IEEE seeks to maximize the rights of its authors and their employers to post the author-submitted, peer-reviewed, and accepted manuscript of an article on the author's personal web site or on a server operated by the author's employer. No third party (other than authors and employers) may post IEEE-copyrighted material without obtaining the necessary licenses or permissions from the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office or other authorized representatives of the IEEE.
All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.
Converter-driven stability; electric resonance stability; frequency stability; power system stability; small-signal stability; transient stability; voltage stability
Abstract :
[en] Since the publication of the original paper on power system stability definitions in 2004, the dynamic behavior of power systems has gradually changed due to the increasing penetration of converter interfaced generation technologies, loads, and transmission devices. In recognition of this change, a Task Force was established in 2016 to re-examine and extend, where appropriate, the classic definitions and classifications of the basic stability terms to incorporate the effects of fast-response power electronic devices. This paper based on an IEEE PES report summarizes the major results of the work of the Task Force and presents extended definitions and classification of
power system stability.
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering
Author, co-author :
Hatziargyriou, Nikos
Milanović, Jovica
Rahmann, Claudia
Ajjarapu, Venkataramana
Cañizares, Claudio
Erlich, Istvan
Hill, David
Hiskens, Ian
Kamwa, Innocent
Pal, Bikash
Pourbeik, Pouyan
Sanchez- Gasca, Juan
Stanković, Aleksandar
Van Cutsem, Thierry ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dép. d'électric., électron. et informat. (Inst.Montefiore) > Systèmes et modélisation
P. Kunduret al., "Definition and classification of power system stability," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1387-1401, May 2004.
P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
Stability definitions and characterization of dynamic behavior in systems with high penetration of power electronic interfaced technologies, IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR77, May 2020. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/ technical-reports/PES_TP_TR77_PSDP_stability_051320.html
"Contribution to bulk system control and stability by distributed energy resources connected at distribution network," IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR22, Jan. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technicalreports/ PESTRPDFMRH0022.html
Microgrid Stability,Definitions,Analysis, andModeling, IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR66, Jun. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technicalreports/ PES_TR0066_062018.html
A. Semlyen, "Analysis of disturbance propagation in power systems based on a homogenous dynamic model," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-93, no. 2, pp. 676-684, Mar. 1974.
R. L. Cresap and J. F. Hauer, "Emergence of a new swing mode in the western power system," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 2037-2045, Apr. 1981.
J. S. Thorp, C. E. Seyler, and A. G. Phadke, "Electromechanical wave propagation in large electric power systems," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 614-622, Jun. 1998.
T. Li, G. Ledwich, Y. Mishra, J. Chow, and A. Vahidnia, "Wave aspect of power system transient stability-Part I: Finite approximation," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2493-2500, Jul. 2017.
S. N.Vukosavic and A.M.Stankovic, "Electronic powerwaves in networks of inverters," in Proc. North Amer. Power Symp., 2018, pp. 1-6.
A. Yazdani and R. Iravani, Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2010.
R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and P. Rodriguez, Grid Converters For Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2011.
N. Miller, D. Lew, and R. Piwko, "Technology capabilities for fast frequency response," GE International Inc. Rep., Mar. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/Files/Electricity/ NEM/Security_and_Reliability/Reports/2017/2017-03-10-GE-FFRAdvisory-Report-Final-2017-3-9.pdf
P. Pourbeik, S. Soni, A. Gaikwad, and V. Chadliev, "Providing primary frequency response from photovoltaic power plants," in Proc. CIGRE Symp. 2017, Dublin, Ireland, 2017, pp. 1-10.
"Impact of inverter based generation on bulk power system dynamics and short-circuit performance", IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR68, Jul. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/technical-publications/technicalreports/ PES_TR_7-18_0068.html
R. Goebel, R. G. Sanfelice, and A. R. Teel, Hybrid Dynamical Systems. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 2012.
I. Hiskens, "Trajectory deadlock in power system models," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp.Circuits Syst.,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, May 2011, pp. 2721-2724.
V. Donde and I.A.Hiskens, "Analysis of tap-induced oscillations observed in an electrical distribution system," IEEE Trans.Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1881-1887, Nov. 2007.
N. Mithulananthan, C. A. Canizares, J. Reeve, and G. J. Rogers, "Comparison of PSS, SVC, and STATCOM controllers for damping power system oscillations," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 786-792, May 2003.
P. Tielens and D. Van Hertem, "The relevance of inertia in power systems," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 55, pp. 999-1009, Mar. 2016.
D. Gautam and V. Vittal, "Impact of DFIG based wind turbine generators on transient and small signal stability of power systems," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1426-1434, Aug. 2009.
G. Tsourakis, B. M. Nomikos, and C. D. Vournas, "Effect of wind parks with doubly fed asynchronous generators on small-signal stability," Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 190-200, Jan. 2009.
S. Vukosavic, Grid-Side Converter Design and Control. Belgrade, Serbia: Springer, 2018.
M. J. Gibbard, P. Pourbeik, and D. J. Vowles, Small-Signal Stability, Control and Dynamic Performance of Power Systems Adelaide, Australia: Univ. Adelaide Press, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.adelaide. edu.au/press/titles/small-signal
W. Du, J. Bi, andH.Wang, "Small-signal angular stability of power system as affected by grid-connected variable speed wind generators-A survey of recent representative works," CSEE J. Power Energy Syst., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 223-231, Sep. 2017.
S. S. Eftekharnejad, V. Vittal, G. T. Heydt, B. Keel, and J. Loehr, "Small signal stability assessment of power systems with increased penetration of photovoltaic generation: A case study," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 960-967, Oct. 2013.
S. De Rijcke, H. Ergun, D. Van HErtem, and J. Driesen, "Grid impact of voltage control and reactive power support bywind turbines equippedwith direct-drive synchronous machines," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 890-898, Oct. 2012.
T. Van Cutsem and C. Vournas, Voltage Stability Electric Power System. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1998.
D. H. Popović, I. A. Hiskens, andD. J.Hill, "Stability analysis of induction motor networks," Int. J. Electric Power Energy Syst., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 475-487, 1998.
T. Van Cutsem and R. Mailhot, "Validation of a fast voltage stability analysis method on the hydro-Quebec system," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 282-292, Feb. 1997.
C. Vournas and N. Tagkoulis, "Investigation of synchronous generator underexcited operation in isolated systems," in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Elect. Mach., Alexandroupoli, Greece, 2018, pp. 270-276.
"Dynamic models for turbine-governors in power system studies," IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR1, Jan. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/ technical-publications/technical-reports/PESTR1.html
P. Pourbeik and J. K. Petter, "Modeling and validation of battery energy storage systems using simple generic models for power system stability studies," Cigre Sci. Eng., vol. 9, pp. 63-72, Oct. 2017.
M. Kayikçi and J. V. Milanović, "Dynamic contribution of DFIG-based wind plants to system frequency disturbances," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 859-867, May 2009.
G. Lalor, A. Mullane, andM. O'Malley, "Frequency control and wind turbine technologies," IEEE Trans.Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1905-1913, Nov. 2005.
J. Ekanayake and N. Jenkins, "Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800-802, Dec. 2004.
A. Mullane and M. O'Malley, "The inertial response of inductionmachine-based wind turbines," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1496-1503, Aug. 2005.
O. Anaya-Lara, F.M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, "Contribution of DFIG-basedwind farms to power system short-term frequency regulation," IEE Proc.-Gener. Transmiss., Distrib., vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 164-170, Mar. 2006.
J. Morren, S.W. H. de Haan,W. L.Kling, and J.A. Ferreira,"Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 433-434, Feb. 2006.
J. Morren, J. Pierik, and S. W. H. de Haan, "Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines," Electr.Power Syst. Res., vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 980-987, Jul. 2006.
N. W. Miller, M. Shao, S. Venkataraman, C. Loutan, and M. Rothleder, "Frequency response of california and WECC under high wind and solar conditions," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 2012, pp. 1-8.
A. Adrees, J. V. Milanović, and P. Mancarella, "Effect of inertia heterogeneity on frequency dynamics of low-inertia power systems," IET Gener. Transmiss., Distrib., vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 2951-2958, Jul. 2019.
A. Adrees and J. Milanović, "Effect of load models on angular and frequency stability of low inertia power networks," IET Gener. Transmiss., Distrib., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1520-1526, Jun. 2019.
IEEE subsynchronous resonance working group of the system dynamic performance subcommitte power system engineering committe, "Terms, definitions and symbols for subsynchronous oscillations," IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 6, pp. 1326-1334, Jun. 1985.
P. M. Anderson and R. G. Farmer, Ser. Compensation Power System. Encinitas, CA, USA: PBLSH, 1996.
P. M. Anderson, B. L. Agrawal, and J. E. Van Ness, Subsynchronous Resonance in Power Systems. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1990.
IEEE Subsynchronous resonance working group, "Reader's guide to subsynchronous resonance," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 150-157, Feb. 1992.
P. Pourbeik, D. G. Ramey, N. Abi-Samra, D. Brooks, and A. Gaikwad, "Vulnerability of large steam turbine generators to torsional interactions during electrical grid disturbances," IEEE Trans.Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1250-1258, Aug. 2007.
J. Shair,X.Xie, L.Wang,W. Liu, J. He, and H. Liu, "Overviewof emerging subsynchronous oscillations in practical wind power systems," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 99, pp. 159-168, Jan. 2019.
J. V. Milanovic and A. Adrees, "Identifying generators at risk of SSR in meshed compensated AC/DC power networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 4438-4447, Nov. 2013.
A. Adrees and J. V. Milanovic, "Methodology for evaluation of risk of subsynchronous resonance in meshed compensated networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 815-823, Mar. 2014.
P. Pourbeik, A. Boström, and B. Ray, "Modeling and application studies for a modern static VAr system installation," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 368-377, Jan. 2006.
C. F.Wagner, "Self-excitation of induction motors with series capacitors," Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1241-1247, Dec. 1941.
P. Pourbeik, R. J. Koessler, D. L. Dickmander, andW.Wong, "Integration of large wind farms into utility grids (part 2-performance issues)," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, Toronto, Onttario Canada, 2003, pp. 1-6.
A. E. Leon and J. A. Solsona, "Sub-synchronous interaction damping control for DFIG wind turbines," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 419-428, Jan. 2015.
J. Adams, C. Carter, and S. H. Huang, "ERCOT experience with Subsynchronous control interaction and proposed remediation," in Proc. PES T&D, Orlando, FL, USA, 2012, pp. 1-5.
Y. Cheng, S. F. Huang, J. Rose, V. A. Pappu, and J. Conto, "ERCOT subsynchronous resonance topology and frequency scan tool development," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen.Meeting, Boston, MA, USA, 2016, pp. 1-5.
K. Narendra et al., "Newmicroprocessor based relay to monitor and protect power systems against sub-harmonics," in Proc. IEEE Elect. Power Energy Conf., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2011, pp. 438-443.
T. Ackermann and R.Kuwahata, "Lessons learned from internationalwind integration studies," AEMO, Tech Rep.AEMOWind IntegrationWP4(A), Nov. 2011.
V. B. Virulkar and G. V. Gotmare, "Sub-synchronous resonance in series compensated wind farm: A review," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 55, pp. 1010-1029, Mar. 2016.
A. Ostadi, A. Yazdani, and R. K. Varma, "Modeling and stability analysis of a DFIG-based wind-power generator interfaced with a seriescompensated line," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1504-1514, Jul. 2009.
L. Fan, R. Kavasseri, Z. L. Miao, and C. Zhu, "Modeling of DFIG-based wind farms for SSR analysis," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2073-2082, Oct. 2010.
L. Fan and Z. Miao, "Nyquist-stability-criterion-based SSR explanation for type-3 wind generators," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 807-809, Sep. 2012.
Z. Miao, "Impedance-model-based SSR analysis for type 3wind generator and series-compensated network," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 984-991, Dec. 2012.
D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi, U. D. Annakkage, C. Karawita, and D. A. Jacobson, "A procedure to study sub-synchronous interactions in wind integrated power systems," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 377-384, Feb. 2013.
H. Liu, X. Xie, C. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Liu, and Y. Hu, "Quantitative SSR analysis of series-compensated DFIG-based wind farms using aggregated RLC circuit model," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 474-483, Jan. 2017.
X. Xie, X. Zhang, H. Liu, H. Liu, Y. Li, and C. Zhang, "Characteristic analysis of subsynchronous resonance in practical wind farms connected to series-compensated transmissions," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1117-1126, Sep. 2017.
Y. Cheng, M. Sahni, D. Muthumuni, and B. Badrzadeh, "Reactance scan crossover-based approach for investigating SSCI concerns for DFIG-based wind turbines," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 742-751, Apr. 2013.
E. V. Larsen, "Wind generators and series-compensated AC transmission lines," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 2012, pp. 1-4.
B. Benjamin, B. Johnson, P. Denholm, and B. Hodge, "Achieving a 100% renewable grid: Operating electric power systems with extremely high levels of variable renewable energy," IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 61-73, Mar./Apr. 2017.
X. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, "Harmonic stability in power electronic based power systems: Concept, modeling, and analysis," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 2858-2870, May 2019.
X. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, and W. Wu, "Modeling and analysis of harmonic stability in an ac power-electronic-based power system," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6421-6432, Dec. 2014.
E. Ebrahimzadeh, F. Blaabjerg, X. Wang, and C. L. Bak, "Harmonic stability and resonance analysis in large PMSG-based wind power plants," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 12-23, Jan. 2018.
J. He, Y. W. Li, D. Bosnjak, and B. Harris, "Investigation and active damping of multiple resonances in a parallel-inverter-based microgrid," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 234-246, Jan. 2013.
X. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre, Z. Chen, J. He, and Y. Li, "An active damper for stabilizing power-electronic-based ac systems," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 3318-3329, Jul. 2014.
M. Liserre, F. Blaabjerg, and S. Hansen, "Design and control of an LCL-filter-based three-phase active rectifier," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1281-1291, Sep.-Oct. 2005.
C. Yoon, H. Bai, R. N. Beres, X. Wang, C. L. Bak, and F. Blaabjerg, "Harmonic stability assessment for multiparalleled, grid-connected inverters," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1388-1397,Oct. 2016.
E. Ebrahimzadeh, F. Blaabjerg, X. Wang, and C. L. Bak, "Modeling and identification of harmonic instability problems in wind farms," in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo.,Milwaukee, WI, USA, 2016, pp. 1-6.
F. Milano, F. Dörfler, G. Hug, D. J. Hill, and G. Verbic, "Foundations and challenges of low-inertia systems," in Proc. 20th Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Dublin, Ireland, 2018, pp. 1-25.
L. P. Kunjumuhammed, B. C. Pal, C. Oates, and K. J. Dyke, "Electrical oscillations in wind farm systems: Analysis and insight based on detailed modeling," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 51-62, Jan. 2016.
L. P. Kunjumuhammed, B. C. Pal, R. Gupta, and K. J. Dyke, "Stability analysis of a PMSG-based large offshore wind farm connected to a VSCHVDC," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1166-1176, Sep. 2017.
M. Yuet al., "Use of an inertia-less virtual synchronous machine within future power networks with high penetrations of converters," in Proc. Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Genoa, Italy, 2016, pp. 1-7.
A. J. Roscoeet al., "A VSM (virtual synchronous machine) convertor control model suitable for RMS studies for resolving system operator/owner challenges," in Proc. 15th Wind Integration Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 1-8.
R. Ierna et al., "Effects of VSM convertor control on penetration limits of non-synchronous generation in the GB power system," in Proc. 15thWind Integration Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 1-8.
D. Shu, X. Xie, H. Rao, X. Gao, Q. Jiang, and Y. Huang, "Sub-and super-synchronous interactions between STATCOMs and weak AC/DC transmissions with series compensations," IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 7424-7437, Sep. 2018.
L. Fan and Z. Miao, "Wind in weak grids : 4 hz or 30 hz oscillations?," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5803-5804, Sep. 2018.
L. Fan, "Modeling type-4 wind in weak grids," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 853-863, Apr. 2019.
Y. Li, L. Fan, and Z. Miao, "Stability control for wind in weak grids," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2094-2103, Oct. 2019.
J. Z. Zhou, H. Ding, S. Fan, Y. Zhang, and A. M. Gole, "Impact of short circuit ratio and phase locked loop parameters on the small signal behavior of a VSC HVDC converter," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2287-2296, Oct. 2014.
L. Papangelis, M.-S. Debry, T. Prevost, and T. Van Cutsem, "Stability of a voltage source converter subject to decrease of short-circuit capacity: A case study," in Proc. 20th Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Dublin, Ireland, 2018, pp. 1-7.
H. Liu et al., "Subsynchronous interaction between direct-drive PMSG based wind farms and weak AC networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4708-4720, Nov. 2017.
M. A. Laughton and D. J. Warne, Electrical Engineer's Reference Book, 16th ed., London, UK: Newnes, 2003.
D. Wu, G. Li, M. Javadi, A. M. Malyscheff, M. Hong, and J. N. Jiang, "Assessing impact of renewable energy integration on system strength using site-dependent short circuit ratio," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1072-1080, Oct. 2018.
NorthAmerican Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). "Integrating inverter-based resources into low short circuit strength systems: Reliability guideline," Rel. Guideline, Dec. 2017.
D. Ramasubramanian, W. Wang, P. Pourbeik, E. Farantatos, S. Soni, and V. Chadliev, "Positive sequence voltage source converter mathematical model for use in lowshort circuit systems," IETGener. Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 87-97, Jan. 2020.
M. Cespedes and J. Sun, "Impedance modeling and analysis of gridconnected voltage-source converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1254-1261, Mar. 2014.
I. Erlich, F. Shewarega, S. Engelhardt, J. Kretchmann, J. Fortmann, and F.Koch, "Effect of wind turbine output current during faults on grid voltage and the transient stability of wind parks," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2009, pp. 1-8.
T. Souxes and C. Vournas, "System stability issues involving distributed sources under adverse network conditions," in Proc. Bulk Power Syst.Dyn. Control-X, Porto, Portugal, Sep. 2017, pp. 1-9.