[en] Ice shelves—the floating extensions of the Antarctic ice sheet—regulate the Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise by restraining the grounded ice flowing from upstream. Therefore, ice-shelf change (e.g., ice-shelf thinning) results in accelerated ice discharge into the ocean, which has a direct effect on sea level. Studying ice-shelf velocity allows the monitoring of the ice shelves’ stability and evolution. Differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) is a common technique from which highly accurate velocity maps can be inferred at high resolution. Because ice shelves are afloat, small sea-level changes—i.e., ocean tides and varying atmospheric pressure (aka inverse barometer effect) lead to vertical displacements. If not accounted for in the interferometric process, these effects will induce a strong bias in the horizontal velocity estimation. In this article, we present an empirical DInSAR correction technique from geophysical models and double DInSAR, with a study on its variance propagation. The method is developed to be used at large coverage on short timescales, essential for the near-continuous monitoring of rapidly changing areas on polar ice sheets. We used Sentinel-1 SAR acquisitions in interferometric wide and extra -wide swath modes. The vertical interferometric bias is estimated using a regional climate model (MAR) and a tide model (CATS2008). The study area is located on the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Results show a major decrease (67 m ⋅ a −1 ) in the vertical-induced displacement bias.
H. D. Pritchard, S. R. M. Ligtenberg, H. A. Fricker, D. G. Vaughan, M. R. V. D. Broeke, and L. Padman, "Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves," Nature, vol. 484, no. 7395, pp. 502-505, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10968
F. S. Paolo, H. A. Fricker, and L. Padman, "Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating," Science, vol. 348, no. 6232, pp. 327-331, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/ 6232/327
A. J. Payne, A. Vieli, A. P. Shepherd, D. J. Wingham, and E. Rignot, "Recent dramatic thinning of largest West-Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans." Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, 2004, Paper L23401. [Online]. Available: http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1231/
H. D. Pritchard, R. J. Arthern, D. G. Vaughan, and L. A. Edwards, "Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets," Nature, vol. 461, no. 7266, pp. 971-975, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08471
A. Shepherd et al., "Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet from 1992 to 2017," Nature, vol. 558, no. 7709, pp. 219-222, 2018.
L. Favier and F. Pattyn, "Antarctic ice rise formation, evolution, and stability," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 4456-4463, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10. 1002/2015GL064195
D. Goldberg, D. M. Holland, and C. Schoof, "Grounding line movement and ice shelf buttressing in marine ice sheets," J. Geophys. Res., Earthq. Surf., vol. 114, no. F4, 2009, Art. no. F04026. [Online]. Available: https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2008JF001227
E. Rignot, J. Mouginot, and B. Scheuchl, "Ice flow of the Antarctic ice sheet," Science, vol. 333, no. 6048, pp. 1427-1430, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6048/1427
L. Favier et al., "Retreat of Pine Island Glacier controlled by marine icesheet instability," Nature Climate Change, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2094
L. D. Euillades et al., "Detection of glaciers displacement time-series using SAR," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 184, pp. 188-198, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.003
F. Pattyn and D. Derauw, "Ice-dynamic conditions of Shirase Glacier, Antarctica, inferred from ERSSARinterferometry," J. Glaciology, vol. 48, no. 163, pp. 559-565, 2002.
F. Casu, A. Manconi, A. Pepe, and R. Lanari, "Deformation time-series generation in areas characterized by large displacement dynamics: The SAR amplitude pixel-offset SBAS technique," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 2752-2763, Jul. 2011.
D. Massonnet et al., "The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry," Nature, vol. 364, no. 6433, pp. 138-142, 1993.
J. Mouginot, B. Scheuch, and E. Rignot, "Mapping of ice motion in Antarctica using synthetic-aperture radar data," Remote Sens., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 2753-2767, 2012.
I. Joughin, B. E. Smith, and W. Abdalati, "Glaciological advances made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar," J. Glaciology, vol. 56, no. 200, pp. 1026-1042, Dec. 2010.
R. Mottram et al., "What is the surface mass balance of Antarctica? An intercomparison of regional climate model estimates," Cryosphere Discuss., vol. 2020, pp. 1-42, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.thecryosphere-discuss.net/tc-2019-333/
J. Mouginot, E. Rignot, and B. Scheuchl, "Continent-wide, interferometric SAR phase, mapping of Antarctic ice velocity," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 9710-9718, 2019. [Online]. Available: https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019GL083826
L. Padman, M. King, D. Goring, H. Corr, and R. Coleman, "Ice-shelf elevation changes due to atmospheric pressure variations," J. Glaciology, vol. 49, no. 167, pp. 521-526, 2004.
P. Dutrieux et al., "Pine island glacier ice shelf melt distributed at kilometre scales," Cryosphere, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1543-1555, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/1543/2013/
G. Moholdt, L. Padman, and H. A. Fricker, "Basalmass budget of ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves, Antarctica, derived from Lagrangian analysis of ICESat altimetry," J. Geophys. Res., Earthq. Surf., vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 2361-2380, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014JF003171
S. Berger, R. Drews, V. Helm, S. Sun, and F. Pattyn, "Detecting high spatial variability of ice shelf basal mass balance, Roi Baudouin ice shelf, Antarctica," Cryosphere, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 2675-2690, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2675/2017/
M. A. King, T. Murray, and A. M. Smith, "Non-linear responses of Rutford ice stream, Antarctica, to semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal forcing," J. Glaciology, vol. 56, no. 195, pp. 167-176, 2010.
S. H. Rosier, O. J. Marsh, W. Rack, G. H. Gudmundsson, C. T. Wild, and M. Ryan, "On the interpretation of ice-shelf flexure measurements," J. Glaciology, vol. 63, no. 241, pp. 783-791, 2017.
W. Rack, M. A. King, O. J. Marsh, C. T. Wild, and D. Floricioiu, "Analysis of ice shelf flexure and its InSAR representation in the grounding zone of the southern McMurdo Ice Shelf," Cryosphere, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 2481-2490, 2017.
C. T. Wild, O. J. Marsh, and W. Rack, "Viscosity and elasticity: A model intercomparison of ice-shelf bending in an Antarctic grounding zone," J. Glaciology, vol. 63, no. 240, pp. 573-580, 2017.
C. T. Wild, O. J. Marsh, and W. Rack, "Unraveling InSAR observed Antarctic ice-shelf flexure using 2-D elastic and viscoelastic modeling," Frontiers Earth Sci., vol. 6, 2018, Art. no. 28. [Online]. Available: https: //www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00028
M. Mcmillan et al., "Mapping ice-shelf flowwith interferometric synthetic aperture radar stacking," J. Glaciology, vol. 58, no. 208, pp. 265-277, 2012.
H. Han and H. Lee, "Tide deflection of Campbell Glacier Tongue, Antarctica, analyzed by double-differential SAR interferometry and finite element method," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 141, pp. 201-213, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.11.002
H. Han and H. Lee, "Tide-corrected flow velocity and mass balance of Campbell Glacier Tongue, East Antarctica, derived from interferometric SAR," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 160, pp. 180-192, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.01.014
O. J. Marsh, W. Rack, D. Floricioiu, N. R. Golledge, and W. Lawson, "Tidally induced velocity variations of the beardmore glacier, Antarctica, and their representation in satellite measurements of ice velocity," Cryosphere, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1375-1384, 2013.
M. Ruckamp, N. Neckel, S. Berger, A. Humbert, and V. Helm, "Calving induced speedup of Petermann Glacier," J. Geophys. Res., Earthq. Surf., vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 216-228, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://agupubs. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JF004775
G. Gomba, A. Parizzi, F. De Zan, M. Eineder, and R. Bamler, "Toward operational compensation of ionospheric effects in SAR interferograms: The split-spectrum method," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1446-1461, Mar. 2016.
G. H. Gudmundsson, "Tides and the flow of Rutford ice stream, West Antarctica," J. Geophys. Res., Earthq. Surf., vol. 112, no. F4, 2007, Art. no. F04007. [Online]. Available: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/abs/10.1029/2006JF000731
L. Padman, H. A. Fricker, R. Coleman, S. Howard, and L. Erofeeva, "A new tide model for the Antarctic ice shelves and seas," Ann. Glaciology, vol. 34, pp. 247-254, 2002.
L. Padman, S. Y. Erofeeva, and H. A. Fricker, "Improving Antarctic tide models by assimilation of ICESat laser altimetry over ice shelves," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 35, no. 22, 2008, Art. no. L22504. [Online]. Available: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10. 1029/2008GL035592
E. Rignot, J. Mouginot, and B. Scheuchl, "Antarctic grounding line mapping from differential satellite radar interferometry," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 38, no. 10, 2011, Art. no. L10504. [Online]. Available: https: //agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2011GL047109
R. Drews, "Evolution of ice-shelf channels in Antarctic ice shelves," Cryosphere, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1169-1181, 2015.
D. Callens, R. Drews, E.Witrant, M. Philippe, and F. Pattyn, "Temporally stable surface mass balance asymmetry across an ice rise derived from radar internal reflection horizons through inversemodeling," J. Glaciology, vol. 62, no. 233, pp. 525-534, 2016.
S. Berger, L. Favier, R. Drews, J.-J. Derwael, and F. Pattyn, "The control of an uncharted pinning point on the flow of an Antarctic ice shelf," J. Glaciology, vol. 62, no. 231, p. 37-45, 2016.
K. Matsuoka, A. Skoglund, and G. Roth, "Quantarctica," 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2018.8516e961
H. Hersbach and D. Dee, "Era5 reanalysis is in production," ECMWF Newslett., vol. 147, no. 7, pp. 5-6, 2016.