Conscious and unconscious processing; Subliminal; Rewards; Novelty Seeking
Abstract :
[en] This study provides evidence that personality traits associated with responsiveness to conscious reward cues also influence responsiveness to unconscious reward cues. Participants with low and high levels of Novelty Seeking (NS) performed updating tasks in which they could either gain 1 euro or 5 cents. Gains were presented either supraliminally or subliminally at the beginning of each trial. Results showed that low NS participants performed better in the high-reward than in the low-reward condition, whereas high NS participants’ performance did not differ between reward conditions. Interestingly, we found that low NS participants performed significantly better when rewards were presented unconsciously, whereas high NS participants’ performance did not differ whether reward cues were presented subliminally or supraliminally. Our findings highlight the necessity of taking personality into account in unconscious cognition research. They also suggest that individual differences might determine whether implicit and explicit motives have similar or complementary influences.
Disciplines :
Theoretical & cognitive psychology
Author, co-author :
Bustin, Gaëlle ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie : cognition et comportement > Psycho. de la personnalité et des différences individuelles
Quoidbach, Jordi ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie : cognition et comportement > Psycho. de la personnalité et des différences individuelles
Hansenne, Michel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie : cognition et comportement > Psycho. de la personnalité et des différences individuelles
Capa, Rémi
Language :
English
Title :
Personality modulation of (un)conscious processing: Novelty Seeking and performance following supraliminal and subliminal reward cues
Publication date :
2012
Journal title :
Consciousness and Cognition
ISSN :
1053-8100
eISSN :
1090-2376
Publisher :
Academic Press, San Diego, United States - California
Bargh J.A. Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. Unintended thought 1989, 3-51. Guilford, New York. J.S. Uleman, J.A. Bargh (Eds.).
Bargh J.A. Being unaware of a stimulus versus unaware of its interpretation: Why subliminality per se does not matter to social psychology. Perception without awareness 1992, 236-255. Guilford, New York. R. Bornstein, T. Pittman (Eds.).
Baumeister R.F., Masicampo E.J., Vohs K.D. Do conscious thoughts cause behavior?. Annual Review of Psychology 2011, 62:331-361.
Beauducel A., Brocke B., Leue A. Energetical bases of extraversion: Effort, arousal, EEG, and performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2006, 62:212-223.
Bijleveld E., Custers R., Aarts H. The unconscious eye-opener: Pupil size reveals strategic recruitment of resources upon presentation of subliminal reward cues. Psychological Science 2009, 20:1313-1315.
Bijleveld E., Custers R., Aarts H. Unconscious reward cues increase invested effort, but do not change speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Cognition 2010, 115:330-335.
Binsted G., Brownell K., Vorontsova Z., Heath M., Saucier D. Visuomotor system uses target features unavailable to conscious awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104:12669-12672.
Bódi N., Kéri S., Nagy H., Moustafa A., Myers C.E., Daw N., et al. Reward-learning and the novelty seeking personality: A between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients. Brain 2009, 132:2385-2395.
Brunstein J.C., Maier G. Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:205-222.
Capa R.L., Cleeremans A., Bustin G.M., Hansenne M. Long-lasting effect of subliminal processes on effort-related cardiovascular and performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2011, 81:22-30.
Capa R.L., Bustin G.M., Cleeremans A., Hansenne M. Conscious and unconscious reward cues can affect a critical component of executive control: (Un)conscious updating?. Experimental Psychology 2011, 58:370-375.
Carrubba S., Minagar A., Gonzales-Toledo E., Chesson A.L., Frilot C., Marino A.A. Multiple sclerosis impairs ability to detect abrupt appearance of a subliminal stimulus. Neurological Research 2010, 32:297-302.
Cloninger C.R. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants-A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987, 44:573-588.
Cloninger C.R., Svrakic D.M., Przybeck T.R. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993, 50(12):975-990.
Cloninger C.R. The temperament and character inventory-revised 1999, Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
Custers R., Aarts H. The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness. Science 2010, 329:47-50.
Dehaene S., Naccache L., Le Clec'H G., Koechlin E., Mueller M., Dehaene-Lambertz G., et al. Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature 1998, 395:597-600.
Diener E., Lucas R., Scollon C.N. Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist 2006, 61:305-314.
Dijksterhuis A., Aarts H., Smith P.K. The power of the subliminal: Subliminal perception and possible applications. The new unconscious 2005, 77-106. Oxford University Press, New York. R. Hassin, J. Uleman, J.A. Bargh (Eds.).
Finn P.R., Mazas C.A., Justus A.N., Steinmetz J. Early-onset alcoholism with conduct disorder: Go/No Go learning deficits, working memory capacity, and personality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2002, 26:186-206.
Hansenne M., Delhez M., Cloninger C.R. Psychometric properties of the temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R) in a Belgian sample. Journal of Personality Assessment 2005, 85:40-49.
Hugues G., Velmans M., de Fockert J. Unconscious priming of a no-go response. Psychophysiology 2009, 46:1258-1269.
Karremans J.C., Stroebe W., Claus J. Beyond Vicary's fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006, 42:792-798.
Kemper C.J., Leue A., Wacker J., Chavanon M.L., Hennighausen E., Stemmler G. Agentic extraversion as a predictor of effort-related cardiovascular response. Biological Psychology 2008, 78:191-199.
Kiefer M., Spitzer M. Time course of conscious and unconscious semantic brain activation. Cognitive Neuroscience 2000, 11(11):2401-2407.
Kouider S., Dehaene S. Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2007, 362:857-875.
Lau H.C., Passingham R.E. Unconscious activation of the cognitive control system in the human prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 23:5805-5811.
MacNeil B.M., Holden R.R. Psychopathy and the detection of faking on self-report inventories of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 2006, 41:641-651.
Matz D.C., Hofstedt P.M., Wood W. Extraversion as a moderator of the cognitive dissonance associated with disagreement. Personality and Individual Differences 2008, 45:401-405.
McClelland D.C., Weinberger J., Koestner R. How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?. Psychological Review 1989, 96:690-702.
Mitchell S.H. Measuring impulsivity and modeling its association with cigarette smoking. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2004, 3:261-275.
Morris J.S., Öhman A., Dolan R.J. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 1998, 393:467-470.
Patterson C.M., Newman J.P. Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review 1993, 100:716-736.
Pessiglione M., Schmidt L., Draganski B., Kalisch R., Lau H., Dolan R.J., et al. How the brain translates money into force: A neuroimaging study of subliminal motivation. Science 2007, 316:904-906.
Quoidbach J., Dunn E.W. Personality neglect: The unforeseen impact of personal dispositions on emotional life. Psychological Science 2010, 21:1783-1786.
Salthouse T.A., Babcock R.L., Shaw R.J. Effects of adult age on structural and operational capacities in working memory. Psychology and Aging 1991, 6:118-127.
Schultz W. Behavioural theories and the neurophysiology of reward. Annual Review of Psychology 2006, 57:87-115.
Strahan E.J., Spencer S.J., Zanna M.P. Subliminal priming and persuasion: How motivation affects the activation of goals and the persuasiveness of messages. Applying social cognition to consumer-focused strategy 2005, 267-280. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. F.R. Kardes, P.M. Herr, J. Nantel (Eds.).
Trappey C. A meta-analysis of consumer choice and subliminal advertising. Psychology and Marketing 1996, 13:517-530.
Van Gaal S., Ridderinkhof R., Fahrenfort J.J., Scholte H.S., Lamme V.A.F. Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:8053-8062.
Verwijmeren T., Karremans J.C., Stroebe W., Wigboldus D. The workings and limits of subliminal advertising: The role of habits. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2011, 21:206-213.
Weinberger J., Siegel P., Siefert C., Drwal J. What you cannot see can help you: The effect of exposure to unreportable stimuli on approach behavior. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:173-180.
Wilson T.D., Lindsey S., Schooler T.Y. A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review 2000, 107:101-126.
Yoshino A., Kimura Y., Yoshida T., Takahashi Y., Nomura S. Relationship between temperament dimensions in personality and unconscious emotional responses. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57(1):1-6.