[en] Data on the distribution of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were obtained during six cruises off the Galician coast, a region characterized by a seasonal upwelling. The values of pCO2 over the continental shelf are highly variable and range between 265 and 415 matm during the upwelling season and between 315 and 345 matm during the downwelling season. Both the continental shelf and off-shelf waters behave as significant net sinks of atmospheric CO2. The computation of the air-sea fluxes of CO2 over the continental shelf yields a net influx in the range of 2.3 (±0.6) to 4.7 (±1.0) mmol C m 2 d 1 during the upwelling season and 3.5 (±0.8) to 7.0 (±1.5) mmol C m 2 d 1 on an annual basis. During the upwelling season and on an annual basis, although the observed air-sea gradients of CO2 over the continental shelf are significantly stronger than those in off-shelf waters, the computed air-sea CO2 fluxes are not significantly different because of the important incertitude introduced in the calculations by the estimated error on wind speed measurements. The presence of upwelling filaments increases the influx of atmospheric CO2 in the off-shelf waters. During summer, important short-term variations of pCO2 are observed that are related to both upwelling and temperature variations. During winter the cooling of water causes important undersaturation of CO2 related to the effect of temperature on the dissolved inorganic carbon equilibrium constants.
Disciplines :
Aquatic sciences & oceanology
Author, co-author :
Borges, Alberto ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Océanographie chimique
Frankignoulle, Michel
Language :
English
Title :
Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the upwelling system off the Galician coast
Publication date :
2002
Journal title :
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
ISSN :
0886-6236
eISSN :
1944-9224
Publisher :
American Geophysical Union, Washington, United States - District of Columbia
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Alongi, D. M. (Ed.), Coastal Ecosystem Processes, 419 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1998.
Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., G. Rosón, F. F. Pérez, and Y. Pazos, Hydrographic variability off the Rías Baixas (NW Spain) during the upwelling season, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14,445-14,447, 1993.
Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., C. G. Castro, F. F. Pérez, and F. Fraga, Nutrient mineralization patterns in shelf waters of the western Iberian upwelling, Cont. Shelf Res., 17, 1247-1270, 1997.
Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., M. D. Doval, and F. F. Pérez, Dissolved organic matter in shelf waters off the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian upwelling system), J. Mar. Syst., 18, 383-394, 1999.
Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., M. D. Doval, A. V. Borges, I. Joint, M. Frankignoulle, E. M. S. Woodward, and F. G. Figueiras, Off-shelf fluxes of labile materials by an upwelling filament in the NW Iberian upwelling system, Progr. Oceanogr., 51, 321-337, 2001.
Arar, E. J., Determination of chlorophyll a and b and identification of other pigments of interest in marine and freshwater 'algae using high performance liquid chromatography with visible wavelength detection, in Methods for the Determination of Chemical Substances in Marine and Estuarine Environmental Matrices, 447, pp. 1-20, U.S. Environ. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1997.
Bakker, D. C. E., H. J. W. de Barr, and H. P. J. de Wilde, Dissolved carbon dioxide in Dutch coastal waters. Mar. Chem., 55, 247-263, 1996.
Bakker, D. C. E., H. J. W de Baar, and E. de Jong, The dependence on temperature and salinity of dissolved inorganic carbon in the east Atlantic surface waters, Mar. Chem., 65, 263-280, 1999.
Benson, B. B., and D. Krause, The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere, Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 620-632, 1984.
Bode, A., B. Casas, E. Fernández, E. MaraZon, P. Serret, and M. Varela, Phytoplankton biomass and production in shelf waters off NW Spain: Spatial and seasonal variability in relation to upwelling, Hydrobiologia, 341, 225-234, 1996.
Borges, A. V., and M. Frankignoulle, Daily and seasonal variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawater along the Belgian and southern Dutch coastal areas, J. Mar. Syst., 19, 251-266, 1999.
Borges, A. V., and M. Frankignoulle, Short-term variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters of the Galician upwelling system, Progr. Oceanogr., 51, 283-302, 2001.
Borges, A. V., and M. Frankignoulle, Aspects of dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in the upwelling system off the Galician coast. J. Mar. Syst., 32, 181-198, 2002.
Brasse, S., A. Reimer, R. Seifert, and W. Michaelis, The influence of intertidal mudflats on the dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity in the German Bight, southeastern North Sea, J. Sea Res., 42, 93-103, 1999.
Cai, W.-J., L. R. Pomeroy, M. A. Moran, and Y. Wang, Oxygen and carbon dioxide mass balance for estuarine-intertidal marsh complex of five rivers in the southeastern U. S., Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 639-649, 1999.
Copin-Montégut, C., A new formula for the effect of temperature on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater. Mar. Chem., 25, 29-37, 1988.
Copin-Montégut, C., and B. Avril, Continuous measurements in surface water of the northeastern tropical Atlantic, Tellus, Ser. B, 47, 86-92, 1995.
Copin-Montégut, C., and P. Raimbault, The Peruvian upwelling near 15°S in August 1986: Results of continuous measurements of physical and chemical properties between 0 and 200 m depth, Deep Sea Res., Part 1, 41, 439-467, 1994.
Culkin, F., The major constituents of seawater, in Chemical Oceanography, vol. 2, edited by J. P Riley and G. Skirrow, pp. 121-161, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1965.
Dickson, A. G., Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 298.15 K, Deep Sea Res., 37, 755-766, 1990.
Dickson, A. G., pH buffers for seawater media based on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale, Deep Sea Res., 40, 107-118, 1993.
Department of Energy, Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, edited by A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet, ORNL/CDIAC-74, Washington, D. C., 1994.
Doval, M. D., X. A. Álvarez-Salgado, and F. F. Pérez, Dissolved organic matter in a temperate embayment affected by coastal upwelling, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 157, 21-37, 1997.
Dugdale, R. C., and J. J. Goering, Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary production, Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 196-206, 1967.
Eppley, R. W., and B. J. Peterson, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep oceans, Nature, 282, 677-680, 1979.
Figueiras, F. G., X. A. Álvarez-Salgado, L. M. Lorenzo, G. H. Tilstone, and M. D. Doval, Chemical and biological study of the NW Iberian margin: Short-time and seasonal scale changes of mesoscale structures, in Final Science Report, Ocean Margin Exchange OMEX II, Phase II, contract MAS3-CT97-0076, vol. 2, pp. 419-443, Eur. Comm., Brussels, 2001.
Fraga, F., Upwelling off the Galician coast, northwest Spain, in Coastal Upwelling. Coastal and Estuarine Sci., vol. 1, edited by F. A. Richards, pp. 176-182, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1981.
Fraga, F., F. F. Pérez, F. G. Figueiras, and A. F. Ríos, Stoichiometric variations of N, P, C and O2 during a Gymnodinium catenatum red tide and their interpretation, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 87, 123-134, 1992.
Frankignoulle, M., and A. V. Borges, European continental shelf as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 569-576, 2001.
Frankignoulle, M., G. Avril, A. Borges, I. Bourge, C. Canon, B. Delille, E. Libert, and J.-M. Théate, Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries, Science, 282, 434-436, 1998.
Frankignoulle, M., A. Borges, and R. Biondo, A new design of equilibrator to monitor carbon dioxide in highly dynamic and turbid environments, Water Res., 35, 1344-1347, 2001.
Frouin, R., A. F. G. Fiúza, I. Ambar, and T. J. Boyd, Observations of a poleward surface current off the coasts of Portugal and Spain during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 679-691, 1990.
Gattuso, J.-P., M. Frankignoulle, and R. Wollast, Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29, 405-433, 1998.
Goyet, C., F. J. Millero, D. W. O'Sullivan, G. Eischeid, S. J. McCue, and R. G. J. Bellerby, Temporal variations of pCO2 in surface seawater of the Arabian Sea in 1995, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45, 609-623, 1998.
Haynes, R., and E. D. Barton, A poleward flow along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,425-11,441, 1990.
Haynes, R., and E. D. Barton, Lagrangian observations in the Iberian Coastal Transition Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,731-14,741, 1991.
Haynes, R., E. D. Barton, and I. Pilling, Development, persistence, and variability of upwelling filaments off the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,681-22,692, 1993.
Hoppema, J. M. J., The seasonal behaviour of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the coastal North Sea along the Netherlands. Neth. J. Sea Res., 28, 167-179, 1991.
Huthnance, J. M., H. M. van Aken, M. White, E. D. Barton, B. L. Le Cann, E. M. Coelho, E. A. Fanjul, P. Miller, and J. Vitorino, Ocean margin exchanges-Water Flux Estimates, J. Mar. Syst., 32, 107-137, 2002.
Joint, I., A. Rees, and M. Woodward, Primary production and nutrient assimilation in the Iberian upwelling in August 1998, Progr. Oceanogr., 51, 303-329, 2001.
Keeling, C. D., and T. P. Whorf, Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network, in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Center, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1999.
Kelley, J. J., and D. W. Hood, Carbon dioxide in the Pacific Ocean and Bearing Sea: Upwelling and mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 745-753, 1971.
Körtzinger, A., J. C. Duinker, and L. Mintrop, Strong CO2 emissions from the Arabian Sea during south-west monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1763-1766, 1997.
Lefèvre, N., G. Moore, J. Aiken, A. Watson, D. Cooper, and R. Ling, Variability of pCO2 in the tropical Atlantic in 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5623-5634, 1998.
Liss, P., and L. Merlivat, Air-sea exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in The role of Air-Sea Exchanges in Geochemical Cycling, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C, vol. 185, edited P. Buat-Ménard, pp. 113-118, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
Mantoura, R. F. C., S. G. Gibb, D. Cummings, C. A. Llewellyn, and R. Barlow, Pigment chemotaxonomy of phytoplankton at the NW Iberian shelf and margin, in Final Science Report, Ocean Margin Exchange OMEX II, Phase II, contract MAS3-CT97-0076, vol. 1, pp. 117-124, Eur. Comm., Brussels, 2001.
McClain, C. R., S.-Y. Chao, L. P. Atkinson, J. O. Blanton, and F. de Catillejo, Wind-driven upwelling in the vicinity of Cape Finisterre, Spain, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8470-8486, 1986.
Miller, P., S. Groom, T. Smyth, and K. Woods, Remote sensing in OMEX II-II, in Final Science Report, Ocean Margin Exchange OMEX II, Phase II, contract MAS3-CT97-0076, vol. 1, pp. 173-190, Eur. Comm., Brussels, 2001.
Nightingale, P. D., G. Malin, C. S. Law, A. J. Watson, P. S. Liss, M. I. Liddicoat, J. Boutin, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard, In situ evaluation of air-sea exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387, 2000.
Nogueira, E., F. F. Pérez, and A. F. Ríos, Modelling thermohaline properties in an estuarine upwelling ecosystem (Ría of Vigo: NW Spain) using Box-Jenkins transfer function models, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 44, 685-702, 1997.
Nogueira, E., F. F. Pérez, and A. F. Ríos, Modelling nutrients and chlorophyll a time series in an estuarine upwelling ecosystem (Ria of Vigo: NW Spain) using the Box-Jenkins approach, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 46, 267-286, 1998.
Pérez, F. F., A. F. Ríos, and G. Rosón, Sea surface carbon dioxide off the Iberian Peninsula (north eastern Atlantic Ocean), J. Mar. Syst., 19, 27-46, 1999.
Pingree, R. D., and B. Le Cann, Structure, strength and seasonality of the slope currents in the Bay of Biscay region, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 70, 857-885, 1990.
Roy, R. N., L. N. Roy, K. M. Vogel, C. Porter-Moore, T. Pearson, C. E. Good, F. J. Millero, and D. J. Cambell, Determination of the ionization constants of carbonic acid in seawater in salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C, Mar. Chem., 44, 249-267, 1993.
Sabine, C. L., R. Wanninkhof, R. M. Key, C. Goyet, and F. J. Millero, Seasonal fluxes in the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean, Mar. Chem., 72, 33-53, 2000.
Schlesinger, W. H. (Ed.), Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 588 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1997.
Schwing, F. B., M. O'Farrel, J. Steger, and K. Baltz, Coastal upwelling indices, West Coast of North America 1946-1995, Tech. Memo. NMFS-SWFSC-231, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1996.
Simpson, J. J., On the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between ocean and atmosphere in an eastern boundary current, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, edited by W. Brutsaert and G. H. Jirka, pp. 505-514, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1984.
Simpson, J. J., and A. Zirino, Biological control of pH in the Peruvian coastal upwelling area, Deep Sea Res., 27, 234-248, 1980.
Smith, S. V., and F. T. Mackenzie, The ocean as a net heterotrophic system: Implications from the carbon biogeochemical cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1, 187-198, 1987.
Smith, S. V., and J. T. Hollibaugh, Coastal metabolism and the oceanic organic carbon balance, Rev. Geophys., 31, 75-89, 1993.
Stevens, I., M. Hamann, J. A. Johnson, and A. F. G. Fiuza, Comparisons between a fine resolution model and observations in the Iberian shelf-slope region, J. Mar. Syst., 26, 53-74, 2000.
Takahashi, T., R. A. Feely, R. F. Weiss, R. H. Wanninkhof, D. W. Chipman, S. C. Sutherland, and T. T. Takahashi, Global air-sea flux of CO2: An estimate based on measurements of sea-air pCO2 difference, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 8292-8299, 1997.
Takahashi, T., R. H. Wanninkhof, R. A. Feely, R. F. Weiss, D. W. Chipman, N. Bates, J. Olafsson, C. Sabine, and S. C. Sutherland, Net air-sea CO2 flux over the global ocean: An improved estimate based on the sea-air pCO2 difference, paper presented at 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans, Cent. for Global Environ. Res., Tsukuba, Japan, Jan. 1999.
Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi, Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget, Science, 247, 1431-1438, 1990.
Thomas, H., and B. Schneider, The seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide in Baltic Sea surface waters, J. Mar. Syst., 22, 53-67, 1999.
Thomas, H., V. Ittekkot, C. Osterrohtand, and B. Schneider, Preferential recycling of nutrients-The ocean's way to increase new primary production and to pass nutrient limitation?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1999-2004, 1999.
Tilstone, G. H., F. G. Figueiras, E. G. Fermín, and D. Arbones, Significance of nanoplankton photosynthesis and primary production in a coastal upwelling system (Ría of Vigo, NW Spain), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 183, 13-27, 1999.
Torres, R., D. R. Turner, N. Silva, and J. Rutllant, High short-term variability of CO2 fluxes during an upwelling event off the Chilean coast at 30°S, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 1161-1179, 1999.
Tsunogai, S., S. Watanabe, and T. Sato, Is there a "continental shelf pump" for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?, Tellus, Ser. B, 51, 701-712, 1999.
Van Green, A., R. K. Takesue, J. Goddard, T. Takahashi, J. A. Barthand, and R. L. Smith, Carbon and nutrient dynamics during coastal upwelling off Cape Blanco, Oregon, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47, 975-1002, 2000.
Walsh, J. J., On the Nature of Continental Shelves, 520 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1988.
Wang, S.-L., C.-T. A. Chen, G.-H. Hong, and C.-S. Chung, Carbon dioxide and related parameters in the East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 525-544, 2000.
Wanninkhof, R., Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R., and W. R. McGillis, A cubic relationship between air-sea CO2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889-1892, 1999.
Weiss, R. F., Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215, 1974.
Wollast, R., Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cycle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean, in The Sea, vol. 10, edited by K. H. Brink, and A. R. Robinson, pp. 213-252, John Wiley, New York, 1998.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.