minor planets; asteroids: general; methods: observational; techniques: high angular resolution
Abstract :
[en] Context. Until recently, the 3D shape, and therefore density (when combining the volume estimate with available mass estimates), and surface topography of the vast majority of the largest (D ≥ 100 km) main-belt asteroids have remained poorly constrained. The improved capabilities of the SPHERE/ZIMPOL instrument have opened new doors into ground-based asteroid exploration. Aims: To constrain the formation and evolution of a representative sample of large asteroids, we conducted a high-angular-resolution imaging survey of 42 large main-belt asteroids with VLT/SPHERE/ZIMPOL. Our asteroid sample comprises 39 bodies with D ≥ 100 km and in particular most D ≥ 200 km main-belt asteroids (20/23). Furthermore, it nicely reflects the compositional diversity present in the main belt as the sampled bodies belong to the following taxonomic classes: A, B, C, Ch/Cgh, E/M/X, K, P/T, S, and V. Methods: The SPHERE/ZIMPOL images were first used to reconstruct the 3D shape of all targets with both the ADAM and MPCD reconstruction methods. We subsequently performed a detailed shape analysis and constrained the density of each target using available mass estimates including our own mass estimates in the case of multiple systems. Results: The analysis of the reconstructed shapes allowed us to identify two families of objects as a function of their diameters, namely "spherical" and "elongated" bodies. A difference in rotation period appears to be the main origin of this bimodality. In addition, all but one object (216 Kleopatra) are located along the Maclaurin sequence with large volatile-rich bodies being the closest to the latter. Our results further reveal that the primaries of most multiple systems possess a rotation period of shorter than 6 h and an elongated shape (c∕a ≤ 0.65). Densities in our sample range from ~1.3 g cm^−3 (87 Sylvia) to ~4.3 g cm^−3 (22 Kalliope). Furthermore, the density distribution appears to be strongly bimodal with volatile-poor (ρ ≥ 2.7 g cm^−3) and volatile-rich (ρ ≤ 2.2 g cm^−3) bodies. Finally, our survey along with previous observations provides evidence in support of the possibility that some C-complex bodies could be intrinsically related to IDP-like P- and D-type asteroids, representing different layers of a same body (C: core; P/D: outer shell). We therefore propose that P/ D-types and some C-types may have the same origin in the primordial trans-Neptunian disk.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Vernazza, P.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Ferrais, Marin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa)
Jorda, L.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Hanuš, J.; Institute of Astronomy, Charles University, Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Carry, B.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
Marsset, M.; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Brož, M.; Institute of Astronomy, Charles University, Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Fetick, R.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Viikinkoski, M.; Mathematics and Statistics, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
Marchis, F.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France ; SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernado Avenue, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
Vachier, F.; IMCCE, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Drouard, A.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Fusco, T.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Birlan, M.; IMCCE, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ; Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, 5-Cuţitul de Argint, 040557, Bucharest, Romania
Podlewska-Gaca, E.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Rambaux, N.; IMCCE, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Neveu, Marc; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Bartczak, P.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Dudziński, G.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Jehin, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Origines Cosmologiques et Astrophysiques (OrCa)
Beck, P.; Institut de Planetologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, UGA-CNRS, France ; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
Berthier, J.; IMCCE, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Castillo-Rogez, J.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
Cipriani, F.; European Space Agency, ESTEC - Scientific Support Office, Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, The Netherlands
Colas, F.; IMCCE, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Dumas, C.; TMT Observatory, 100 W. Walnut Street, Suite 300, Pasadena, CA, 91124, USA
Ďurech, J.; Institute of Astronomy, Charles University, Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Grice, J.; Open University, School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, MK7 6AA, UK
Kaasalainen, M.; Mathematics and Statistics, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
Kryszczynska, A.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Lamy, P.; Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux et Observations Spatiales, CNRS & Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Guyancourt, France
Le Coroller, H.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Marciniak, A.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Michalowski, T.; Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Santana-Ros, T.; Departamento de Fisica, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain ; Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí Franquès 1, E08028, Barcelona, Spain
Tanga, P.; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
Vigan, A.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
Witasse, O.; European Space Agency, ESTEC - Scientific Support Office, Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, 2200 AG, The Netherlands
Antonini, P.; Observatoire des Hauts Patys, 84410, Bédoin, France
Audejean, M.; Observatoire de Chinon, Mairie de Chinon, 37500, Chinon, France
Aurard, P.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Behrend, R.; Geneva Observatory, 1290, Sauverny, Switzerland ; High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Benkhaldoun, Z.; Geneva Observatory, 1290, Sauverny, Switzerland ; High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
Bosch, J. M.; B74, Avinguda de Catalunya 34, 25354, Santa Maria de Montmagastrell (Tarrega), Spain
Chapman, A.; I39, Cruz del Sur Observatory, San Justo city, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dalmon, L.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Fauvaud, S.; Observatoire du Bois de Bardon, 16110, Taponnat, France ; Association T60, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France
Hamanowa, Hiroko; Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsimshatsui, Hong Kong, PR China
Hamanowa, Hiromi; Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsimshatsui, Hong Kong, PR China
His, J.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Jones, A.; I64, SL6 1XE, Maidenhead, UK
Kim, D.-H.; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, Korea ; Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Korea
Kim, M.-J.; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, Korea
Krajewski, J.; Faculty of Physics, Astronomical Observatory Institute, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Słoneczna 36, 60-286, Poznań, Poland
Labrevoir, O.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Leroy, A.; Observatoire OPERA, 33820, Saint Palais, France ; Uranoscope, Avenue Carnot 7, 77220, Gretz-Armainvilliers, France
Livet, F.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, UMR 7095 CNRS et Sorbonne Universités, 75014, Paris, France
Molina, D.; Anunaki Observatory, Calle de los Llanos, 28410, Manzanares el Real, Spain
Montaigut, R.; Club d'Astronomie de Lyon Ampere (CALA), Place de la Nation, 69120, Vaulx-en-Velin, France ; Observatoire OPERA, 33820, Saint Palais, France
Oey, J.; Kingsgrove, NSW, Australia
Payre, N.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Reddy, V.; Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
Sabin, P.; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), Institut Pythéas (UMS 3470), 04870, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Sanchez, A. G.; Rio Cofio Observatory, Robledo de Chavela (Madrid), Spain
Hiroi, T., Pieters, C. M., Zolensky, M. E., & Lipschutz, M. E. 1993, Science, 261, 1016
Hiroi, T., Zolensky, M. E., & Pieters, C. M. 2001, Science, 293, 2234
Huss, G. R., Rubin, A. E., & Grossman, J. N. 2006, Thermal Metamorphism in Chondrites, eds. D. S. Lauretta, & H. Y. McSween (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 567
Jehin, E., Gillon, M., Queloz, D., et al. 2011, The Messenger, 145, 2
Jorda, L., Spjuth, S., Keller, H. U., Lamy, P., & Llebaria, A. 2010, SPIE Conf. Ser., 7533, 753311
Jorda, L., Gaskell, R., Capanna, C., et al. 2016, Icarus, 277, 257
Kovalenko, I. D., Doressoundiram, A., Lellouch, E., et al. 2017, A&A, 608, A19
Margot, J.-L., Pravec, P., Taylor, P., Carry, B., & Jacobson, S. 2015, Asteroids IV, Asteroid Systems: Binaries, Triples, and Pairs, eds. P. Michel, F. E. DeMeo, & W. F. Bottke (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 355
Marsset, M., Vernazza, P., Birlan, M., et al. 2016, A&A, 586, A15
Marsset, M., Carry, B., Dumas, C., et al. 2017, A&A, 604, A64
Marsset, M., Broz, M., Vernazza, P., et al. 2020, Nat. Astron., 4, 569
Masiero, J. R., Mainzer, A. K., Grav, T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 741, 68
Merline, W. J., Weidenschilling, S. J., Durda, D. D., et al. 2002, Asteroids III, Asteroids Do Have Satellites, eds. W. F. Bottke, Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, & R. P. Binzel (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 289
Merline, W. J., Drummond, J. D., Carry, B., et al. 2013, Icarus, 225, 794
Monnereau, M., Toplis, M. J., Baratoux, D., & Guignard, J. 2013, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 119, 302
Morbidelli, A., Levison, H. F., Tsiganis, K., & Gomes, R. 2005, Nature, 435, 462
Morbidelli, A., Walsh, K. J., O'Brien, D. P., Minton, D. A., & Bottke, W. F. 2015, Asteroid IV, The Dynamical Evolution of the Asteroid Belt (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 493
Mouret, S., Hestroffer, D., & Mignard, F. 2008, Planet. Space Sci., 56, 1819
Mugnier, L. M., Fusco, T., & Conan, J.-M. 2004, JOSA A, 21, 1841
Nesvorný, D., Broz, M., & Carruba, V. 2015, Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families, eds. P. Michel, F. E. DeMeo, & W. F. Bottke (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 297
Neveu, M., & Vernazza, P. 2019, ApJ, 875, 30
Ockert-Bell, M. E., Clark, B. E., Shepard, M. K., et al. 2010, Icarus, 210, 674
Pajuelo, M., Carry, B., Vachier, F., et al. 2018, Icarus, 309, 134
Raymond, S. N., & Izidoro, A. 2017, Sci. Adv., 3, e1701138
Reddy, V., Pearson, N., Agee, C. B., et al. 2019, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 50, 2212
Russell, C. T., Raymond, C. A., Coradini, A., et al. 2012, Science, 336, 684
Russell, C. T., McSween, H. Y., Jaumann, R., & Raymond, C. A. 2015, The Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres (Berlin: Springer), 419
Russell, C. T., Raymond, C. A., Ammannito, E., et al. 2016, Science, 353, 1008
Scheeres, D. J., Britt, D., Carry, B., & Holsapple, K. A. 2015, Asteroids IV (Tucson: University of Arizona Press)
Schenk, P., Castillo-Rogez, J., Otto, K. A., et al. 2021, Icarus, 359, 114343
Schmidt, B. E., Thomas, P. C., Bauer, J. M., et al. 2009, Science, 326, 275
Schorghofer, N. 2008, ApJ, 682, 697
Shepard, M. K., Taylor, P. A., Nolan, M. C., et al. 2015, Icarus, 245, 38
Shepard, M. K., Richardson, J., Taylor, P. A., et al. 2017, Icarus, 281, 388
Shepard, M. K., Timerson, B., Scheeres, D. J., et al. 2018, Icarus, 311, 197
Vernazza, P., Fulvio, D., Brunetto, R., et al. 2013, Icarus, 225, 517
Vernazza, P., Zanda, B., Binzel, R. P., et al. 2014, ApJ, 791, 120
Vernazza, P., Marsset, M., Beck, P., et al. 2015 a, ApJ, 806, 204
Vernazza, P., Zanda, B., Nakamura, T., Scott, E. R. D., & Russell, S. 2015 b, The Formation and Evolution of Ordinary Chondrite Parent Bodies (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 617
Vernazza, P., Marsset, M., Beck, P., et al. 2016, AJ, 152, 54