114.x. [PubMed: 12492715].
Gomez E, Laures A, Baltar JM, Melon S, Diez B, de Ona M. Cytomegalovirus replication and "herpesvirus burden" as risk factor of cardiovascular events in the first year after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(9):3760–3. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.08.058. [PubMed: 16386530].
Lentine KL, Brennan DC, Schnitzler MA. Incidence and predictors of myocardial infarction after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(2):496–506. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004070580. [PubMed: 15615820].
Ozdemir FN, Akgul A, Altunoglu A, Bilgic A, Arat Z, Haberal M. The association between cytomegalovirus infection and atherosclerotic events in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(4):990– 2. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.02.026. [PubMed: 17524871].
Courivaud C, Bamoulid J, Chalopin JM, Gaiffe E, Tiberghien P, Saas P, et al. Cytomegalovirus exposure and cardiovascular disease in kidney transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(10):1569–75. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit064. [PubMed: 23417659].
Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. Myocardial infarction redefined–a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(3):959–69. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4. [PubMed: 10987628].
Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME. Infection and Atherosclerosis Development. Arch Med Res. 2015;46(5):339–50. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.006. [PubMed: 26004263]. [PubMed Central: PMC4524506].
Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011;473(7347):317–25. doi: 10.1038/nature10146. [PubMed: 21593864].
Hansson GK, Hermansson A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(3):204–12. doi: 10.1038/ni.2001. [PubMed: 21321594].
Hansson GK, Libby P, Schonbeck U, Yan ZQ. Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2002;91(4):281–91. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000029784.15893.10. [PubMed: 12193460].
Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685–95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra043430. [PubMed: 15843671].
Chen J, Zhu M, Ma G, Zhao Z, Sun Z. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2013;13:183. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-183. [PubMed: 24261578]. [PubMed Central: PMC4222774].
Wang ZW, Li Y, Huang LY, Guan QK, Xu DW, Zhou WK, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to high risk of ischemic stroke: evidence from a meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2012;259(12):2527–37. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6558-7. [PubMed: 22688569].
Huang H, Kang R, Zhao Z. Is hepatitis C associated with atherosclerotic burden? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(9). e106376. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106376. [PubMed: 25184517]. [PubMed Central: PMC4153605].
Streblow DN, Dumortier J, Moses AV, Orloff SL, Nelson JA. Mechanisms of cytomegalovirus-accelerated vascular disease: induction of paracrine factors that promote angiogenesis and wound healing. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;325:397–415. [PubMed: 18637518]. [PubMed Central: PMC2699259].
Rosenfeld ME. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: direct versus indirect mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(2):154–60. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.01.003. [PubMed: 23357128]. [PubMed Central: PMC3654071].
Hulshof JW, Casarosa P, Menge WM, Kuusisto LM, van der Goot H, Smit MJ, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of the first nonpeptidergic inverse agonists for the human cytomegalovirus encoded chemokine receptor US28. J Med Chem. 2005;48(20):6461–71. doi: 10.1021/jm050418d. [PubMed: 16190772].
Jeong SJ, Ku NS, Han SH, Choi JY, Kim CO, Song YG, et al. Anti-cytomegalovirus antibody levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis and inflammatory cytokine production in elderly Koreans. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;445:65–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.015. [PubMed: 25797894].
Simanek AM, Dowd JB, Pawelec G, Melzer D, Dutta A, Aiello AE. Seropositivity to cytomegalovirus, inflammation, all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the United States. PLoS One. 2011;6(2). e16103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016103. [PubMed: 21379581]. [PubMed Central: PMC3040745].
Fisher EA, Feig JE, Hewing B, Hazen SL, Smith JD. High-density lipoprotein function, dysfunction, and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(12):2813–20. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300133. [PubMed: 23152494]. [PubMed Central: PMC3501261].
van Leeuwen EM, Remmerswaal EB, Vossen MT, Rowshani AT, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, van Lier RA, et al. Emergence of a CD4+CD28-granzyme B+, cytomegalovirus-specific T cell subset after recovery of primary cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol. 2004;173(3):1834–41. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1834. [PubMed: 15265915].
Sato K, Niessner A, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. TRAIL-expressing T cells induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. J Exp Med. 2006;203(1):239– 50. doi: 10.1084/jem.20051062. [PubMed: 16418392]. [PubMed Central: PMC2118078].
Liuzzo G, Goronzy JJ, Yang H, Kopecky SL, Holmes DR, Frye RL, et al. Monoclonal T-cell proliferation and plaque instability in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2000;101(25):2883–8. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.25.2883. [PubMed: 10869258].
Shlipak MG, Fried LF, Cushman M, Manolio TA, Peterson D, Stehman-Breen C, et al. Cardiovascular mortality risk in chronic kidney disease: comparison of traditional and novel risk factors. JAMA. 2005;293(14):1737–45. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.14.1737. [PubMed: 15827312].
Muntner P, He J, Astor BC, Folsom AR, Coresh J. Traditional and nontra-ditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(2):529–38. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004080656. [PubMed: 15625072].
Wolf SC, Brehm BR, Mayer O, Jurgens S, Schultze G, Risler T. Infectious risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease in hemodialysis patients–Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori or cytomegalovirus is associated with increased C-reactive protein. Ren Fail. 2004;26(3):279–87. doi: 10.1081/JDI-120039527. [PubMed: 15354978].
Betjes MG, Litjens NH, Zietse R. Seropositivity for cytomegalovirus in patients with end-stage renal disease is strongly associated with atherosclerotic disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(11):3298–303. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm348. [PubMed: 17597084].
Goulenok T, Boyd A, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, Boccara F, Meynard JL, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness is not associated with T-cell activation nor with cytomegalovirus in HIV-infected never-smoker patients. AIDS. 2015;29(3):287–93. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000539. [PubMed: 25686677].
Ji YN, An L, Zhan P, Chen XH. Cytomegalovirus infection and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(6):6537–46. doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-1482-6. [PubMed: 22311014].