planets and satellites: detection; planets and satellites: formation; techniques: interferometric; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract :
[en] Context. Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. <BR /> Aims: Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. <BR /> Methods: We observed the recently-discovered giant planet β Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. <BR /> Results: This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of T = 1250 ± 50 K and a dynamical mass of M = 8.2 ± 0.8 M[SUB]Jup[/SUB]. At 18.5 ± 2.5 Myr, this puts β Pic c close to a `hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude (M[SUB]K[/SUB] = 14.3 ± 0.1) favours a core accretion scenario. <BR /> Conclusions: We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Nowak, M.; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK ; Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
Lacour, S.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Lagrange, A.-M.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Rubini, P.; Pixyl, 5 Av. du Grand Sablon, 38700, La Tronche, France
Wang, J.; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
Stolker, T.; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Abuter, R.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Amorim, A.; Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal ; CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
Asensio-Torres, R.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Bauböck, M.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Benisty, M.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Berger, J. P.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Beust, H.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Blunt, S.; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
Boccaletti, A.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Bonnefoy, M.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Bonnet, H.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Brandner, W.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Cantalloube, F.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Charnay, B.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Choquet, E.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Christiaens, V.; School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
Clénet, Y.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Coudé Du Foresto, V.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Cridland, A.; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
de Zeeuw, P. T.; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Dembet, R.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Dexter, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Drescher, A.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Duvert, G.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Eckart, A.; Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937, Cologne, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121, Bonn, Germany
Eisenhauer, F.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Gao, F.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Garcia, P.; CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal ; Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
Garcia Lopez, R.; School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Gardner, T.; Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
Gendron, E.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Genzel, R.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Gillessen, S.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Girard, J.; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Grandjean, A.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Haubois, X.; European Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
Heißel, G.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Henning, T.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Hinkley, S.; University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
Hippler, S.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Horrobin, M.; Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937, Cologne, Germany
Houllé, M.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Hubert, Z.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Jiménez-Rosales, A.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Jocou, L.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Kammerer, J.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany ; Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
Kervella, P.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Keppler, M.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Kreidberg, L.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
Kulikauskas, M.; Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA
Lapeyrère, V.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Léna, P.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Mérand, A.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Maire, Anne-Lise ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > PSILab
Mollière, P.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Monnier, J. D.; Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
Mouillet, D.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Muller, A.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Nasedkin, E.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Ott, T.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Otten, G.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Paumard, T.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Paladini, C.; European Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001, Santiago 19, Chile
Perraut, K.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Perrin, G.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Pueyo, L.; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Pfuhl, O.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany
Rameau, J.; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Rodet, L.; Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
Rodríguez-Coira, G.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Rousset, G.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
Scheithauer, S.; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Shangguan, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Stadler, J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Straub, O.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Straubmeier, C.; Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937, Cologne, Germany
Sturm, E.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Tacconi, L. J.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
van Dishoeck, E. F.; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Vigan, A.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Vincent, F.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195, Meudon, France
von Fellenberg, S. D.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Ward-Duong, K.; Five College Astronomy Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
Widmann, F.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Wieprecht, E.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Wiezorrek, E.; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
Woillez, J.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748, Garching, Germany)
