The Tomb of Ptahemwia, ‘Great Overseer of Cattle’ and ‘Overseer of the Treasury of the Ramesseum’, at Saqqara

[en] In early 1859, the French Egyptologist Théodule Devéria was in Egypt to assist Auguste Mariette— who had just been appointed as Director of Antiquities—with copying texts at a number of sites in Egypt. At Saqqara, Devéria photographed a doorway of the now-lost tomb of Ptahemwia, the early Nineteenth Dynasty Great Overseer of Cattle and Overseer of the Treasury of the Ramesseum. This article starts with a note on Mariette’s work at Saqqara and early photography in Egypt. Then, the architecture, iconography, and texts of the tomb’s doorway are analysed, followed by an updated list of objects pertaining to Ptahemwia. It concludes with a discussion of the titles and epithets held by this official.

Disciplines :

Archaeology

Author, co-author :

Staring, Nico ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences historiques > Archéologie égyptienne

Language :

English

Title :

The Tomb of Ptahemwia, ‘Great Overseer of Cattle’ and ‘Overseer of the Treasury of the Ramesseum’, at Saqqara

Publication date :

2016

Journal title :

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

ISSN :

0307-5133

Publisher :

Egypt Exploration Society, United Kingdom

Volume :

102

Pages :

145-170

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 24 November 2021

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Bibliography

G. Devéria, 'Théodule Devéria (1831-1871): Notice biographique', in G. Maspero (ed.), Bibliothèque Egyptologique 4: Théodule Devéria mémoires et fragments I (Paris, 1896), x-xv;
N. Staring, 'The Tomb of Ptahmose, Mayor of Memphis: Analysis of an Early 19th Dynasty Funerary Monument at Saqqara', BIFAO 114/2(2014), 455-518;
N. Staring, 'Mariette, Devéria, and Vassalli at Saqqara, 1858-62', forthcoming.
For Devéria at Saqqara, see also D. Durand, 'Les photographies des sculptures grecques du Sérapéum de Memphis par Théodule Devéria', in R. Bertho, J.-P. Garric, and F. Queyrel (eds), Patrimoine photographié, patrimoine photographique: 'Actes de colloques' (2013) accessed 31.03.2013;
and for Mariette at Saqqara, see also: J.-P. Lauer, 'Mariette à Saqqarah: Du Sérapéum à la direction des antiquités', in J. Sainte Fare Garnot (ed.), Mélanges Mariette (BdE 32; Cairo, 1961), 5-55;
C. Ziegler, 'Recherches sur Saqqâra au musée du Louvre: Étude des collections et mission archéologique', in Z. Hawass and L. Pinch Brock (eds), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000, III (Cairo, 2003), 442-3.
Appointed by Viceroy Said Pasha on 1 June 1858: E. De Rougé, 'Une lettre écrite d'Egypte par M. Mariette', CRAIBL 2(1858), 115-21.
At that time, his assistants also included the Frenchmen Marius François Joseph Bonnefoy (d. 1859) and Charles Edmond Gäbet (1818-69); and the Italian Luigi Vassalli (1812-87) (W. R. Dawson, E. P. Uphill, and M. L. Bierbrier (eds), Who Was Who in Egyptology [4th rev. edn; London, 2012], 67, 203, 553-4).
E. David, Mariette Pacha 1821-1881(Paris, 1994), 109;
D. M. Reid, Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I (Los Angeles, 2002), 100.
See e.g. F. von Kaenel, 'Les mésaventures du conjurateur de Serket Onnophris et de son tombeau', BSFE 87-8(1980), 31-45.
For notes on early photography in Egyptology, see also: J. Malek and E. Miles, 'Nineteenth-century "Studio Photographs" of Egypt in the Collection of the Griffith Institute, Oxford', VA 2(1986), 121-6;
M. J. Raven, 'Insinger and Early Photography in Egypt', OMRO (1991), 13-27;
A. Rammant-Peeters, Palmen en Tempels: La Photographie en Egypte au XIXe Siècleiigth-Century Photography in Egypt (Leuven, 1994), 6-32, 166-78;
P. T. Nicholson, 'Egyptology for the Masses: James Henry Breasted and the Underwood Brothers', in D. Magee, J. Bourriau, and S. Quirke (eds), Sitting Beside Lepsius: Studies in Honour of Jaromir Malek at the Griffith Institute (OLA 185; Leuven, 2009), 381-5;
E. David, 'Théodule Devéria (1er Juillet 1831-25 Janvier 1871), l'Égyptologue faisseur d'images', in F. Morfoisse and G. Andreu-Lanoë (eds), Sésostris III: Pharaon de légende (Gand, 2014), 246-51;
N. Le Guerin, 'D'une vision esthétique à la precision documentaire: Quand la photographie s'alliait à l'égyptologie', in Morfoisse and Andreu-Lanoë (eds), Sésostris III, 252-7.
Rammant-Peeters, Palmen en Tempels, 172.
The photograph published in this contribution was mentioned in: Pasquali, BIFAO 113, 31 s n. 19.
D. C. Stulik and A. Kaplan, The Atlas of Analytical Signatures of Photographic Processes, The Getty Conservation Institute: Albumen (Los Angeles, 2013), 5, fig. 2.
Stulik and Kaplan, Atlas of Analytical Signatures, 9.
Compare with Devéria's photograph of the tomb of Ptahmose: Staring, BIFAO 114/2, fig. 1.
J. Van Dijk, 'The Development of the Memphite Necropolis in the Post-Amarna Period', in A.-P. Zivie (ed.), Memphis et ses nécropoles au Nouvel Empire: Nouvelles données, nouvelles questions (Paris, 1988), 42-4;
M. J. Raven, 'Twenty-five Years of Work in the New Kingdom Necropolis of Saqqara: Looking for Structure', in M. Bárta and J. Krejci (eds), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000(ArOr Supp 9; Prague, 2000), 143;
H. M. Hays, 'On the Architectural Development of Monumental Tombs South of the Unas Causeway at Saqqara from the Reigns of Akhenaten to Ramses II', in M. Bárta, F. Coppens, and J. Krejci (eds), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010, I (Prague, 2011), 99.
During the early Nineteenth Dynasty, Raia, the Overseer of the Royal Apartments of the Harim at Memphis, added to the tomb of his father, Pay, a courtyard made of mud-brick walls: M. J. Raven, The Tomb of Pay and Raia at Saqqara (EES EM 74; Leiden, 2005).
The limestone-revetted mud-brick tomb of Paser, the Overseer of Builders of the Lord of the Two Lands (the brother of Tjuneroy), dates to the reign of Ramesses II: G. T. Martin, The Tomb-Chapels of Paser and Ra'ia at Saqqara (EES EM 52; London, 1985).
Discussion in: Staring, BIFAO 114/2.
See e.g. the tomb of Mery-Neith, Steward of the Temple of the Aten (temp. Akhenaten). The 3 m wide rectangular vestibule gives access to the (inner) courtyard: M. J. Raven and R. Van Walsem, The Tomb of Meryneith at Saqqara (PALMA 10; Turnhout, 2014), fig. 111.4 (building phase 3).
K. J. Frazer, 'Architecture', in G. T. Martin, The Tomb of Maya and Meryt, I: The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Commentary (EES EM 99; London, 2012), 6.
Raven, Pay and Raia, 25, scene 9, fig. 6, pls 20-1.
The same dimensions were observed in the tomb of Mery-Neith: see n. 25, above. The tombs of Tia (170 cm; G. T. Martin, The Tomb of Tia and Tia, a Royal Monumentof the Ramesside Period in the Memphite Necropolis [EES EM 58; London, 1997], pl. 1)
and Maya (330 cm: Frazer, in Martin, Maya and Meryt, I, 6) have entrance pylons of more monumental dimensions.
For example Pay (Raven, Pay and Raia, scene 9, pl. 21);
Mery-Neith (Raven and Van Walsem, Meryneith, 82-7, scenes 7 and 8);
and Maya (Martin, Maya and Meryt, I, pls 9, 13).
Martin, Tia and Tia, pls 130-1;
S. Gohary, The Twin Tomb Chapel of Nebnefer and His Son Mahn at Sakkara (Cairo, 2009), pl. 9a-b.
Pay and Raia (Raven, Pay and Raia, pl. 1);
Nebnefer and Mahu (Gohary, Nebnefer and Malm, pl. 3);
compare Tia: 155 cm (Martin, Tia and Tia, pl. 1).
Maya (Frazer, in Martin, Maya and Meryt, I, 6, pl. 1B).
G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheh, Commander-in-Chief of Tut'ankhamün, I: The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Commentary (EES EM 55; London, 1989), 32, scenes 9 and 10, pl. 23.
Martin et al., 'The Tomb of Maya and Meryt: Preliminary Report on the Saqqara Excavations, 1987-8', JEA 74(1988), 13, pl. II.2;
Martin, Maya and Meryt I, 22, scene 12, pls 18, 71.2.
Schneider, Iniuia, 101, Cat. 28, fig. III.59, Excav. Nos R 93-2 (max. 59 x 85 x 13 cm) and R 93-19 (26 x 36 x 13 cm).
For more lintels from New Kingdom tombs at Saqqara, but with different iconography, see: Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief, late Eighteenth Dynasty (Martin, Horemheb, I, 112-13, scene 102, pl. 98);
Amenemope, Nineteenth Dynasty? (Saqqara No. 16697; A. Moussa, 'A Limestone Lintel of 'Imn-m-ipt from Saqqara', ASAE 70(1984-5), 35, pl. I);
J. Berlandini-Grenier, 'Le dignitaire Ramsès-em-per-Rê', BIFAO 74(1974), 5-6, Doc. III, pl. III);
O. Djuzeva, 'Das Grab des Generals Ameneminet in Saqqara', in Bartá and Krejci (eds), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000, 95, Dok. 3, pl. 1);
B. Gessler-Löhr, 'Pre-Amarna or Post-Amarna? The Tomb of the God's Father Hatiay at Saqqara', in L. Evans (ed.), Ancient Memphis 'Enduringis the Perfection': Proceedings of the International Conference held at Macquarie University, Sydney on August 14-15, 2008(OLA 214; Leuven, 2012), 151-3, figs ia-b, 10).
The scene is depicted in the entrance vestibule, north wall. However, Osiris is situated at the western end of the wall and Maya stands on the east, facing west: G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries from the Time of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great (London, 1991), 171-2, fig. 109;
Martin, Maya and Meryt, I, 18-19, scene 3, pls 9-10, 79-80.
and Maya (Martin, Maya and Meryt, I, scenes 1-2, pl 8, 78).
Compare to Iset-Nofret, Lady of the House and Songstress of the Lady of the Southern Sycamore, on the stela of her husband, the Charioteer of His Majesty, Nemtymose (Cairo TN 22.1.21.1: A. Mariette, Monuments divers recueillis en Egypte et en Nubie [Paris, 1872], pl. 105);
and Ty, Lady of the House, on a block (or lintel) together with her husband, the Steward Maya (Stockholm, Medelhavsmuseet NME 23: J. Lieblein, Katalog öfver egyptiska fornlemningar i National-Museum (Stockholm, 1868), 22, no. 23;
G. T. Martin, Corpus of Reliefs of the New Kingdom from the Memphite Necropolis and Lower Egypt (London, 1987), 40-1, no. 105, pl. 38).
Ex-coll, von Bissing (Inv. No. S'.562): Martin, Corpus, 36, no. 88, pls 34, 53 (as Nineteenth Dynasty; provenance unknown, but probably Saqqara);
R. Drenkhahn, Ägyptische Reliefs im Kestner Museum Hannover (Hannover, 1989), 104-5, Cat. 34.
M. Mogensen, La collection Egyptienne: La Glyptothèque Ny Carlsberg [Copenhagen, 1930], 97, pl. 108.
Raven and Van Walsem, Meryneith, 82-87, scenes 8 and 7, respectively.
Schneider, Iniuia, 59, scene 1, fig. III. 1 (h: 90 cm).
Schneider, Iniuia, 81-4, scenes 16-17, figs HI.31-2, pls VI-VII (h: 87.5 and 84 cm).
Raven, Pay and Raia, 23, scenes 3 and 4, pl. 16.
Martin, Tia and Tia, scenes 88 and 90, pls 49-50.
Martin, Tia and Tia, 18-19, scenes 14 and 18, pls 11, 14.
Gohary, Nebnefer and Mahn, 14, scenes 3 and 4, pl. 9a-b.
E. Feucht, Das Grab des Nefersecheru (TT2g6) (Theben 2; Mainz am Rhein, 1985), scene 1, pl. VI.
N. de G. Davies, The Tomb of Nefer-Hotep at Thebes (New York, 1933), pls XXXVI-XXXVII.
E. Hofmann, Das Grab des Neferrenpet gen. Kenro (TT 178) (Theben 9; Mainz, 1995), pls IIa, XXX.
L. Borchardt, Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sáahu-rea. Band i: der Ban (Leipzig, 1910), 120-35.
Ranke, PN I, 139.
Royal Butler, late Eighteenth Dynasty, temp. Akhenaten-Tutankhamun (PM III/2, 751; tomb rediscovered in 2007 by the Leiden-expedition: M. J. Raven et al., 'Preliminary Report on the Leiden Excavations at Saqqara, Season 2007: The Tomb of Ptahemwia', JEOL 40(2006-7), 19-39;
M. J. Raven et al., The Tombs of Ptahemwia and Sethnakht at Saqqara (Turnhout, forthcoming));
Royal Butler, father of the Royal Butler Hori, Twentieth Dynasty, temp. Ramesses III/IV, or later (PM III/2, 751; J. Málek, 'The Royal Butler Hori at Northern Saqqara', JEA 74(1988), 125-36);
Chief of Retainers of Ptah, late Eighteenth Dynasty (pyramidion Leiden AM 7bis; P. A. A. Boeser, Beschrijving van de Egyptische verzameling in het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden: De monumenten van het Nieuwe Rijk. Tweede afdeeling: Pyramiden, Lijkenvazenkist, Offertafels, Beeiden (The Hague, 1912), 1-2, pls I, XV;
A. Rammant-Peeters, Lespyramidions égyptiennes du Nouvel Empire (OLA 11; Leuven, 1983), 38-9, Doc. 35;
M. J. Raven and N. Staring, 'Pyramidion von Ptahemwia', in D. von Recklinghausen (ed.), Ägyptische Mumien: Unsterblichen im Land der Pharaonen (Stuttgart, 2007), 136-7);
Stable-master of the Residence (Stela BM EA 167; may have derived from Saqqara: HTBM 9, 29-30, pl. 25);
Overseer of All Priests of the Two Lands, late Eighteenth Dynasty, temp. Amenhotep III? (a limestone stela excavated by the Waseda University archaeological mission 2 km north of Snofru's Red Pyramid at Dahshur: S. Yoshimura and S. Hasegawa, 'New Kingdom Necropolis at Dahshur - The Tomb of Ipay and Its Vicinity', in M. Bárta and J. Krejci (eds), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000(Prague, 2000), 149;
Together with his father, the Scribe Yupa: PM III/2, 342; G. Daressy, 'Inscription hiératique d'un Mastaba d'Abousir, BIE 5(1894), 107-13;
KRI III, 43;
A. J. Peden, Graffiti of Pharaonic Egypt: The Scope and Roles of Informal Writing (PdÄ 17; Leiden, 2001), 95-6;
Navrátilová, Visitors' Graffiti, 58-61 (M.1.5. M.19.1.1).
See: Mysliwiec, SAK6, 139 (Journal d'Entrée: Memphis, March 1861).
According to the JE numbering system, JE 8371 would have been assigned in 1860(see: B. V. Bothmer, 'Numbering Systems of the Cairo Museum', in Textes et langages de l'Egypte pharaonique: Cent cinquante années de recherché 1822-1972, Hommage à Jean-François Champollion (BdE 64/3; Cairo, 1972-74), 114).
Mysliwiec, SAK6, 144-5, with nn. 6-7.
Compare: W. A. Ward, Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious Titles of the Middle Kingdom: With a Glossary of Words and Phrases Used (Beirut, 1982), 31. 218.
Mariette, Mon. div., 20, pl. 62c;
KRI III, 417. 10-11.
The preposition m seems to refer to a memorial temple of Ramesses II in a 'domain of Amun' in Memphis: cf. W. Helck, Materialien zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Neuen Reiches, I: Die Eigentümer (Mainz, 1961), 921 (139)
M. Ullmann, König für die Ewigkeit: Die Häuser der Millionen von Jahren. Eine Untersuchung zu Königskult und Tempeltypologie in Ägypten (ÄAT 61; Wiesbaden, 2002), 372-3(as: 'Inb-hd.t), however, argues that the title indicates Ptahemwia officiated in Memphis.
See also: N. Staring, 'The Personnel of the Theban Ramesseum in the Memphite Ramesseum', JEOL 45(2014-15), 69-70, 80-83.
W. M. Flinders Pétrie, Abydos, II (London, 1903), 45, pls 35.2, 37.
The cubic statue is now in Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 03.1891(EEF, 1903): R. Schulz, Die Entwicklung und Bedeutung des kuboiden Statuentypus: Eine Untersuchung zu den sogenannten "Würfelhockern" (HAB 33; Hildesheim, 1992), 90-1, No. 026, pl. 10.
Previously, it was thought that there were two Viziers of the North with the same name (cf. H. De Meulenaere, 'Deux vizirs de Ramsès II', CdE 41/82(1966), 223-32)
but there is now scholarly consensus to identify them both as the same official named (Pa-) Rahotep, who served as Northern Vizier from the second to sixth decade of the reign of Ramesses II: D. Raue, 'Ein Wesir Ramses' II.', in H. Guksch and D. Polz (eds), Stationen: Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte Ägyptens. Rainer Stadelmann gewidmet (Mainz, 1998), 340-51;
C. Raedler, 'Die Wesire Ramses' II. - Netzwerke der Macht', in R. Gundlach and A. Klug (eds), Das ägyptische Königtum im Spannungsfeld zwischen Innen- und Außenpolitik im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr, Königtum (KSG 1; Wiesbaden, 2004), 354-75.
The recently excavated limestone column fragment with the name and titles of this Vizier can be added to the corpus published by Raedler. It was found in shaft 99/I located south of the south exterior wall of the inner courtyard of the tomb of Horemheb at Saqqara: Raven et al., The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander in Chief of Tutankhamun, V: The Forecourt and the Area South of the Tomb zvith Some Notes on the Tomb of Tia (PALMA 6; Turnhout, 2011), 58, No. 28, fig. on p. 59 (Sak. 2003-R 092).
H. Franzmeier, 'Neues von (Pa-) Rahotep: Die Funde aus dem Grab des Wresirs im Oriental Institute Museum, Chicago', in G. Neunert, K. Gabler, and A. Verbovsek (eds), Nekropolen: Grab - Bild - Ritual. Beiträge des zweiten Münchner Arbeitskreises Junge Aegyptologie (MAJA 2) 2. bis 4.12.2011(GOF IV/54; Wiesbaden, 2013), 63-4;
H. Franzmeier. 'News from Parahotep: The Small Finds from His Tomb at Sedment Rediscovered', JEA 100(2014), 151-79.
Petrie, Abydos, II, 36, no. 4, pls 35, 38.
Recently, an abacus inscribed for the same man was found reused near the tomb of Mery-Neith at Saqqara (Raven and Van Walsem, Meryneith, 172, Cat. 163)
and a shabti fragment was found during the excavation of the neighbouring tomb of Ptahemwia (Raven et al., Ptahemwia and Sethnakht, Cat. 67).
Also observed for the Osiriphorous statuette Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 1957.410 of Amun-Nakht (late New Kingdom; provenance unknown): L. Pantalacci, 'Statuette of Amen-nakht Holding a Statue of Osiris', in S. D'Auria, P. Lacovara, and C. H. Roehrig (eds), Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt (Boston, 1988), 241, cat. no. 203.
Class VI in Schneider's typology: H. D. Schneider, Shabtis: An Introduction to the History of Ancient Egyptian Funerary Statuettes with a Catalogue of the Collection of Shabtis in the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, I (Leiden, 1977), 161-2.
Compare e.g. Louvre N 2955: Ramessesmen, Director of the Royal Harim of the Lord of the Two Lands, Nineteenth Dynasty, temp. Ramesses II, probably Memphite (M. Dewachter, La collection égyptienne du musée Champollion (Figeac, 1986), 60-1, Cat. 62);
various entries in P. E. Newberry, Funerary Statuettes and Model Sarcophagi (CGC Nos 46530-48575; Cairo, 1957), III, nos 47220(Twentieth Dynasty, Abydos), 47656(Nineteenth Dynasty), 47651(Niniteenth/Twentieth Dynasty, Saqqara 1858), 47208(Nineteenth Dynasty), 47207(Nineteenth Dynasty), 47222(Nineteenth/Twentieth Dynasty), 47225 (Nineteenth/Twentieth Dynasty).
See E. Bernhauer, Innovationen in der Privatplastik: Die 18. Dynastie und ihre Entwicklung (Philippika 27; Wiesbaden, 2010), 58-63.
H. Brandl, Untersuchungen zur steinernen Privatplastik der Dritten Zwischenzeit: Typologie-Ikonographie-Stilistik, I (Berlin, 2008), 295.
G. Andreu-Lanoë, L'art du contour: Le dessin dam l'Egypte ancienne (Paris, 2013), 126, No. 6b);
R. Schulman, 'Memphis 1915-1923: The Trivia of an Excavation', in Zivie (ed.), Memphis et ses nécropoles, 86 with nn. 47-8, pl. 12A: statue M-2218);
H. S. Smith et al., The Sacred Animal Necropolis at Saqqara, The Main Temple Complex: The Archaeological Report (EES EM 75; London, 2006), 214, pl. LIVd;
E. A. Hastings, The Sculpture from the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqära 1964-76(EES EM 61; London, 1997), 12, No. 24, pls XV and XVI);
(J. Vandier, Manuel d'archéologie égyptienne, III: Les grandes époques: la statuaire (Paris, 1958), pl. CVII.4);
Cairo JE 42153: schist statue of Ramesses VI (Vandier, Manuel d'archéologie égyptienne, III, pl. CXXXI.6).
Select examples: City Art Museum of St. Louis 222:24: Akh-pa-khered (Karnak cachette, Twenty-sixth Dynasty: B. V. Bothmer, Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period joo bc to ad 100(Brooklyn, 1960), 32-4, No. 28, pls 24-6, figs 56-9;
M. Azim and G. Réveillac, Karnak dans l'objectif de Georges Legrain: Catalogue raisonné des archives photographiques du premier directeur des travaux de Karnak de 1895 à 1917, I (Paris, 2004), 334, No. X 12; II, 300);
New York, The Pierpont Morgan Library Inv. 1: anonymous (provenance unknown, Twenty-sixth Dynasty: Bothmer, Egyptian Sculpture, 46, No. 39, pl. 36, figs 84-5);
New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 19.2.2: Hor-Bes (Karnak cachette, Twenty-sixth Dynasty: Bothmer, Egyptian Sculpture, 55, No. 48, pls 44-5, figs. 106-9);
Baltimore, Walters Art Museum 22.189: Djed-Khonsefankh (Karnak cachette: G. Steindorff, Catalogue of the Egyptian Sculpture in the Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, 1946), 59-60, No. 173, pl. 31);
Walters Art Museum 22.215 (formerly Cairo JE 37890): Iret-Horru (Karnak cachette, Twenty-sixth Dynasty: Steindorff, Catalogue, 60-1, No. 174, pl. 31;
Bothmer, Egyptian Sculpture, 51-2, pls 40-1, figs 97-9;
Azim and Réveillac, Karnak, I, 327, No. K 626; II, 282);
Paris, Musée du Louvre E 4299: anonymous (Twenty-sixth Dynasty: M. Etienne, Les portes duciel: Visions du monde dans l'Egypte ancienne (Paris, 2009), 314-15, Cat. 266);
(Twenty-sixth Dynasty: W. Seipel, Götter, Menschen, Pharaonen: 3500 Jahre ägyptische Kultur. Meisterwerke aus der Agyptische-Orientalischen Sammlung des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien (Stuttgart, 1993), 236-7, Cat. 149).
J. Van Dijk, 'A Ramesside Naophorous Statue from the Teti Pyramid Cemetery', OMRO 64(1983), 51;
J. Van Dijk, 'Naophorous Statue of Amenemwia', in C. A. R. Andrews and J. van Dijk (eds), Objects for Eternity: Egyptian Antiquities from the W. Arnold Meijer Collection (Mainz, 2006), 146;
Bernhauer, Innovationen, 64-7.
Van Dijk, OMRO 64, 51-2 (listing 13 such statues);
J. Málek, 'The Saqqara Statue of Ptahmose, Mayor of the Memphite Suburbs', RdE 38(1987), 117-37.
For the ideas of the individual protecting the god (Schutzstatuen), see H. Ranke, 'Eine Spätsa'itische Statue in Philadelphia', MDAIK 12(1943), 107-38;
E. Otto, 'Zur Bedeutung der ägyptischen Tempelstatue seit dem Neuen Reich', Orientalia 17(1948), 448-66.
For the idea of the god protecting the individual holding the naos, see: H. Bonnet, 'Herkunft und Bedeutung der naophoren Statue', MDAIK 17(1961), 91-8.
See also the most recent study on the subject: D. Klotz, 'Replicas of Shu: On the Theological Significance of Naophorous and Theophorous Statues', BIFAO 114/2(2014), 291-337.
D. Wildung, 'Naophor', in W. Helck and W. Westendorf (eds), Lexikon der Ägyptologie 4(Wiesbaden, 1982), col. 341;
D. Wildung, 'Privatplastik', LÄ 4(Wiesbaden, 1982), col. 1116 and 1119 n. 43.
Van Dijk, OMRO 64, 53.
For the implications of the embrace, interpreted as an expression of love (mri), see: W K. Simpson, 'Amor Dei: (Sh. Sai. 147-148) and the Embrace', in J. Assmann, E. Feucht, and R. Grieshammer (eds), Fragen an die altägyptische Literatur. Studien zum Gedenken an Eberhard Otto (Wiesbaden, 1977), 493-8.
Van Dijk, OMRO 64, 58.
This section is based on a more detailed study of the titles held by Ptahemwia within the context of the other holders of the same titles, buried at Saqqara, published as: Staring, JEOL 45(2014-15), 51-92.
C. Raedler, "'Kopf der Schenut"-politische Entscheidungsträger der Ära Ramses' II.', in H. Beinlich (ed.), 6. Symposium zur ägypischen Königsideologie/6th Symposium on Egyptian Royal Ideology "Die Männer hinter dem König" (KSG 4, 3; Wiesbaden, 2012), 129.
Raedler, in Beinlich, Die Männer hinter dem König, 129-30.
Nineteenth Dynasty, temp. Ramesses II, late: PM III/2, 553-5; G. A. Gaballa, The Memphite Tombchapel of Mose (Warminster, 1977).
G. Roeder, Aegyptische Inschriften aus den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, II: Inschriften des Neuen Reiches (Leipzig, 1924), 172-3.
M. J. Raven, The Tomb of Iurudef: A Memphite Official in the Reign of Ramesses II (EES EM 57; Leiden, 1991), 5 and pl. 4b.
J. Berlandini, 'Contribution à l'étude du pilier-d/'ed memphite', in A.-P. Zivie (ed.), Memphis et ses nécropoles au Nouvel Empire: Nouvelles données, nouvelles questions (Paris, 1988), pl. 1B;
S. Gohary, 'A Staff Member of the God Ptah in Memphis', ASAE 73(1998), 70-2, pls 1-2.
Stela fragment SAK 2013 R-26(Ramesside) found in situ embedded in the remains of the limestone chapel built against the south-east façade of the tomb re-used by Sethnakht: M. J. Raven et al., 'Preliminary Report on the Leiden Excavations at Saqqara, Season 2010: An Anonymous Tomb', FEOL 43(2011), 8-9, figs 1, 6.
Feucht, Nefersecheru, 97.
B. J. J. Haring, Divine Households: Administrative and Economie Aspects of the New Kingdom Memorial Temples in Western Thebes (EU 12; Leiden, 1997), 200.
Haring, Divine Households, 200 and discussion on 192-210.
Haring, Divine Households, 230-1.
Cf. also W. Helck, Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reich (PdÄ 3, Leideil| 1958) 186.
W. Ghoneim, Die ökonomische Bedeutung des Rindes im Alten Ägypten (Bonn, 1977), 242.
See: Staring, JEOL 45(2014-15), 55-67, table 2-3.
This official is only attested by a shabti (Rouen, Musée départemental des antiquités, No. unknown: V. Loret, 'Monuments Égyptiennes de Musée d'Antiquités de Rouen', RT 2(1880), 151
Li; KRI III, 376. 8)
and four canopicjars (CG 4322-3 = JE 19172-5: G. A. Reisner, Canopies (CGC Nos 4001-4740 and 4977-5033;
Cairo, 1967), 218, pl. LIV; 219-20, pl. LVII. One jar is now in Yale University Art Gallery, YMP 6263: G. D. Scott III, Ancient Egyptian Art at Yale (New Haven, 1986), 116, Cat. 65.
J. Van Dijk, 'The Family and Career of Tia', in Martin, Tia and Tia, 55;
J. Van Dijk, The New Kingdom Necropolis of Memphis: Historical and Iconographical Studies (PhD thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Groningen, 1993), 98.
C. Leblanc, 'L'administration du Ramesseum: De la gloire à la décadence d'un temple de millions d'années. Des fonctionnaires au service de l'institution royale', Memnonia 23(2012), 84-5.
Van Dijk, New Kingdom Necropolis, 106: O. Gardiner 86;
J. Černy and A. H. Gardiner, Hieratic Ostraca, I (Oxford, 1957), 22, pls 81-2;
KRI III, 138-40.
An additional document perhaps pertaining to a date for Tia's death is a flask with docket in two lines of hieratic (wine jar label) found in his tomb at Saqqara. It mentions Year 31, which might indicate the date of a (not necessarily his) burial: Raven et al., Horemheb, V, 188, cat. 329.
The four-sided stela, however, derives presumably from the official's monument at Kafr el-Gebel (Martin, Tia and Tia, 1).
J. Berlandini, 'Varia Memphitica, III: Le général Ramsès-nakht', BIFAO 79(1979), 260-2.
Van Dijk, in Zivie (ed.), Memphis et ses nécropoles, 39.
Staring, JEOL 45 (2014-15).