Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbonsComprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons; Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; LC-GC × GC; Quantification
Résumé :
[en] The determination of the level of mineral oil contamination in foods is a well-known problem. This class of contaminants is generally divided into mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with different toxicological relevance and analytical challenges. Among the many challenges, data interpretation and integration represent an important source of uncertainty in the results provided by different laboratories leading to a variation evaluated on the order of 20%. The use of multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been proposed to support the data interpretation but the integration and the reliability of the results using this methodology has never been systematically evaluated. The aim of this work was to assess the integration and quantification performance of a two-dimensional (2D) software. The data were generated using a novel, completely automated platform, namely LC-GC × GC coupled to dual detectors, i.e., time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). From a systematic study of the failures of the two-dimensional quantification approach a novel solution was proposed for simplifying and automating the entire process. The novel algorithm was tested on ad hoc created samples (i.e. a paraffin mixture added of n-alkanes) and real-world samples proving the agreement of the results obtained by LC-GC × GC and the traditional mono-dimensional approach. Moreover, the benefits of using an entirely integrated platform were emphasized, particularly regarding the identity confirmation capability of the MS data, which can be easily translated into the 2D FID quantification feature.
Centre/Unité de recherche :
Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
Disciplines :
Chimie
Auteur, co-auteur :
Bauwens, Grégory ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Chimie des agro-biosystèmes
Panto, Sebastiano; Leco corporation
Purcaro, Giorgia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Chimie des agro-biosystèmes
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons quantification: Mono- and two-dimensional approaches
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks to Humans., 100 F, 2012.
Grob, K., Artho, A., Biedermann, M., Egli, J., Food Contamination by hydrocarbons from lubricating oils and release agents: determination by coupled LC-GC. Food Addit. Contam. 8 (1991), 437–446.
Grob, K., Could the Ukrainian sunflower oil contaminated with mineral oil wake up sleeping dogs?. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 110 (2008), 979–981, 10.1002/ejlt.200800234.
Biedermann, M., Grob, K., Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials? Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 230 (2010), 785–796, 10.1007/s00217-010-1223-9.
European Food Safety Authorithy (EFSA), Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food, 2012. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2704.
European Commission. Commission Recommendation (EU) 2017/84 of 16 January 2017 on the monitoring of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food and in materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Off. J. Eur. Union. L12 (2017), 95–96.
Arcella, D., Baert, K., Binaglia, M., Rapid Risk Assessment On the Possible Risk For Public Health Due to the Contamination of Infant Formula and Follow-On Formula By Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH), 16, 2019, EFSA Support. Publ., 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1741.
Biedermann, M., Fiselier, K., Grob, K., Aromatic hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin in foods: method for determining the total concentration and first result. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (2009), 8711–8721, 10.1021/jf901375e.
Biedermann, M., Munoz, C., Grob, K., Update of on-line coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods and cosmetics. J. Chromatogr. A. 1521 (2017), 140–149, 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.028.
Barp, L., Purcaro, G., Moret, S., Conte, L.S., A high-sample-throughput LC-GC method for mineral oil determination. J. Sep. Sci. 36 (2013), 3135–3139, 10.1002/jssc.201300114.
Grob, K., Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit. Contam. - Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess. 35 (2018), 1845–1860, 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185.
Weber, S., Schrag, K., Mildau, G., Kuballa, T., Walch, S.G., Lachenmeier, D.W., Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH)—A Short Review. Anal. Chem. Insights., 13, 2018, 10.1177/1177390118777757.
Moret, S., Conchione, C., Srbinovska, A., Lucci, P., Microwave-based technique for fast and reliable extraction of organic contaminants from food, with a special focus on hydrocarbon contaminants. Foods, 8, 2019, 503, 10.3390/foods8100503.
Sdrigotti, N., Collard, M., Purcaro, G., Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis. J. Sep. Sci. 44 (2021), 464–482, 10.1002/jssc.202000901.
Spack, L.W., Leszczyk, G., Varela, J., Simian, H., Gude, T., Stadler, R.H., Understanding the contamination of food with mineral oil: the need for a confirmatory analytical and procedural approach. Food Addit. Contam. - Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess. 34 (2017), 1052–1071, 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306655.
Biedermann, M., McCombie, G., Grob, K., Kappenstein, O., Hutzler, C., Pfaff, K., Luch, A., FID or MS for mineral oil analysis?. J. Fur Verbraucherschutz Und Leb. 12 (2017), 363–365, 10.1007/s00003-017-1127-8.
Bratinova, S., Hoekstra, E., Emons, H., Hutzler, C., Kappenstein, O., Biedermann, M., McCombie, G., The reliability of MOSH/MOAH data: a comment on a recently published article. J. Fur Verbraucherschutz Und Leb., 2020, 2–4, 10.1007/s00003-020-01287-w.
Hochegger, A., Moret, S., Geurt, L., Gude, T., Meitner, E., Mertens, B., O'Hagan, S., Poças, F., Simat, T., Purcaro, G., Mineral Oil Risk Assessment: knowledge Gaps and Roadmap. Outcome of a multi-stakeholders workshop. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2021 submitted.
Biedermann, M., Grob, K., On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: method of analysis. J. Chromatogr. A. 1255 (2012), 56–75, 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.095.
Biedermann, M., Grob, K., On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: migration from paperboard into dry foods: interpretation of chromatograms. J. Chromatogr. A. 1255 (2012), 76–99, 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.096.
S. Bratinova, E. Hoekstra, Joint Research Center (JRC). Guidance on sampling, analysis and data reporting for the monitoring of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food and food contact materials. In the frame of Commission Recommendation (EU) 2017/84, 2019. 10.2760/208879.
Koster, S., Varela, J., Stadler, R.H., Moulin, J., Cruz-Hernandez, C., Hielscher, J., Lesueur, C., Roïz, J., Simian, H., Mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods: is the data reliable?. Food Addit. Contam. - Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess. 37 (2020), 69–83, 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678770.
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results (notified under document number C(2002) 3044)(Text withEEA relevance) (2002/657/EC). Off. J. Eur. Communities., 2002, 8–36, 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
Biedermann, M., Grob, K., Comprehensive two-dimensional GC after HPLC preseparation for the characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin in contaminated sunflower oil. J. Sep. Sci. 32 (2009), 3726–3737, 10.1002/jssc.200900366.
Biedermann, M., Barp, L., Kornauth, C., Würger, T., Rudas, M., Reiner, A., Concin, N., Grob, K., Mineral oil in human tissues, Part II: characterization of the accumulated hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Sci. Total Environ. 506–507 (2015), 644–655, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.038.
McCombie, G., Hötzer, K., Daniel, J., Biedermann, M., Eicher, A., Grob, K., Compliance work for polyolefins in food contact: results of an official control campaign. Food Control 59 (2016), 793–800, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.058.
Purcaro, G., Tranchida, P.Q., Barp, L., Moret, S., Conte, L.S., Mondello, L., Detailed elucidation of hydrocarbon contamination in food products by using solid-phase extraction and comprehensive gas chromatography with dual detection. Anal. Chim. Acta. 773 (2013), 97–104, 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.002.
Zoccali, M., Tranchida, P.Q., Mondello, L., On-line liquid chromatography-comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography with dual detection for the analysis of mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbons in cosmetic lip care products. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1048 (2019), 221–226, 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.069.
Mondello, L., Zoccali, M., Purcaro, G., Franchina, F.A., Sciarrone, D., Moret, S., Conte, L., Tranchida, P.Q., Determination of saturated-hydrocarbon contamination in baby foods by using on-line liquid-gas chromatography and off-line liquid chromatography-comprehensive gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1259 (2012), 221–226, 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.096.
Srbinovska, A., Conchione, C., Lucci, P., Moret, S., On-line HP(LC)-GC-FID determination of hydrocarbon contaminants in fresh and packaged fish and fish products Manuscript. J. AOAC Int., 2021 in press.
Biedermann, M., Munoz, C., Grob, K., Epoxidation for the analysis of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in food. An update. J. Chromatogr. A., 1624, 2020, 461236, 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461236.
Panto, S., Collard, M., Purcaro, G., Comprehensive Gas Chromatography Coupled to Simultaneous Dual Detection (TOF-MS/FID) as a Confirmatory Method for MOSH and MOAH Determination in Food. Curr. Trend Mass Spectrom., 2020, 1–6.
Biedermann, M., Comprehensive two-dimensional GC×GC-FID/MS for the characterization of the MOSH and MOAH fraction and the quantification of 3-7 ring MOAH. in: online (Ed.) Int. Semin. Anal. Miner. Oils Foods, 2020, 15–16.
Koch, M., Becker, E., Päch, M., Kühn, S., Kirchhoff, E., Separation of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons of three and more aromatic rings from those of one or two aromatic rings. J. Sep. Sci. 43 (2020), 1089–1099, 10.1002/jssc.201900833.
Biedermann, M., Grob, K., Advantages of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for comprehensive analysis of potential migrants from food contact materials. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1057 (2019), 11–17, 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.046.
Lommatzsch, M., Biedermann, M., Simat, T.J., Grob, K., Argentation high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to gas chromatography for the analysis of monounsaturated polyolefin oligomers in packaging materials and foods. J. Chromatogr. A. 1402 (2015), 94–101, 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.019.
