Friesecke, S., Abel, P., Roser, M., et al. Outcome of severe lactic acidosis associated with metformin accumulation. Crit Care, 14, 2010, R226.
Bell, S., Farran, B., McGurnaghan, S., et al. Risk of kidney injury and survival in patients treated with metformin. BMC Nephrol 18 (2017), 163–171.
Salpeter, S.R., Greyber, E., Pasternak, G.A., et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2010, CD002967.
Bodmer, M., Meier, C., Krähenbühl, S., et al. Metformin, sulfonylureas, or other antidiabetes drugs and the risk of lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia: a nested case-control analysis. Diabetes Care 31 (2008), 2086–2091.
Lazarus, B., Whu, A., Shin, J.I., et al. Association of metformin use with lactic acidosis across the range of kidney function. JAMA Intern Med 178 (2018), 903–910.
Ekström, N., Schiöler, L., Svensson, A.M., et al. Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51 675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: a cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. BMJ Open, 2, 2012, e001076.
Eppenga, W.L., Lalmohamed, A., Geerts, A.F., et al. Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 2218–2224.
Inzucchi, S.E., Lipska, K.J., Mayo, H., et al. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA 312 (2014), 2668–2675.
Hung, S.C., Chang, Y.K., Liu, J.S., et al. Metformin use and mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: national, retrospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3 (2015), 605–614.
Kwon, S., Kim, Y.C.1, Park, J.Y., et al. The long-term effects of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Care 43 (2020), 948–955.
Satriano, J., Sharma, K., Blantz, R.C., et al. Induction of AMPK activity corrects early pathophysiological alterations in the subtotal nephrectomy model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 305 (2013), F727–F733.
Hardie, D.G., AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 33 (2015), 1–7.
Rajani, R., Pastor-Soler, N.M., Hallows, K.R., Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in kidney tubular transport, metabolism, and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 26 (2017), 375–383.
Lee, M., Katerelos, M., Gleich, K., et al. Phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by AMPK enhances anaerobic metabolism reduces renal fibrosis and is essential for the anti-fibrotic effect of metformin. J Am Soc Nephrol 29 (2018), 2326–2336.
Neven, E., Vervaet, B., Brand, K., et al. Metformin prevents the development of severe chronic kidney disease and its associated mineral and bone disorder. Kidney Int 94 (2018), 102–113.
Cao, X., Li, H., Tao, H., et al. Metformin inhibits vascular calcification in female rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the AMPK-eNOS-NO pathway. Endocrinology 154 (2013), 3680–3689.
Komaba, H., Energy sensor as a new regulator of FGF23 synthesis. Kidney Int 94 (2018), 453–455.
Glosse, P., Feger, M., Mutig, K., et al. AMP-activated kinase is a regulator of fibroblast growth factor 23 production. Kidney Int 94 (2018), 491–501.
Lalau, J.D., Arnouts, P., Sharif, A., et al. Metformin and other antidiabetic agents in renal failure patients. Kidney Int 87 (2015), 308–322.
Hung, A.M., Roumie, C.L., Greevy, R.A., et al. Kidney function decline in metformin versus sulfonylurea initiators: assessment of time-dependent contribution of weight, blood pressure, and glycemic control. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 22 (2013), 623–631.
Crowley, M.J., Diamantidis, C.J., McDuffie, J.R., et al. Clinical outcomes of metformin use in enhances anaerobic metabolism populations with chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, or chronic liver disease: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 166 (2017), 191–200.
Stephen, J., Anderson-Haag, T.L., Gustafson, S., et al. Metformin use in kidney transplant recipients in the United States: an observational study. Am J Nephrol 40 (2014), 546–553.
Charytan, D.M., Solomon, S.D., Ivanovich, P., et al. Metformin use and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diab Obes Metab 21 (2019), 1199–1206.
Levin, A., Tonelli, M., Bonventre, J., et al. Global kidney health 2017 and beyond: a roadmap for closing gaps in care, research, and policy. Lancet 390 (2017), 1888–1937.
Lalau, J.D., Farshad, K., Youssef, B., et al. Rationale for the prescription of metformin in patients with CKD 3A, 3B, and 4. Diabetes Care 41 (2018), 547–555.