Trace elements; Food composition; Muscle and liver tissues; Risk assessment; Persian Gulf
Abstract :
[en] In the present study the concentrations of 12 trace elements (TEs): As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were quantified in muscle and, where possible, liver tissues, of six commercially important marine species including fish (Euryglossa orientalis, Sardinella longiceps, Carcharhinus dussumieri), crustacean (Portunus armatus, Thenu orientalis) and mollusc (Sepia pharanois) collected from the North Persian Gulf. Arsenic, copper, iron, and zinc were observed to be the most dominant TEs in muscle and liver tissues of all the species. In comparing with the maximum permissible limits (MPL) set by international organizations for seafood including FAO (1983), EC (2007), FAO/WHO (2007), and USEPA (2011), the mean concentrations of As, Cd in all the species and Mn, Zn, and Hg in some species exceeded their MPL limits. The relationships between TEs concentration and biometric indices (body length and weight) varied markedly among the TEs within both species and tissues. Estimated daily intake (EDI) results in comparison with values of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) confirmed that consumption of T. orientalis, C. dussumieri and S. pharanois from the sampled locations exceed their maximum values for As, Cd, Hg, and Se established for children.
Research center :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Abbasi, S., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Shojaei, N., Sorooshian, A., Soltani, N., Delshab, H., Geochemistry and environmental effects of potentially toxic elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microplastics in coastal sediments of the Persian Gulf. Environ. Earth Sci., 78, 2019, 492.
Abida, B., Harikrishna, S., Irfanulla, K., Analysis of heavy metals in water, sediments and fish samples of Madivala lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka. Int. J. Chemtech Res. 1 (2009), 245–249.
Aghadadashi, V., Neyestani, M.R., Mehdinia, A., Bakhtiari, A.R., Molaei, S., Farhangi, M., Esmaili, M., Marnani, H.R., Gerivani, H., Spatial distribution and vertical profile of heavy metals in marine sediments around Iran's special economic energy zone; Arsenic as an enriched contaminant. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 138 (2019), 437–450.
Alipour, H., Darabi, H., Dabbaghmanesh, T., Bonyani, M., Entomological study of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Asalouyeh, the heartland of an Iranian petrochemical industry. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 4 (2014), S242–S245.
Amlund, H., Francesconi, K.A., Bethune, C., Lundebye, A., Berntssen, M.H.G., Accumulation and elimination of dietary arsenobetaine in two species of fish, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. An Int. J. 25 (2006), 1787–1794.
Azad, A.M., Frantzen, S., Bank, M.S., Nilsen, B.M., Duinker, A., Madsen, L., Maage, A., Effects of geography and species variation on selenium and mercury molar ratios in Northeast Atlantic marine fish communities. Sci. Total Environ. 652 (2019), 1482–1496.
Bajc, Z., Jenčič, V., Gačnik, K.Š., The heavy metal contents (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) and its relationships with the size of the rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) from lake Cerknica, Slovenia. Slov. Vet. Res., 2016, 53.
Baptista, M., Azevedo, O., Figueiredo, C., Paula, J.R., Santos, M.T., Queiroz, N., Rosa, R., Raimundo, J., Body size and season influence elemental composition of tissues in ocean sunfish Mola mola juveniles. Chemosphere 223 (2019), 714–722.
Barth, H.-J., Khan, N.Y., Biogeophysical setting of the Gulf. Protecting the Gulf's Marine Ecosystems from Pollution, 2008, Springer, 1–21.
Bawuro, A.A., Voegborlo, R.B., Adimado, A.A., Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria. J. Environ. Public Health, 2018, 2018.
Bayani, N., Ecology and environmental challenges of the Persian Gulf. Iran. Stud. 49 (2016), 1047–1063.
Bergés-Tiznado, M.E., Márquez-Farías, F., Lara-Mendoza, R.E., Torres-Rojas, Y.E., Galván-Magaña, F., Bojórquez-Leyva, H., Páez-Osuna, F., Mercury and selenium in muscle and target organs of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks Sphyrna lewini of the SE Gulf of California: dietary intake, molar ratios, loads, and human health risks. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 69 (2015), 440–452.
Bergés-Tiznado, M.E., Márquez-Farías, J.F., Torres-Rojas, Y., Galván-Magaña, F., Páez-Osuna, F., Mercury and selenium in tissues and stomach contents of the migratory sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, from the Eastern Pacific: concentration, biomagnification, and dietary intake. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 101 (2015), 349–358.
Bergés-Tiznado, M.E., Márquez-Farías, J.F., Osuna-Martínez, C.C., Torres-Rojas, Y.E., Galván-Magaña, F., Páez-Osuna, F., Patterns of mercury and selenium in tissues and stomach contents of the dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus from the SE Gulf of California, Mexico: concentrations, biomagnification and dietary intake. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 138 (2019), 84–92.
Bouchoucha, M., Chekri, R., Leufroy, A., Jitaru, P., Millour, S., Marchond, N., Chafey, C., Testu, C., Zinck, J., Cresson, P., Trace element contamination in fish impacted by bauxite red mud disposal in the Cassidaigne canyon (NW French Mediterranean). Sci. Total Environ. 690 (2019), 16–26.
Boutahar, L., Maanan, Mohamed, Bououarour, O., Richir, J., Pouzet, P., Gobert, S., Maanan, Mehdi, Zourarah, B., Benhoussa, A., Bazairi, H., Biomonitoring environmental status in semi-enclosed coastal ecosystems using Zostera noltei meadows. Ecol. Indic. 104 (2019), 776–793.
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Selenium and mercury molar ratios in commercial fish from New Jersey and Illinois: variation within species and relevance to risk communication. Food Chem. Toxicol. 57 (2013), 235–245.
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Pittfield, T., Donio, M., Heavy metals in fish from the Aleutians: interspecific and locational differences. Environ. Res. 131 (2014), 119–130.
Carpenter, K.E., Krupp, F., Jones, D.A., Zajonz, U., FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. FAO species Identif. F. Guid. Fish. Purp. living Mar. Resour., 1997 Kuwait, East. Saudi Arab. Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates.
Chetelat, J., Cott, P.A., Rosabal, M., Houben, A., McClelland, C., Rose, E.B., Amyot, M., Arsenic bioaccumulation in subarctic fishes of a mine-impacted bay on Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada. PLoS One, 2019, 14.
Chouvelon, T., Strady, E., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Radakovitch, O., Brach-Papa, C., Crochet, S., Knoery, J., Rozuel, E., Thomas, B., Tronczynski, J., Patterns of trace metal bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in a phytoplankton-zooplankton-small pelagic fish marine food web. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 146 (2019), 1013–1030.
Clarke, K., Ryan, S., Ecological assessment of the Queensland blue swimmer crab pot fishery. Dep. Prim. Ind. Fish. Queensl. Gov., 2004.
Cortés, E., Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 56 (1999), 707–717.
Currie, L.A., Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities:(IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Anal. Chim. Acta 391 (1999), 105–126.
Cusack, L.K., Eagles-Smith, C., Harding, A.K., Kile, M., Stone, D., Selenium: mercury molar ratios in freshwater fish in the Columbia river Basin: potential applications for specific fish consumption advisories. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 178 (2017), 136–146.
Cuvin-Aralar, M.L.A., Furness, R.W., Mercury and selenium interaction: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 21 (1991), 348–364.
Delshab, H., Farshchi, P., Keshavarzi, B., Geochemical distribution, fractionation and contamination assessment of heavy metals in marine sediments of the Asaluyeh port, Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 115 (2017), 401–411.
Eagderi, S., Fricke, R., Esmaeili, H.R., Jalili, P., Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: diversity and conservation status. Iran. J. Ichthyol. 6 (2019), 1–171.
EC, European Commission Regulation (EC) No 1126/2007 of 28 September 2007 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs As Regards Fusarium Toxins in Maize and Maize Products. Off J Eur Union 255. 2007, 14–17.
Ezemonye, L.I., Adebayo, P.O., Enuneku, A.A., Tongo, I., Ogbomida, E., Potential health risk consequences of heavy metal concentrations in surface water, shrimp (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) and fish (Brycinus longipinnis) from Benin River, Nigeria. Toxicol. Rep. 6 (2019), 1–9.
FAO, Compilation of Legal Limits for Hazardous Substances in Fish and Fishery Products. 1983, FAO Fish. Circ. (FAO) no. 764.
FAO/WHO, Report of the joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Food Agric. Organ, 2011, United Nations.
Farkas, A., Salánki, J., Specziár, A., Age-and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site. Water Res. 37 (2003), 959–964.
Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic species in seafood: origin and human health implications. Pure Appl. Chem. 82 (2010), 373–381.
Froese, R., Pauly, D., 2007. FishBase. 2007, World Wide Web Electron. Publ. www.fishbase.org.
Garnero, P.L., Monferran, M.V., González, G.A., Griboff, J., de los Ángeles, B.M., Assessment of exposure to metals, As and Se in water and sediment of a freshwater reservoir and their bioaccumulation in fish species of different feeding and habitat preferences. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 163 (2018), 492–501.
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M.S., Carocci, A., Lauria, G., Catalano, A., Mercury exposure and heart diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14, 2017, 74.
Gobert, S., Pasqualini, V., Dijoux, J., Lejeune, P., Durieux, E.D.H., Marengo, M., Trace element concentrations in the apex predator swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from a Mediterranean fishery and risk assessment for consumers. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 120 (2017), 364–369.
Goldenberg, S., Rushe, D., BP to pay $4.5 bn penalty over Deepwater Horizon disaster. Guard, 15, 2012 2012.
Görür, F.K., Keser, R., Akcay, N., Dizman, S., Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations of some commercial fish species consumed in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Chemosphere 87 (2012), 356–361.
Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., Casey, K., Ebert, C., Fox, H.E., Fujita, R., Heinemann, D., Lenihan, H.S., Madin, E.M., Perry, M.T., Selig, E.R., Spalding, M., Steneck, R., Watson, R., A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science (80-.), 2008, 10.1126/science.1151084.
Hao, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, Xiaolan, Zhang, D., Zhang, Xinyu, Yu, Y., Fu, J., Trace elements in fish from Taihu Lake, China: levels, associated risks, and trophic transfer. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 90 (2013), 89–97.
Hechtman, L., Clinical Naturopathic Medicine. 2018, Elsevier Health Sciences.
Huckabee, J.W., Elwood, J.W., Hildebrand, S.G., Accumulation of mercury in freshwater biota. Biogeochem. Mercur. Environ. 3 (1979), 277–302.
Ip, C.C.M., Li, X.D., Zhang, G., Wong, C.S.C., Zhang, W.L., Heavy metal and Pb isotopic compositions of aquatic organisms in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environ. Pollut. 138 (2005), 494–504.
Jamil, T., Lias, K., Norsila, D., Syafinaz, N.S., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in squid (Loligo spp.) tissues of Kedah-Perlis waters, Malaysia. Malaysian J. Anal. Sci. 18 (2014), 195–203.
JECFA, Summary and Conclusions of the 73nd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), JECFA/72/SC. (Rome, Italy), 2010.
Jiang, D., Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Long, Z., Liao, Q., Yang, J., Fan, J., Multivariate analyses and human health assessments of heavy metals for surface water quality in the Xiangjiang River Basin, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 38 (2019), 1645–1657.
Johnston, D.J., Yellowlees, D., Relationship between dietary preferences and digestive enzyme complement of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). J. Crust. Biol. 18 (1998), 656–665.
Johnston, D., Yeoh, D., Harris, D., Fisher, E., Blue Swimmer Crab (Portunus Armatus) and Mud Crab (Scylla Serrata and Scylla olivacea) Resources in the North Coast and Gascoyne Coast Bioregions, Western Australia. 2020.
Josileen, J., Morphometrics and length-weight relationship in the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Mandapam Coast, India. Crustaceana 84 (2011), 1665–1681.
Kämpf, J., Sadrinasab, M., The Circulation of the Persian Gulf: a Numerical Study. 2006.
Karbassi, A.R., Bayati, G.R.N.-B.I., Environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in a sediment core off Bushehr, Persian Gulf. J. Environ. Heal. Sci. Eng. 2 (2005), 255–260.
Keshavarzi, B., Hassanaghaei, M., Moore, F., Mehr, M.R., Soltanian, S., Lahijanzadeh, A.R., Sorooshian, A., Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in three commercial fish species in the Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129 (2018), 245–252.
Khan, M., Hoda, S.M.S., Observation on the food and feeding habits of Euryglossa orientalis (Bl. and Schn)(family: Soleidae) from Karachi Coast. J. Islam. Acad. Sci. 6 (1993), 185–188.
Khazaali, A., Kunzmann, A., Bastami, K.D., Baniamam, M., Baseline of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediment and sea cucumbers (Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus hermanni) in the northern parts of Persian Gulf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110 (2016), 539–545.
Kojadinovic, J., Potier, M., Le Corre, M., Cosson, R.P., Bustamante, P., Bioaccumulation of trace elements in pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean. Environ. Pollut. 146 (2007), 548–566.
Koller, M., Saleh, H.M., Introductory Chapter: An introduction to trace elements. Trace Elements-Human Health and Environment, 2018, IntechOpen.
Korkmaz, C., Ay, Ö., Çolakfakıoğlu, C., Erdem, C., Heavy metal levels in some edible crustacean and mollusk species marketed in Mersin. Thalass. Int. J. Mar. Sci., 2018, 1–7.
Kwaansa-Ansah, E.E., Nti, S.O., Opoku, F., Heavy metals concentration and human health risk assessment in seven commercial fish species from Asafo Market, Ghana. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 28 (2019), 569–579.
Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., Swainston, R., Davis, G., Sharks and Rays of Australia. 2009.
Lavilla, I., Rodríguez-Liñares, G., Garrido, J., Bendicho, C., A biogeochemical approach to understanding the accumulation patterns of trace elements in three species of dragonfly larvae: evaluation as biomonitors. J. Environ. Monit. 12 (2010), 724–730.
Lemire, M., Fillion, M., Frenette, B., Mayer, A., Philibert, A., Passos, C.J.S., Guimarães, J.R.D., Barbosa, F. Jr, Mergler, D., Selenium and mercury in the Brazilian Amazon: opposing influences on age-related cataracts. Environ. Health Perspect. 118 (2010), 1584–1589.
Lescord, G.L., Johnston, T.A., Branfireun, B.A., Gunn, J.M., Percentage of methylmercury in the muscle tissue of freshwater fish varies with body size and age and among species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37 (2018), 2682–2691.
Liang, Y., Cheung, R.Y.H., Wong, M.H., Reclamation of wastewater for polyculture of freshwater fish: bioaccumulation of trace metals in fish. Water Res. 33 (1999), 2690–2700.
Looi, L.J., Aris, A.Z., Haris, H., Yusoff, F.M., Hashim, Z., The levels of mercury, methylmercury and selenium and the selenium health benefit value in grey-eel catfish (Plotosus canius) and giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) from the Strait of Malacca. Chemosphere 152 (2016), 265–273.
Marengo, M., Durieux, E.D.H., Ternengo, S., Lejeune, P., Degrange, E., Pasqualini, V., Gobert, S., Comparison of elemental composition in two wild and cultured marine fish and potential risks to human health. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 158 (2018), 204–212.
Maurya, P.K., Malik, D.S., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Kamyab, H., Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicol. Rep., 2019.
Moreno-Sierra, D., Bergés-Tiznado, M.E., Márquez-Farías, F., Torres-Rojas, Y.E., Ruelas-Inzunza, J.R., Páez-Osuna, F., Trace metals in target tissues and stomach contents of the top predator sailfish Istiophorus platypterus from the Eastern Pacific: concentrations and contrasting behavior of biomagnification. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016), 23791–23803.
Nabhitabhata, J., Nilaphat, P., Life cycle of cultured pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Spec. Publ. 19 (1999), 25–40.
Naderizadeh, Z., Khademi, H., Ayoubi, S., Biomonitoring of atmospheric heavy metals pollution using dust deposited on date palm leaves in southwestern Iran. Atmósfera 29 (2016), 141–155.
Nair, K.P., Srinath, M., Meiyappan, M.M., Rao, K.S., Sarvesan, R., Vidyasagar, K., Sundaram, K.S., Rao, G.S., Lipton, A.P., Natarajan, P., Stock assessment of the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Indian J. Fish. 40 (1993), 85–94.
Naser, H., Grillo, O., Marine ecosystem diversity in the Arabian Gulf: threats and conservation. Biodiversity, 2017.
Niane, B., Guédron, S., Moritz, R., Cosio, C., Ngom, P.M., Deverajan, N., Pfeifer, H.R., Poté, J., Human exposure to mercury in artisanal small-scale gold mining areas of Kedougou region, Senegal, as a function of occupational activity and fish consumption. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (2015), 7101–7111.
Nicolaus, E.E.M., Bendall, V.A., Bolam, T.P.C., Maes, T., Ellis, J.R., Concentrations of mercury and other trace elements in porbeagle shark Lamna nasus. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 112 (2016), 406–410.
Ohkouchi, N., Tsuda, R., Chikaraishi, Y., Tanabe, K., A preliminary estimate of the trophic position of the deep-water ram's horn squid Spirula spirula based on the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids. Mar. Biol. 160 (2013), 773–779.
Omar, W.A., Mikhail, W.Z.A., Abdo, H.M., El, Abou, Defan, T.A., Poraas, M.M., Ecological risk assessment of metal pollution along greater Cairo sector of the river Nile, Egypt, using nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, as Bioindicator. J. Toxicol., 2015, 2015.
Pal, D., Maiti, S.K., Evaluation of potential human health risks from toxic metals via consumption of cultured fish species Labeo rohita: a case study from an urban aquaculture pond. Expo. Heal. 11 (2019), 33–46.
Parker, R., Aquaculture Science. Cengage Learning. 2011.
Pavluk, T., Bij de Vaate, A., Trophic Index and Efficiency. Reference Modul E in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. 2013.
Perera, P.A.C.T., Sundarabarathy, T.V., Sivananthawerl, T., Kodithuwakku, S.P., Edirisinghe, U., Arsenic and cadmium contamination in water, sediments and fish is a consequence of paddy cultivation: evidence of river pollution in Sri Lanka. Achiev. Life Sci. 10 (2016), 144–160.
Ploetz, D.M., Fitts, B.E., Rice, T.M., Differential accumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver of a marine fish, (King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla Cuvier) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 78 (2007), 134–137.
Raimundo, J., Vale, C., Martins, I., Fontes, J., Graça, G., Caetano, M., Elemental composition of two ecologically contrasting seamount fishes, the bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus) and blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100 (2015), 112–121.
Rajeshkumar, S., Li, X., Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Toxicol. Rep. 5 (2018), 288–295.
Ralston, N.V.C., Kaneko, J.J., Raymond, L.J., Selenium health benefit values provide a reliable index of seafood benefits vs. risks. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 55 (2019), 50–57.
Randall, J.E., Coastal fishes of Oman. 1995, University of Hawaii Press.
Renieri, E.A., Safenkova, I.V., Alegakis, A.K., Slutskaya, E.S., Kokaraki, V., Kentouri, M., Dzantiev, B.B., Tsatsakis, A.M., Cadmium, lead and mercury in muscle tissue of gilthead seabream and seabass: risk evaluation for consumers. Food Chem. Toxicol. 124 (2019), 439–449.
Richir, J., Gobert, S., A reassessment of the use of Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis to biomonitor the coastal pollution of trace elements: new tools and tips. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 89 (2014), 390–406.
Richir, J., Gobert, S., Trace elements in marine environments: occurrence, threats and monitoring with special focus on the Costal Mediterranean. J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 2016, 6.
Ruelas-Inzunza, J., Amezcua, F., Coiraton, C., Páez-Osuna, F., Cadmium, mercury, and selenium in muscle of the scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini from the tropical Eastern Pacific: variation with age, molar ratios and human health risk. Chemosphere, 242, 2020, 125180.
Schuster, L., White, C.R., Marshall, D.J., Influence of food, body size, and fragmentation on metabolic rate in a sessile marine invertebrate. Invertebr. Biol. 138 (2019), 55–66.
Sereshk, Z.H., Bakhtiari, A.R., Distribution patterns of PAHs in different tissues of annulated sea snake (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) and short sea snake (Lapemis curtus) from the Hara Protected Area on the North Coast of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 109 (2014), 116–123.
Shah, S.L., Altindağ, A., Effects of heavy metal accumulation on the 96-h LC_50 values in Tench Tinca tinca L., 1758. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 29 (2005), 139–144.
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M., Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: a case study in Varanasi. Environ. Pollut. 154 (2008), 254–263.
Sofoulaki, K., Kalantzi, I., Machias, A., Pergantis, S.A., Tsapakis, M., Metals in sardine and anchovy from Greek coastal areas: public health risk and nutritional benefits assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 123 (2019), 113–124.
Soltani, N., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Sorooshian, A., Javid, R., Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and prawn in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 173 (2019), 251–265.
Sommer, C., Schneider, W., Poutiers, J.M., FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes: the Living Marine Resources of Somalia. 1996.
Stanek, M., Dąbrowski, J., Różański, S., Janicki, B., Długosz, J., Heavy metals bioaccumulation in tissues of spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) from Lake Gopło: effect of age and sex. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 98 (2017), 740–746.
Storelli, M.M., Marcotrigiano, G.O., Interspecific variation in total arsenic body concentrations in elasmobranch fish from the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11 (2004), 1145–1149.
Suami, R.B., Sivalingam, P., Kabala, C.D., Otamonga, J.-P., Mulaji, C.K., Mpiana, P.T., Poté, J., Concentration of heavy metals in edible fishes from Atlantic Coast of Muanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J. Food Anal. 73 (2018), 1–9.
Szefer, P., Domagała-Wieloszewska, M., Warzocha, J., Garbacik-Wesołowska, A., Ciesielski, T., Distribution and relationships of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in perch (Perca fluviatilis) from the Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon, southern Baltic. Food Chem. 81 (2003), 73–83.
Ternengo, S., Marengo, M., El Idrissi, O., Yepka, J., Pasqualini, V., Gobert, S., Spatial variations in trace element concentrations of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, a first reference study in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 129 (2018), 293–298.
Tiwari, A., Dwivedi, A.C., Shukla, D.N., Mayank, P., Assessment of heavy metals in different organ of Oreochromis niloticus from the Gomti river at Sultanpur, India. J. Kalash Sci. 2 (2014), 47–52.
Traina, A., Bono, G., Bonsignore, M., Falco, F., Giuga, M., Quinci, E.M., Vitale, S., Sprovieri, M., Heavy metals concentrations in some commercially key species from Sicilian coasts (Mediterranean Sea): potential human health risk estimation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 168 (2019), 466–478.
USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. In: Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, Interim Final, vol. I, 1989, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC EPA/540/1-89/ 002. Hum. Heal. Eval. Man. Part A.
USEPA, Handbook for Non Cancer Health Effects Evaluation. EPA Sci. Policy Counc. Washington, DC, 2000.
USEPA, Region III Risk-Based Concentration Table: Technical Background Information. 2006, 227.
USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Part A: Human Health Evaluation Manual; Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment, volume I, 2011.
USEPA, Human Health Risk Assessment. (Accessed 6 August 2013), 2013 http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/index.htm.
Usero, J., Gonzalez-Regalado, E., Gracia, I., Trace metals in the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern Spain. Environ. Int. 23 (1997), 291–298.
Visnjic-Jeftic, Z., Jaric, I., Jovanovic, L., Skoric, S., Smederevac-Lalic, M., Nikcevic, M., Lenhardt, M., Heavy metal and trace element accumulation in muscle, liver and gills of the Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata Bennet 1835) from the Danube River (Serbia). Microchem. J. 95 (2010), 341–344.
Wilhelmsson, D., Thompson, R.C., Holmström, K., Lindén, O., Eriksson-Hägg, H., Marine pollution. Manag. Ocean Environ. a Chang. Clim. Sustain. Econ. Perspect. 2013, Elsevier, Burlingt, 127–157.
Worakhunpiset, S., Trace elements in marine sediment and organisms in the Gulf of Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, 2018, 810.
Yeşilbudak, B., Erdem, C., Cadmium accumulation in gill, liver, kidney and muscle tissues of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 92 (2014), 546–550.
Yigiterhan, O., Al-Ansari, E.M., Nelson, A., Abdel-Moati, M.A., Turner, J., Alsaadi, H.A., Paul, B., Al-Maslamani, I.A., Al-Ansi Al-Yafei, M.A., Murray, J.W., Trace element composition of size-fractionated suspended particulate matter samples from the Qatari Exclusive Economic Zone of the Arabian Gulf: the role of atmospheric dust. Biogeosciences 17 (2020), 381–404.
Younis, A.M., Amin, H.F., Alkaladi, A., Mosleh, Y.Y.I., Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish, squids and crustaceans from the Red Sea, Jeddah Coast, Saudi Arabia. Open J. Mar. Sci., 5, 2015, 369.
Zhang, W., Guo, Z., Zhou, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Comparative contribution of trophic transfer and biotransformation on arsenobetaine bioaccumulation in two marine fish. Aquat. Toxicol. 179 (2016), 65–71.
Zhao, S., Feng, C., Quan, W., Chen, X., Niu, J., Shen, Z., Role of living environments in the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in fishes and crabs in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64 (2012), 1163–1171.
Zhao, X.-M., Yao, L.-A., Ma, Q.-L., Zhou, G.-J., Wang, L., Fang, Q.-L., Xu, Z.-C., Distribution and ecological risk assessment of cadmium in water and sediment in Longjiang River, China: implication on water quality management after pollution accident. Chemosphere 194 (2018), 107–116.
