In the areas covered by this report, the federal Government is responsible for the recognition of denominations and the regulation of philosophical communities (i.e. Humanists and Buddhists), as well as chaplaincies in the military, in prisons, and in hospitals. The Flemish, Walloon, and Brussels-Capital regions have responsibility for regulating local religious communities, burials, and animal welfare. Flemish, French, and German-speaking communities are responsible for education (including religious education), young offenders, and the media. Provinces (except for the Brussels-Capital region) and municipalities supervise and finance recognised local religious communities, including recognised mosques, and implement regulations coming from the federal and regional authorities.
www.raadvst-consetat.be/?page=news&lang=fr&newsitem=650, accessed 8 February 2021.
For its ca. 16 press releases, see the section on “Coronavirus” at www.embnet.be/fr/communi ques-de-presse, accessed 8 February 2021.
www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200426_01470045/pas-de-particularite-luxembourgeoise; www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200415_01466982/le-ramadan-aussi-sera-particulier; https://plus.lesoir.be/316379/article/2020-07-30/fete-de-laid-les-mosquees-de-bruxelles-seront-fermees -ce-vendredi-annonce. On problems for Ramadan related shopping: www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200426_01470045/pas-de-particularite-luxembourgeoise, all accessed 14 February 2021.
www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200430_01471166/coronavirus-l-union-des-mosquees-liegeoises -offre-50-000-euros-au-chr-de-la-citadelle or www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200407_01464788/ video-deux-jeunes-de-la-mosquee-assalam-ont-distribue-des-repas-au-personnel-soignant -et-aux-migrants, accessed 14 February 2021.
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His party is Open-Vld, a right-wing liberal party that has had various positions favouring a greater separation of Church and State over the last few years, including the inclusion of the French concept of laïcité in the Belgian Constitution: www.lalibre.be/dernieres-depeches/belga/laicite-de-l-etat-patrick-dewael-lance-le-debat-a-la-chambre-5694df5d3570ed 38950e81d6, accessed 7 February 2021.
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www.embnet.be/fr/les-institutions-musulmanes-de-belgique-condamnent-les-declarations-infondees-du-ministre-de-la;www.embnet.be/fr/les-institutions-des-musul mans-de-belgique-denoncent-les-sorties-mediatiques-des-3-membres-desavoues; www.embnet.be/fr/les-institutions-des-musulmans-de-belgique-demandent-reparation-et -justice-0, accessed 7 February 2021.
https://lameuse.sudinfo.be/703007/article/2020-12-09/la-sortie-de-van-quickenborne -est-un-coup-darret-pour-un-islam-de-belgique; www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/execu tif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-surrealisme-a-la-belge-5fe19519d8ad5844d1cba008; www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/executif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-culte-et-espionnage-ne-font-pas-bon-menage/article-longread-1376697.html, accessed 7 February 2021.
www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/pour-un-islam-de-belgique-au-diapason-des-droits -humains-5fdb65f79978e227df203081, accessed 15 February 2021.
https://plus.lesoir.be/314021/article/2020-07-18/cachez-ce-foulard; https://plus.lesoir.be/314305/article/2020-07-20/le-hijab-et-les-errements-du-neo-feminisme, both accessed 15 February 2021.
www.rtl.be/info/belgique/societe/caricature-de-mahomet-dans-une-ecole-a-molenbeek-l-enseignant-est-reintegre-mais-il-a-ete-demoli-dit-son-avocat-1266560.aspx, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.lecho.be/economie-politique/belgique/general/nadia-geerts-dire-je-suis-samuel-paty-n-est-pas-une-opinion-personnelle-c-est-une-valeur/10284393.html, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/fr/2020/11/21/interpellation-dun-jeune-homme-qui-a-menace-la-ministre-zuhal-de/, accessed 15 February 2021.
Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, Renouvellement de l’Organe Représentatif du Culte Musulman en Belgique (ORCMB): Bilan et perspectives (Brussels: unpublished, 2020); see also www.facebook.com/michael.privot.1/posts/10159595759996554, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.7sur7.be/belgique/il-avait-menace-zuhal-demir-150-heures-de-travail~a9d28da1/, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.unia.be.
Unia, Rapport annuel 2019 (Brussels: Unia, 2020), www.unia.be/files/Documenten/Jaarrapport/Rapport_annuel_2019_AS.pdf, accessed 7 February 2021.
Unia, Rapport chiffres 2019 (Brussels: Unia, 2020), www.unia.be/files/Documenten/Jaarrapport/2020_Rapport_chiffres_2019_DEF.pdf, accessed 7 February 2021.
https://ccib-ctib.be/index.php/2020/09/29/rapport-chiffres-2019-en-belgique-neuf-victimes-de-lislamophobie-sur-10-sont-des-femmes/, accessed 7 February 2021.
www.unia.be/files/Documenten/Jaarrapport/2020_Rapport_chiffres_2019_DEF.pdf, accessed 7 February 2021.
www.unia.be/fr/articles/lantisemitisme-est-toujours-present, accessed 7 February 2021.
Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, Renouvellement.
https://jean-jaures.org/nos-productions/liberalisme-culturel-conservatisme-et-anti semitisme-en-immersion-chez-la-jeunesse, accessed 8 February 2021.
There were 81 in 2019; www.atlasinfo.fr/Des-imams-et-morchidates-en-Belgique-pour-l-encadrement-religieux-des-Marocains-durant-le-mois-de-Ramadan_a100416.html, accessed 13 February 2021.
When a local religious community is recognised by regional authorities, the federal State may pay salaries for up to three ministers. This is valid for all recognised religions in Belgium, including Islam, with another mechanism existing for Humanist delegates. The State does not require any specific training, the question being left to the representative bodies of the different denominations that designate their respective ministers.
www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/salah-echallaoui-jamais-de-controles-d-identite-a-la-grande-mosquee/article-normal-1376731.html, accessed 12 February 2021.
https://plus.lesoir.be/203011/article/2019-01-26/quel-avenir-pour-la-grande-mosquee -apres-le-depart-de-la-ligue-islamique, accessed 12 April 2021.
Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, Renouvellement.
www.lachambre.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=/publications/attentats&language=fr&story=attentats.xml&lang=en, accessed 13 February 2021.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/fr/2020/12/04/soupcons-d-espionnage-marocain-a-la-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles/, accessed 13 February 2021.
www.vlaamsparlement.be/commissies/commissievergaderingen/1441867/verslag/ 1442312, accessed 12 February 2021.
For a more detailed explanation of the system and its historical context, see Husson, Jean-François, “Belgium”, in Oliver Scharbrodt, Samin Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Jørgen S. Nielsen, and Egdūnas Račius (eds.), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 95–98.
https://lokaalbestuur.vlaanderen.be/strategische-projecten/regelgeving-lokale-besturen/erkenning-lokale-geloofsgemeenschappen#:~:text=Op%2013%20november%20 2020%20gaf,werking%20van%20de%20erkende%20erediensten, accessed 17 May 2021.
Regional decrees are called ordonnances in the Brussels-Capital region.
https://plus.lesoir.be/282760/article/2020-02-26/la-region-bruxelloise-met-les-eglises -la-diete; www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/la-region-bruxelloise-va-imposer-aux-cultes -un-minimum-de-financement-autonome-5e561a24d8ad58685c35f063, both accessed 8 February 2021.
www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&table_name=loi&cn=2019051728, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.gallilex.cfwb.be/document/pdf/43481_000.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.vrt.be/nl/over-de-vrt/nieuws/2020/12/15/waarom-zendt-de-vrt-erediensten-uit/, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.saphirnews.com/Belgique-l-Aid-al-Adha-2020-a-l-epreuve-face-au-Covid-19-et-aux-interdictions-de-l-abattage-sans-etourdissement_a27285.html, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.embnet.be/fr/communique-de-presse-du-5-avril-2019-abattage-rituel, accessed 20 February 2021.
www.const-court.be/public/f/2019/2019-053f.pdf; www.const-court.be/public/f/2019/2019-115f.pdf, accessed 23 February 2021.
It had previously been confirmed that ritual slaughter without stunning may take place only in an approved slaughterhouse, and that such an obligation does not infringe on freedom of religion. See https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-05/cp180069en.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=abattage&docid=235734&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=4909630, accessed 15 February 2021.
Exécutif des Musulmans de Belgique, Renouvellement.
www.vlaamsparlement.be/parlementaire-documenten/schriftelijke-vragen/1360162, accessed 8 February 2021.
https://docs.vlaamsparlement.be/pfile?id=1497572, accessed 8 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201113_93819914, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201103_95800909, accessed 14 February 2021.
See for instance the Vlaams Belang opposition to an Islamic centre in Berendrecht and a mosque in Halle: www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201011_93815158; www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20200921_95204023, accessed 14 February 2021.
In October 2019, a woman was condemned for hitting a Muslim woman after a protest against a new mosque in Harelbeke: www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201013_94453575, accessed 14 February 2021.
http://weblex.brussels/data/crb/biq/2019-20/00058/images.pdf, accessed 8 February 2021.
El Azhar in Saint-Josse-ten-Node and Al Rajaa in Brussels: www.etaamb.be/fr/document_n2020021048.html, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.parlement-wallonie.be/pwpages?p=interp-questions-voir&type=28&iddoc=98309, accessed 8 February 2021.
https://lameuse-namur.sudinfo.be/661245/article/2020-10-07/deux-nouvelles-mosquees -namur-pas-pour-demain, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201202_98276431, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201120_98235740, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201119_93622292, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201015_94791472, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20201011_93815158, accessed 14 February 2021.
https://lameuse-verviers.sudinfo.be/703510/article/2020-12-09/une-querelle-en-justice -pour-le-controle-dune-mosquee-turque-verviers, accessed 14 February 2021.
Moniteur belge, 14 April 2020.
www.sudinfo.be/id274816/article/2020-11-03/acte-de-vandalisme-la-grande-mosquee-de-liege-des-caricatures-de-mahomet?referer=%2Farchives%2Frecherche%2Fpaywall%3 Fdatefilter%3Dlastyear%26sort%3Ddate%2520desc%26start%3D40%26word%3Dmo squ%25C3%25A9e, accessed 14 February 2021.
A letter dated 15 November 2017 from the president of the EMB to the Minister of Justice, and some interviews in the press, e.g. www.lacapitale.be/196043/article/2018-02-23/islam -de-belgique-des-femmes-au-sein-du-conseil-des-theologiens, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/belgique-mosquees-femmes-musulmanes-theo logiennes-predicatrices-imamat, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.koengeens.be/fr/news/2020/01/31/la-formation-civile-d-imams-prevue-a-l-uclou vain-en-septembre-2020; www.embnet.be/fr/la-formation-des-imams-un-grand-pas-dans -le-parcours-dinstitutionnalisation-de-lislam-en-belgique, accessed 15 February 2021.
Constitution published in the Annexes du Moniteur Belge, 25 April 2019, www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/tsv_pdf/2019/04/25/19057801.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.lesoir.be/269172/article/2019-12-26/le-premier-cursus-de-formation-dimams-en -belgique-debutera-en-fevrier, accessed 15 February 2021.
Moniteur belge, 31 March 2020.
www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20200917_97745269, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/fr/2019/08/30/l_ecole-islamique-de-genk-nobtient-pas-sa-reconnaissance-les/, accessed 14 February 2021.
www.lavenir.net/cnt/dmf20200228_01450465/ecole-islamique-a-marcinelle-le-projet -doit-etre-modifie, accessed 14 February 2021.
https://bx1.be/news/le-collectif-yallah-presente-un-manifeste-pour-une-citoyennete-de-la-diversite/; www.cclj.be/actu/politique-societe/collectif-laicite-yallah-pour-federer -musulmans-laiques, accessed 14 February 2021.
See, notably, www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/pour-un-islam-de-belgique-au-diapason -des-droits-humains-5fdb65f79978e227df203081; www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/le -voile-islamique-n-est-pas-un-detail-vestimentaire-5f08262ad8ad5801ea5cdb57, both accessed 14 February 2021.
E.g. Ettalhaoui, Fikri and Fouad Benyekhlef, Dépasser la condition sociale musulmane (Brussels: Adam Lumen Editions, 2019).
www.cecinestpasunecrise.org/pourcentage-de-musulmans-belgique-stop-aux-prejuges/, accessed 2 April 2021.
www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3466/Perceptions-are-not-reality-Things-the-world-gets-wrong.aspx. The Pew Research Center therefore raised the question about the choice of interviewees: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/5 -facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe, both accessed 2 April 2021.
For a summary, see Husson, “Belgium”, Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7, p. 106. For more views, see El Battiui, Mohamed, Meryem Kanmaz, and Firouzeh Nahavandi (eds.), Mosquées, imams et professeurs de religion islamique en Belgique: état de la question et enjeux (Brussels: Fondation Roi Baudouin, 2004), pp. 7–8, www.kbs-frb.be/~/media/Files/Bib/Publications/Older/PUB-1448-Mosquees-imams-prof-islam.pdf, accessed 2 April 2018; Dassetto, Felice, L’iris et le croissant: Bruxelles et l’islam au défi de la co-inclusion (Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2011), pp. 21–26; Fadil, Nadia, “Belgium”, in Jørgen S. Nielsen, Samim Akönül, Ahmet Alibašić, and Egdūnas Račius (eds.), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 6 (Leiden: Brill, 2014), pp. 84–107 (84–85); Husson, Jean-François, “Le financement des cultes, de la laïcité et des cours philosophiques”, Courrier hebdomadaire du Centre de recherche et d’information socio-politiques vols. 1703–1704 (2000), pp. 3–90 (84–89); see also http://unia.be/fr/articles/781887-musulmans-en-belgique; www.o-re-la.org/index.php/analyses/item/2183-combien-de-musulmans-en-belgique; www.cecinestpasunecrise.org/pourcentage-de-musulmans-belgique-stop-aux-prejuges/, all accessed 2 April 2021.
www.npdata.be/BuG/448-Moslims/; www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, both accessed 15 February 2021.These estimates will be used in the absence of other more detailed data.
Such estimates tend to neglect people from Muslim majority countries who are not Muslims (e.g. Middle Eastern Christians), an aspect considered by Hertogen; converts are also overlooked. See Dassetto, L’iris et le croissant, pp. 21–26.
www.npdata.be/BuG/448-Moslims/; www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, both accessed 15 February 2021.
8.6% in primary education and 6% in secondary education.
It is 0.2% for primary education. A number of Muslim pupils attend Catholic secondary schools, where no Islamic religious education is provided. Own calculations, based on https://data-onderwijs.vlaanderen.be/documenten/bestand.ashx?nr=12702, accessed 15 February 2021.
13.2% in primary education and 8.4% in secondary education. Own calculations based on data obtained from the French-speaking Community (Direction Générale de l’enseignementobligatoire).
For a regional approach, see Sägesser, Caroline, “La fréquentation des cours de religion et de morale Après l’introduction du cours de philosophie et de citoyenneté”, Crisp, 8 April 2019, www.crisp.be/crisp/wp-content/uploads/analyses/2019-04-23_ACL-Sage sserC-2019-Orela-frequentation_cours_religion_morale-introduction_cours_philoso phie_citoyennete.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
This does not take into account Muslim pupils attending Catholic schools (mainly secondary), which can be estimated to be around 14,000 for Belgium in 2012 (author’s own calculations based on Sägesser, Caroline, “Les cours de religion et de morale dans l’enseignement obligatoire”, Courrier hebdomadaire du Centre de recherche et d’information socio-politiques, vols. 2140–2141 (2012), pp. 3–59). The Catholic schools network has produced a document on how to teach the Catholic religion in classes with a majority of Muslim pupils: SeGeC, Entre enracinement et ouverture: le cours de religion catholique dans les classes du secondaire à forte présence musulmane (Brussels, 2014), available at: http://lenseignement.catholique.be/segec/fileadmin/DocsFede/FESeC/religion/enracinement_ouverture.pdf; for the Flemish-speaking community, see www.npdata.be/BuG/327-Godsdienstkeuze/, all accessed 15 February 2021.
www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, accessed 15 May 2021.
Hertogen, “Moslims in België van 6.3% naar 6.5% van de Bevolking”, www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/10/08/moslims-in-belgie-van-63-naar-65-van-de-bevolking/, accessed 18 May 2021.
Data provided by Jan Hertogen.
Torrekens, Corinne, and Ilke Adam, Belgo-Marocains, Belgo-Turcs: (auto)portrait de nos concitoyens (Brussels: Fondation Roi Baudouin, 2015), pp. 33–34, available at www.kbs-frb.be/fr/Activities/Publications/2015/316648, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/pourquoi-certaines-flamandes-se-convertissent-elles-a-l-islam/article-normal-455191.html, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.stichtingbekeerling.nl/aantal-bekeerlingen-in-nederland-en-belgie/, accessed 15 February 2021.
Orban, Anne-Claire, “Un quotidien oublié: les chiites bruxellois”, Pax Christi Wallonie Bruxelles Analyse, (May 2016), pp 1–5, available at www.bepax.org/files/files/2016-analyse-un-quotidien-oublie-les-chiites-bruxellois.pdf, accessed 2 April 2021.
www.catho-bruxelles.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/alevis.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
Dassetto, L’iris et le croissant, pp. 236–237.
www.ahmadiyya-islam.org/be-nl/ahmadiyya/, accessed 15 February 2021.
According to State Security: www.vsse.be/sites/default/files/2018-01_brochure_salafisme_fr.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
Reaching 47.6% in Saint-Josse and 42.9% in Molenbeek, and being between 30–40% in four of the other Brussels Capital region’s 19 municipalities: www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.npdata.be/Data/Vreemdelingen/NIS/Moslims/Moslims-2011-2019.xlsx, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.embnet.be/fr/annuaire-des-cimetieres; www.embnet.be/nl/lijst-van-de-begraaf plaatsen, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.pouvoirslocaux.irisnet.be/fr/acteurs/les-intercommunales/intercommunale -dinhumation, accessed 15 February 2021.
https://laprovince.sudinfo.be/631476/article/2020-09-01/bientot-de-nouveaux-carres -musulmans-dans-plusieurs-cimetieres-de-mons-borinage, accessed 15 February 2021.
See Article 24 in www.namur.be/fr/ma-ville/administration/services-communaux/population-etat-civil/reglements/reglement-general-relatif-aux-funerailles-et-sepultures, accessed 15 February 2021.
On their mission and recruitment, see: www.embnet.be/fr/conseillers-islamiques, accessed 15 February 2021.
Arrêté royal du 17 mai 2019 relatif aux aumôniers, aux conseillers des cultes et aux conseillers moraux auprès des prisons (Royal Decree of 17 May 2019 on Chaplains, Religious Advisers, and Moral Counselors in Prisons), www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&table_name=loi&cn=2019051728, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.facebook.com/medinaexpo.be/photos/a.489078054532156/1686625078110775/?type=3&theater, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.vrt.be/vrtnws/fr/2019/02/12/certificats-halal-lexecutif-des-musulmans-de-belgique-deplore/, accessed 15 February 2021.
See the answer in Parliament by the Minister of Justice, Stefaan De Clerck (CD&V), on 23 April 2010: Chambre des Représentants, Questions et réponses écrites QRVA, vol. 52, no. 104, pp. 318–319, www.dekamer.be/QRVA/pdf/52/52K0104.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
The Flemish government installed in 2019, announced that it will forbid religious symbols (including the “Muslim veil”) for civil servants that are in contact with the public: www.crisp.be/crisp/wp-content/uploads/analyses/2019-12-10_ACL-Sagesser_C-2019-Orela-Cultes_et_laicite_dans_les_accords_de_gouvernement_des_entites_federees.pdf, accessed 15 February 2021.
Argued on the basis of freedom of religion, legal decisions have sometimes brought some limitations to such bans; for example, an appeal court has stated that such a ban is legitimate in a context of tension and trouble, www.lalibre.be/belgique/judiciaire/le -port-du-voile-interdit-dans-deux-ecoles-d-anvers-par-la-cour-d-appel-5e0218daf20d5a 0c4620c07a?fbclid=IwAR1nsnmdr6_u_KLn6yLIazxYQUiW-jc07BU6ScJaQz5ry0k9faSot0 2JDN8, accessed 2 April 2021.
www.tijd.be/politiek-economie/belgie/vlaanderen/rechtbank-vernietigt-hoofddoekenverbod-in-go-school/10156805.html, accessed 15 February 2021.
www.rtbf.be/info/belgique/detail_un-millier-de-personnes-contre-l-interdiction-du-foulard-dans-l-enseignement-superieur?id=10536612, accessed 15 February 2021.
E.g., www.justiceinitiative.org/uploads/dffdb416-5d63-4001-911b-d3f46e159acc/restrictions-on-muslim-womens-dress-in-28-eu-member-states-20180709.pdf, pp. 18–27; and for a summary of the legal situation, see www.securex.eu/lex-go.nsf/PrintReferences?OpenAgent&Cat2=49~~9&Lang=FR, both accessed 15 February 2021.
www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/les-ecoles-islamiques-sont-depassees-par-leur-succes -analyse-59c7cd15cd70129e4188f43c, accessed 15 February 2021.
Husson, “Belgium”, Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, vol. 7.
www.embnet.be/fr/le-conseil-des-theologiens, accessed 15 February 2021.
