Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis

Animals; Cat Diseases/microbiology/pathology; Cats; Dermatomycoses/microbiology/pathology/veterinary; Epidermis/microbiology/pathology; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microsporum/pathogenicity/physiology; Trichophyton/pathogenicity/physiology; Virulence

Abstract :

[en] Despite the superficial localization of most dermatophytosis, host-fungus relationship in these infections is complex and still poorly elucidated. Though many efforts have been accomplished to characterize secreted dermatophytic proteases at the molecular level, only punctual insights have been afforded into other aspects of the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis, such as fungal adhesion, regulation of gene expression during the infection process, and immunomodulation by fungal factors. However, new genetic tools were recently developed, allowing a more rapid and high-throughput functional investigation of dermatophyte genes and the identification of new putative virulence factors. In addition, sophisticated in vitro infection models are now used and will open the way to a more comprehensive view of the interactions between these fungi and host epidermal cells, especially keratinocytes.

Disciplines :

Veterinary medicine & animal health

Author, co-author :

Vermout, Sandy

Tabart, Jeremy

Baldo, Aline ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires > Parasitologie et pathologie des maladies parasitaires

Mathy, Anne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires > Parasitologie et pathologie des maladies parasitaires

Losson, Bertrand ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires > Parasitologie et pathologie des maladies parasitaires

Mignon, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires > Parasitologie et pathologie des maladies parasitaires

Language :

English

Title :

Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis

Publication date :

2008

Journal title :

Mycopathologia

ISSN :

0301-486X

eISSN :

1573-0832

Publisher :

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands

Volume :

166

Issue :

5-6

Pages :

267-275

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 04 October 2009

Statistics

Number of views

187 (16 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

8 (4 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

156

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

141

OpenCitations

144

Bibliography

M Monod S Capoccia B Lechenne C Zaugg M Holdom O Jousson 2002 Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi Int J Med Microbiol 292 405 419
F Brouta F Descamps M Monod S Vermout B Losson B Mignon 2002 Secreted metalloprotease gene family of Microsporum canis Infect Immun 70 5676 5683
F Descamps F Brouta M Monod C Zaugg D Baar B Losson B Mignon 2002 Isolation of a Microsporum canis gene family encoding three subtilisin-like proteases expressed in vivo J Invest Dermatol 119 830 8355
O Jousson B Lechenne O Bontems B Mignon U Reichard J Barblan M Quadroni M Monod 2004 Secreted subtilisin gene family in Trichophyton rubrum Gene 339 79 88
O Jousson B Lechenne O Bontems S Capoccia B Mignon J Barblan M Quadroni M Monod 2004 Multiplication of an ancestral gene encoding secreted fungalysin preceded species differentiation in the dermatophytes Trichophyton and Microsporum Microbiology 150 301 310
M Monod B Lechenne O Jousson D Grand C Zaugg R Stocklin E Grouzmann 2005 Aminopeptidases and dipeptidyl-peptidases secreted by the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Microbiology 15 145 155
J Zurita RJ Hay 1987 Adherence of dermatophyte microconidia and arthroconidia to human keratinocytes in vitro J Invest Dermatol 89 529 534
SH Aljabre MD Richardson EM Scott GS Shankland 1992 Germination of Trichophyton mentagrophytes on human stratum corneum in vitro J Med Vet Mycol 30 145 152
SH Aljabre MD Richardson EM Scott A Rashid GS Shankland 1993 Adherence of arthroconidia and germlings of anthropophilic and zoophilic varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes to human corneocytes as an early event in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis Clin Exp Dermatol 18 231 235
A Rashid E Scott MD Richardson 1995 Early events in the invasion of the human nail plate by Trichophyton mentagrophytes Br J Dermatol 133 932 940
L Duek G Kaufman Y Ulman I Berdicevsky 2004 The pathogenesis of dermatophyte infections in human skin sections J Infect 48 175 180
J Tabart A Baldo S Vermout B Nusgens C Lapiere B Losson B Mignon 2007 Reconstructed interfollicular feline epidermis as a model for Microsporum canis dermatophytosis J Med Microbiol 56 971 975
D Esquenazi CS Alviano W de Souza S Rozental 2004 The influence of surface carbohydrates during in vitro infection of mammalian cells by the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Res Microbiol 155 144 153
G Kaufman BA Horwitz L Duek Y Ullman I Berdicevsky 2007 Infection stages of the dermatophyte pathogen Trichophyton: microscopic characterization and proteolytic enzymes Med Mycol 45 149 155
MW Ollert R Sohnchen HC Korting U Ollert S Brautigam W Brautigam 1993 Mechanisms of adherence of Candida albicans to cultured human epidermal keratinocytes Infect Immun 61 4560 4568
M Monod M Borg-von Zepelin 2002 Secreted aspartic proteases as virulence factors of Candida species Biol Chem 383 1087 1093
F De Bernardis H Liu R O'Mahony R La Valle S Bartollino S Sandini S Grant N Brewis I Tomlinson RC Basset J Holton IM Roitt A Cassone 2007 Human domain antibodies against virulence traits of Candida albicans inhibit fungus adherence to vaginal epithelium and protect against experimental vaginal candidiasis J Infect Dis 195 149 157
Y. Kumagai H. Yagishita A. Yajima T. Okamoto K Konishi 2005 Molecular mechanism for connective tissue destruction by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV produced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Infect Immun 73 2655 2664
L Hellgren J Vincent 1981 Lipolytic activity of some dermatophytes. II. Isolation and characterisation of the lipase of Epidermophyton floccosum J Med Microbiol 14 347 350
K Giddey M Monod J Barblan A Potts P Waridel C Zaugg M Quadroni 2007 Comprehensive analysis of proteins secreted by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton violaceum under in vitro conditions J Proteome Res 6 3081 3092
FC Viani JI Dos Santos CR Paula CE Larson W Gambale 2001 Production of extracellular enzymes by Microsporum canis and their role in its virulence Med Mycol 39 463 468
J Kunert 1992 Effect of reducing agents on proteolytic and keratinolytic activity of enzymes of Microsporum gypseum Mycoses 35 343 348
B Lechenne U Reichard C Zaugg M Fratti J Kunert O Boulat M Monod 2007 Sulphite efflux pumps in Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes Microbiology 153 905 913
B Mignon M Swinnen JP Bouchara M Hofinger A Nikkels G Pierard C Gerday B Losson 1998 Purification and characterization of a 31.5 kDa keratinolytic subtilisin-like serine protease from Microsporum canis and evidence of its secretion in naturally infected cats Med Mycol 36 395 404
GA Marzluf 1997 Genetic regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the fungi Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61 17 32
C Scazzocchio 2000 The fungal GATA factors Curr Opin Microbiol 3 126 131
M Hensel HN Arst Jr A Aufauvre-Brown DW Holden 1998 The role of the Aspergillus fumigatus areA gene in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis Mol Gen Genet 258 553 557
T Limjindaporn RA Khalaf WA Fonzi 2003 Nitrogen metabolism and virulence of Candida albicans require the GATA-type transcriptional activator encoded by GAT1 Mol Microbiol 50 993 1004
AL Pellier R Lauge C Veneault-Fourrey T Langin 2003 CLNR1, the AREA/NIT2-like global nitrogen regulator of the plant fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is required for the infection cycle Mol Microbiol 48 639 655
EH Froeliger BE Carpenter 1996 NUT1, a major nitrogen regulatory gene in Magnaporthe grisea, is dispensable for pathogenicity Mol Gen Genet 251 647 656
T Yamada K Makimura S Abe 2006 Isolation, characterization, and disruption of dnr1, the areA/nit-2-like nitrogen regulatory gene of the zoophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum canis Med Mycol 44 243 252
MS Ferreira-Nozawa HC Silveira CJ Ono AL Fachin A Rossi NM Martinez-Rossi 2006 The pH signaling transcription factor PacC mediates the growth of Trichophyton rubrum on human nail in vitro Med Mycol 44 641 645
K Giddey B Favre M Quadroni M Monod 2007 Closely related dermatophyte species produce different patterns of secreted proteins FEMS Microbiol Lett 267 95 101
G Kaufman I Berdicevsky JA Woodfolk BA Horwitz 2005 Markers for host-induced gene expression in Trichophyton dermatophytosis Infect Immun 73 6584 6590
JM Jensen S Pfeiffer T Akaki JM Schroder M Kleine C Neumann E Proksch J Brasch 2007 Barrier function, epidermal differentiation, human beta-defensin 2 expression in tinea corporis J Invest Dermatol 127 1720 1727
MV Dahl SA Grando 1994 Chronic dermatophytosis: what is special about Trichophyton rubrum? Adv Dermatol 9 97 109 discussion 110-111
F Brouta F Descamps S Vermout M Monod B Losson B Mignon 2003 Humoral and cellular immune response to a Microsporum canis recombinant keratinolytic metalloprotease (r-MEP3) in experimentally infected guinea pigs Med Mycol 41 495 501
F Descamps F Brouta S Vermout M Monod B Losson B Mignon 2003 Recombinant expression and antigenic properties of a 31.5-kDa keratinolytic subtilisin-like serine protease from Microsporum canis FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 38 29 34
BR Mignon T Leclipteux C Focant AJ Nikkels GE Pierard BJ Losson 1999 Humoral and cellular immune response to a crude exo-antigen and purified keratinase of Microsporum canis in experimentally infected guinea pigs Med Mycol 37 123 129
BR Mignon F Coignoul T Leclipteux C Focant BJ Losson 1999 Histopathological pattern and humoral immune response to a crude exo-antigen and purified keratinase of Microsporum canis in symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cats Med Mycol 37 1 9
JA Woodfolk TA Platts-Mills 2001 Diversity of the human allergen-specific T cell repertoire associated with distinct skin test reactions: delayed-type hypersensitivity-associated major epitopes induce Th1- and Th2-dominated responses J Immunol 167 5412 5419
JA Woodfolk SS Sung DC Benjamin JK Lee TA Platts-Mills 2000 Distinct human T cell repertoires mediate immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity to the Trichophyton antigen, Tri r 2 J Immunol 165 4379 4387
JA Woodfolk LM Wheatley RV Piyasena DC Benjamin TA Platts-Mills 1998 Trichophyton antigens associated with IgE antibodies and delayed type hypersensitivity. Sequence homology to two families of serine proteinases J Biol Chem 273 29489 29496
A Beauvais M Monod J Wyniger JP Debeaupuis E Grouzmann N Brakch J Svab AG Hovanessian JP Latge 1997 Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus pathogenic to humans Infect Immun 65 3042 3047
JS Blake MV Dahl MJ Herron RD Nelson 1991 An immunoinhibitory cell wall glycoprotein (mannan) from Trichophyton rubrum J Invest Dermatol 96 657 661
KG MacCarthy JS Blake KL Johnson MV Dahl RS Kalish 1994 Human dermatophyte-responsive T-cell lines recognize cross-reactive antigens associated with mannose-rich glycoproteins Exp Dermatol 3 66 71
SA Grando BS Hostager MJ Herron MV Dahl RD Nelson 1992 Binding of Trichophyton rubrum mannan to human monocytes in vitro J Invest Dermatol 98 876 880
SA Grando MJ Herron MV Dahl RD Nelson 1992 Binding and uptake of Trichophyton rubrum mannan by human epidermal keratinocytes: a time-course study Acta Derm Venereol 72 273 276
MV Dahl 1993 Suppression of immunity and inflammation by products produced by dermatophytes J Am Acad Dermatol 28 S19 S23
K Ikuta N Shibata JS Blake MV Dahl RD Nelson K Hisamichi H Kobayashi S Suzuki Y Okawa 1997 NMR study of the galactomannans of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum Biochem J 323 297 305
JS Blake RC Cabrera MV Dahl MJ Herron RD Nelson 1991 Comparison of the immunoinhibitory properties of cell wall mannan glycoproteins from Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis [abstract] J Invest Dermatol 96 601
MR Campos M Russo E Gomes SR Almeida 2006 Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum Microbes Infect 8 372 379
H Ogawa RC Summerbell KV Clemons T Koga YP Ran A Rashid PG Sohnle DA Stevens R Tsuboi 1998 Dermatophytes and host defence in cutaneous mycoses Med Mycol 36 Suppl 1 166 173
Y Shiraki Y Ishibashi M Hiruma A Nishikawa S Ikeda 2006 Cytokine secretion profiles of human keratinocytes during Trichophyton tonsurans and Arthroderma benhamiae infections J Med Microbiol 55 1175 1185
T Koga H Duan K Urabe M Furue 2001 Immunohistochemical detection of interferon-gamma-producing cells in dermatophytosis Eur J Dermatol 11 105 107
M Engele E Stossel K Castiglione N Schwerdtner M Wagner P Bolcskei M Rollinghoff S Stenger 2002 Induction of TNF in human alveolar macrophages as a potential evasion mechanism of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis J Immunol 168 1328 1337
JA Woodfolk 2005 Allergy and dermatophytes Clin Microbiol Rev 18 30 43
RJ Ludwig JA Woodfolk M Grundmann-Kollmann R Enzensberger U Runne TA Platts-Mills R Kaufmann TM Zollner 2001 Chronic dermatophytosis in lamellar ichthyosis: relevance of a T-helper 2-type immune response to Trichophyton rubrum Br J Dermatol 145 518 521
E Grouzmann M Monod B Landis S Wilk N Brakch K Nicoucar R Giger D Malis I Szalay-Quinodoz C Cavadas DR Morel JS Lacroix 2002 Loss of dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in chronic rhinosinusitis contributes to the neurogenic inflammation induced by substance P in the nasal mucosa FASEB J 16 1132 1134
BN Landis E Grouzmann M Monod N Busso F Petak A Spiliopoulos JH Robert I Szalay-Quinodoz DR Morel JS Lacroix 2008 Implication of dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in human bronchial inflammation and in bronchoconstriction evaluated in anesthetized rabbits Respiration 75 89 97
R Gonzalez S Ferrer J Buesa D Ramon 1989 Transformation of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes to hygromycin B resistance Infect Immun 57 2923 2925
T Yamada K Makimura K Uchida H Yamaguchi 2005 Reproducible genetic transformation system for two dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes Med Mycol 43 533 544
G Kaufman BA Horwitz R Hadar Y Ullmann I Berdicevsky 2004 Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a vital marker for pathogenic development of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes Microbiology 150 2785 2790
B Ruiz-Diez 2002 Strategies for the transformation of filamentous fungi J Appl Microbiol 92 189 195
AL Fachin MS Ferreira-Nozawa W Maccheroni Jr NM Martinez-Rossi 2006 Role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in terbinafine, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and ethidium bromide susceptibility in Trichophyton rubrum J Med Microbiol 55 1093 1099
H. Nakayashiki 2005 RNA silencing in fungi: mechanisms and applications FEBS Lett 579 5950 5957
S Vermout T Tabart A Baldo M Monod B Losson B Mignon 2007 RNA silencing in the dermatophyte Microsporum canis FEMS Microbiol Lett 275 38 45
L Wang L Ma W Leng T Liu L Yu J Yang L Yang W Zhang Q Zhang J Dong Y Xue Y Zhu X Xu Z Wan G Ding F Yu K Tu Y Li R Li Y Shen Q Jin 2006 Analysis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum expressed sequence tags BMC Genomics 7 255
W Zhang L Yu W Leng X Wang L Wang X Deng J Yang T Liu J Peng J Wang S Li Q Jin 2007 cDNA microarray analysis of the expression profiles of Trichophyton rubrum in response to novel synthetic fatty acid synthase inhibitor PHS11A Fungal Genet Biol 44 1252 1261
L Yu W Zhang L Wang J Yang T Liu J Peng W Leng L Chen R Li Q Jin 2007 Transcriptional profiles of the response to ketoconazole and amphotericin B in Trichophyton rubrum Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 144 153
T Liu Q Zhang L Wang L Yu W Leng J Yang L Chen J Peng L Ma J Dong X Xu Y Xue Y Zhu W Zhang L Yang W Li L Sun Z Wan G Ding F Yu K Tu Z Qian R Li Y Shen Y Li Q Jin 2007 The use of global transcriptional analysis to reveal the biological and cellular events involved in distinct development phases of Trichophyton rubrum conidial germination BMC Genomics 8 100
TG Smijs JA Bouwstra HJ Schuitmaker M Talebi S Pavel 2007 A novel ex vivo skin model to study the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment in different growth phases J Antimicrob Chemother 59 433 440
A Rashid EM Scott MD Richardson 1995 Inhibitory effect of terbinafine on the invasion of nails by Trichophyton mentagrophytes J Am Acad Dermatol 33 718 723
A Rashid MB Hodgins MD Richardson 1996 An in vitro model of dermatophyte invasion of the human hair follicle J Med Vet Mycol 34 37 42
Y Nakamura R Kano A Hasegawa S Watanabe 2002 Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in human epidermal keratinocytes induced by Trichophyton mentagrophytes Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 935 937
A Rashid M Edward MD Richardson 1995 Activity of terbinafine on Trichophyton mentagrophytes in a human living skin equivalent model J Med Vet Mycol 33 229 233