Comparative performance of selected variability detection techniques in photometric time series data

[en] Photometric measurements are prone to systematic errors presenting a challenge to lowamplitude variability detection. In search for a general-purpose variability detection technique able to recover a broad range of variability types including currently unknown ones, we test 18 statistical characteristics quantifying scatter and/or correlation between brightness measurements. We compare their performance in identifying variable objects in seven time series data sets obtained with telescopes ranging in size from a telephoto lens to 1 m-class and probing variability on time-scales from minutes to decades. The test data sets together include light curves of 127 539 objects, among them 1251 variable stars of various types and represent a range of observing conditions often found in ground-based variability surveys. The real data are complemented by simulations. We propose a combination of two indices that together recover a broad range of variability types from photometric data characterized by a wide variety of sampling patterns, photometric accuracies and percentages of outlier measurements. The first index is the interquartile range (IQR) of magnitude measurements, sensitive to variability irrespective of a time-scale and resistant to outliers. It can be complemented by the ratio of the light-curve variance to the mean square successive difference, 1/η, which is efficient in detecting variability on time-scales longer than the typical time interval between observations. Variable objects have larger 1/η and/or IQR values than non-variable objects of similar brightness. Another approach to variability detection is to combine many variability indices using principal component analysis.We present 124 previously unknown variable stars found in the test data. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Disciplines :

Space science, astronomy & astrophysics

Author, co-author :

Sokolovsky, K. V.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetskii pr. 13, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation, Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation

Gavras, P.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece

Karampelas, A.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece

Antipin, S. V.; Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Universitetskii pr. 13, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation, Institute of Astronomy (Russian Academy of Sciences), Pyatnitskaya Str. 48, Moscow, 119017, Russian Federation

Bellas-Velidis, I.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece

Benni, P.; Acton Sky Portal, 3 Concetta Circle, Acton, MA 01720, United States

Bonanos, A. Z.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece

Burdanov, Artem ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Exotic

Derlopa, S.; Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patra, 26500, Greece

Hatzidimitriou, D.; IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236, Greece, Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, Athens, 15783, Greece

More authors (13 more)

Language :

English

Title :

Comparative performance of selected variability detection techniques in photometric time series data

Publication date :

2017

Journal title :

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

ISSN :

0035-8711

eISSN :

1365-2966

Publisher :

Oxford University Press

Volume :

464

Issue :

Pages :

274-292

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Funders :

NSF - National Science Foundation
SVA - Society for Visual Anthropology
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ASE - Agence Spatiale Européenne
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Hemophilia of South Carolina

Available on ORBi :

since 27 August 2019

Statistics

Number of views

73 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

72 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

See more details

publications

supporting

mentioning

contrasting

Smart Citations

Citing PublicationsSupportingMentioningContrasting

View Citations

See how this article has been cited at scite.ai

scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.

Bibliography

Akerlof C. et al., 2000, AJ, 119, 1901.
Alard C., 2000, A&AS, 144, 363.
Alard C., Lupton R. H., 1998, ApJ, 503, 325.
Aller M. F., Aller H. D., Hughes P. A., 1992, ApJ, 399, 16.
Allevato V., Paolillo M., Papadakis I., Pinto C., 2013, ApJ, 771, 9.
Andrae R., Schulze-Hartung T., Melchior P., 2010, preprint (arXiv:1012.3754)
Angeloni R. et al., 2014, A&A, 567, A 100.
Arellano Ferro A., Bramich D. M., Figuera Jaimes R., Giridhar S., Kuppuswamy K., 2012, MNRAS, 420, 1333.
Arellano Ferro A., Bramich D. M., Giridhar S., Figuera Jaimes R., Kains N., Kuppuswamy K., 2013, Acta Astron., 63, 429.
Auvergne M. et al., 2009, A&A, 506, 411.
Baade D. et al., 2016, A&A, 588, A 56.
Bacher A., Kimeswenger S., Teutsch P., 2005, MNRAS, 362, 542.
Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Irwin M., von Hippel T., 1998, MNRAS, 298, 361.
Bakos G. A. et al., 2010, ApJ, 710, 1724.
Barclay T., Ramsay G., Hakala P., Napiwotzki R., Nelemans G., Potter S., Todd I., 2011, MNRAS, 413, 2696.
Becker A. C., Homrighausen D., Connolly A. J., Genovese C. R., Owen R., Bickerton S. J., Lupton R. H., 2012, MNRAS, 425, 1341.
Berezhnoi A. A., 2013, Sol. Syst. Res., 47, 203.
Bernard E. J. et al., 2010, ApJ, 712, 1259.
Bertin E., 2011, in Evans I. N., Accomazzi A., Mink D. J., Rots A. H., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 442, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XX. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 435.
Bertin E., Arnouts S., 1996, A&AS, 117, 393.
Bonanos A. Z., 2007, AJ, 133, 2696.
Bonanos A. Z., Stanek K. Z., Sasselov D. D., Mochejska B. J., Macri L.M., Kaluzny J., 2003, AJ, 126, 175.
Bond H. E. et al., 2003, Nature, 422, 405.
Borucki W. J. et al., 2010, Science, 327, 977.
Bramich D. M., 2008, MNRAS, 386, L 77.
Bramich D. M., Horne K., Alsubai K. A., Bachelet E., Mislis D., Parley N., 2016, MNRAS, 457, 542.
Brown L. M. J., Robson E. I., Gear W. K., Smith M. G., 1989, ApJ, 340, 150.
Burdanov A. Y., Krushinsky V. V., Popov A. A., 2014, Astrophys. Bull., 69, 368.
Burdanov A. Y. et al., 2016, MNRAS, 461, 3854.
Burton J. R., Watson C. A., Littlefair S. P., Dhillon V. S., Gibson N. P., Marsh T. R., Pollacco D., 2012, ApJS, 201, 36.
Butters O. W. et al., 2010, A&A, 520, L 10.
Campante T. L., 2012, PhD thesis, Universidade do Porto
Chakrabarti S., Saito R., Quillen A., Gran F., Klein C., Blitz L., 2015, ApJ, 802, L 4.
Ciaramella A. et al., 2004, A&A, 419, 485.
Close L. M. et al., 1997, ApJ, 489, 210.
Contreras Peña C. et al., 2014, MNRAS, 439, 1829.
Cusano F. et al., 2013, ApJ, 779, 7.
De Cuyper J., de Decker G., Laux U., Winter L., Zacharias N., 2012, in Ballester P., Egret D., Lorente N. P. F., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 461, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XXI. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 315.
de Diego J. A., 2010, AJ, 139, 1269.
Debosscher J., Sarro L. M., Aerts C., Cuypers J., Vandenbussche B., Garrido R., Solano E., 2007, A&A, 475, 1159.
Denisenko D. V., Sokolovsky K. V., 2011, Astron. Lett., 37, 91.
Desai S., Mohr J. J., Bertin E., Kümmel M., Wetzstein M., 2016, Astron. Comput., 16, 67.
Devor J., 2005, ApJ, 628, 411.
Dolphin A. E. et al., 2003, AJ, 125, 1261.
Drake A. J. et al., 2009, ApJ, 696, 870.
Drake A. J. et al., 2013, ApJ, 763, 32.
Drake A. J. et al., 2014, ApJS, 213, 9.
Emmanoulopoulos D., McHardy I.M., Papadakis I. E., 2013, MNRAS, 433, 907.
Enoch M. L., Brown M. E., Burgasser A. J., 2003, AJ, 126, 1006.
Enoch B., Haswell C. A., Norton A. J., Collier-Cameron A., West R. G., Smith A. M. S., Parley N. R., 2012, A&A, 548, A 48.
Eyer L., 2006, in Aerts C., Sterken C., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 349, Astrophysics of Variable Stars. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 15.
Eyer L., Wozniak P. R., 2001, MNRAS, 327, 601.
Fan J. H., Xu W., Pan J., Yuan Y. H., 2011, in Romero G. E., Sunyaev R. A., Belloni T., eds, Proc. IAU Symp. 275, Jets at All Scales. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 164.
Feeney S. M. et al., 2005, AJ, 130, 84.
Fernández-Trincado J. G., Vivas A. K., Mateu C. E., Zinn R., Robin A. C., Valenzuela O., Moreno E., Pichardo B., 2015, A&A, 574, A 15.
Ferreira Lopes C. E., Cross N. J. G., 2016, A&A, 586, A 36.
Ferreira Lopes C. E., Dékány I., Catelan M., Cross N. J. G., Angeloni R., Leão I. C., De Medeiros J. R., 2015, A&A, 573, A 100.
Figuera Jaimes R., Arellano Ferro A., Bramich D. M., Giridhar S., Kuppuswamy K., 2013, A&A, 556, A 20.
Findeisen K., Cody A. M., Hillenbrand L., 2015, ApJ, 798, 89.
Fruchter A. S., Hook R. N., 2002, PASP, 114, 144.
Fruth T. et al., 2012, AJ, 143, 140.
Gorshkov A. G., Konnikova V. K., Mingaliev M. G., 2012, Astron. Rep., 56, 345.
Graczyk D., Eyer L., 2010, Acta Astron., 60, 109.
Graczyk D. et al., 2011, Acta Astron., 61, 103.
Graham M. J., Drake A. J., Djorgovski S. G., Mahabal A. A., Donalek C., Duan V., Maker A., 2013, MNRAS, 434, 3423.
Graham M. J., Djorgovski S. G., Drake A. J., Mahabal A. A., Chang M., Stern D., Donalek C., Glikman E., 2014, MNRAS, 439, 703.
Gran F., Minniti D., Saito R. K., Navarrete C., Dékány I., McDonald I., Contreras Ramos R., Catelan M., 2015, A&A, 575, A 114.
Guterman P., Mazeh T., Faigler S., 2015, in Martins F., Boissier S., Buat V., Cambrésy L., Petit P., eds, SF2A-2015: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics. p. 277.
Hartman J. D., Bakos G. A., Noyes R. W., Sipocz B., Kovaćs G., Mazeh T., Shporer A., Pál A., 2011, AJ, 141, 166.
Henden A. A., Templeton M., Terrell D., Smith T. C., Levine S., Welch D., 2016, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 2336.
Henze M., Meusinger H., Pietsch W., 2008, A&A, 477, 67.
Hernández-García L., Masegosa J., González-Martín O., Márquez I., 2015, A&A, 579, A 90.
Hippke M., Angerhausen D., 2015, ApJ, 810, 29.
Hoffmann S. L., Macri L. M., 2015, AJ, 149, 183.
Hoffmann S. L. et al., 2016, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
Hovatta T., Nieppola E., Tornikoski M., Valtaoja E., Aller M. F., Aller H. D., 2008, A&A, 485, 51.
Javadi A., Saberi M., van Loon J. T., Khosroshahi H., Golabatooni N., Mirtorabi M. T., 2015, MNRAS, 447, 3973.
Jenkins J. M., Doyle L. R., Cullers D. K., 1996, Icarus, 119, 244.
Jester S. et al., 2005, AJ, 130, 873.
Kaluzny J., Thompson I. B., RozyczkaM., PychW., NarlochW., 2014, Acta Astron., 64, 309.
Karampelas A., Kontizas M., Rocca-Volmerange B., Bellas-Velidis I., Kontizas E., Livanou E., Tsalmantza P., Dapergolas A., 2012, A&A, 538, A 38.
Kenney J. F., Keeping E. S., 1956, Mathematics of Statistics. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ
Kessler R. et al., 2015, AJ, 150, 172.
Kim D.-W., Bailer-Jones C. A. L., 2016, A&A, 587, A 18.
Kim D.-W., Protopapas P., Alcock C., Byun Y.-I., Khardon R., 2011a, in Evans I. N., Accomazzi A., Mink D. J., Rots A. H., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 442, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XX. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 447.
Kim D.-W., Protopapas P., Byun Y.-I., Alcock C., Khardon R., Trichas M., 2011b, ApJ, 735, 68.
Kim D.-W., Protopapas P., Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Byun Y.-I., Chang S.-W., Marquette J.-B., Shin M.-S., 2014, A&A, 566, A 43.
Kinemuchi K., Smith H. A., Wozniak P. R., McKay T. A., ROTSE Collaboration, 2006, AJ, 132, 1202.
Klagyivik P. et al., 2016, AJ, 151, 110.
Kochanek C. S., Beacom J. F., Kistler M. D., Prieto J. L., Stanek K. Z., Thompson T. A., Yüksel H., 2008, ApJ, 684, 1336.
Kolesnikova D. M., Sat L. A., Sokolovsky K. V., Antipin S. V., Samus N. N., 2008, Acta Astron., 58, 279.
Kolesnikova D. M., Sat L. A., Sokolovsky K. V., Antipin S. V., Belinskii A. A., Samus' N. N., 2010, Astron. Rep., 54, 1000.
Kornilov V., Sarazin M., Tokovinin A., Travouillon T., Voziakova O., 2012, A&A, 546, A 41.
Kourniotis M. et al., 2014, A&A, 562, A 125.
Kovács G., Bakos G., Noyes R. W., 2005, MNRAS, 356, 557.
Lang D., Hogg D. W., Mierle K., Blanton M., Roweis S., 2010, AJ, 139, 1782.
Lapukhin E. G., Veselkov S. A., Zubareva A. M., 2013, Perem. Zvezdy Prilozh., 13, 12.
Lapukhin E. G., Veselkov S. A., Zubareva A. M., 2016, Perem. Zvezdy Prilozh., 16, 4.
Law N. M. et al., 2009, PASP, 121, 1395.
Lawrence A., Papadakis I., 1993, ApJ, 414, L 85.
Laycock S., Tang S., Grindlay J., Los E., Simcoe R., Mink D., 2010, AJ, 140, 1062.
Lemeshko S. B., 2006, Meas. Tech., 49, 962.
López-Morales M., Coughlin J. L., Sing D. K., Burrows A., Apai D., Rogers J. C., Spiegel D. S., Adams E. R., 2010, ApJ, 716, L 36.
McCormac J., Skillen I., Pollacco D., Faedi F., Ramsay G., Dhillon V. S., Todd I., Gonzalez A., 2014, MNRAS, 438, 3383.
Macfarlane S. A., Toma R., Ramsay G., Groot P. J., Woudt P. A., Drew J. E., Barentsen G., Eislöffel J., 2015, MNRAS, 454, 507.
Macri L. M. et al., 1999, ApJ, 521, 155.
Majorova E. K., Zhelenkova O. P., 2012, Astrophys. Bull., 67, 318.
Max-Moerbeck W., Richards J. L., Hovatta T., Pavlidou V., Pearson T. J., Readhead A. C. S., 2014, MNRAS, 445, 437.
Melchior P. et al., 2016, Astron. Comput., 16, 99.
Mingaliev M. G., Sotnikova Y. V., Udovitskiy R. Y., Mufakharov T. V., Nieppola E., Erkenov A. K., 2014, A&A, 572, A 59.
Mislis D., Bachelet E., Alsubai K. A., Bramich D. M., Parley N., 2016, MNRAS, 455, 626.
Moretti M. I. et al., 2016, MNRAS, 459, 1687.
Mowlavi N., 2014, A&A, 568, A 78.
Munari U., Henden A., Frigo A., Dallaporta S., 2014, J. Astron. Data, 20, 4.
Nandra K., George I. M., Mushotzky R. F., Turner T. J., Yaqoob T., 1997, ApJ, 476, 70.
Nardiello D. et al., 2015, MNRAS, 447, 3536.
Nardiello D., Libralato M., Bedin L. R., Piotto G., Ochner P., Cunial A., Borsato L., Granata V., 2016, MNRAS, 455, 2337.
Nascimbeni V. et al., 2014, MNRAS, 442, 2381.
Nikolajuk M., Czerny B., Gurynowicz P., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 2141.
Nun I., Protopapas P., Sim B., ZhuM., Dave R., Castro N., Pichara K., 2015, preprint (arXiv:e-prints)
Ochsenbein F., Bauer P., Marcout J., 2000, A&AS, 143, 23.
Ofek E. O. et al., 2012, PASP, 124, 854.
Ordoñez A. J., Sarajedini A., 2016, MNRAS, 455, 2163.
Paegert M., Stassun K. G., Burger D. M., 2014, AJ, 148, 31.
Pál A., 2009, PhD thesis, Eötvös Loránd University
Palaversa L. et al., 2013, AJ, 146, 101.
Parks J. R., Plavchan P., White R. J., Gee A. H., 2014, ApJS, 211, 3.
Pawlak M. et al., 2013, Acta Astron., 63, 323.
Pearson K., 1901, Phil. Mag., 2, 559.
Perlman E. S. et al., 2011, ApJ, 743, 119.
Pietrukowicz P. et al., 2013, Acta Astron., 63, 115.
Plavchan P., Jura M., Kirkpatrick J. D., Cutri R. M., Gallagher S. C., 2008, ApJS, 175, 191.
Pojmanski G., Pilecki B., Szczygiel D., 2005, Acta Astron., 55, 275.
Ponti G., Papadakis I., Bianchi S., Guainazzi M., Matt G., Uttley P., Bonilla N. F., 2012, A&A, 542, A 83.
Popov A. A., Burdanov A. Y., Zubareva A. M., Krushinsky V. V., Avvakumova E. A., Ivanov K., 2015, Perem. Zvezdy Prilozh., 15, 7.
Prsa A. et al., 2011, AJ, 141, 83.
Ramsay G. et al., 2014, MNRAS, 437, 132.
Rauer H. et al., 2014, Exp. Astron., 38, 249.
Re Fiorentin P., Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Lee Y. S., Beers T. C., Sivarani T., Wilhelm R., Allende Prieto C., Norris J. E., 2007, A&A, 467, 1373.
Rebull L. M. et al., 2015, AJ, 150, 175.
Rest A. et al., 2014, ApJ, 795, 44.
Richards J. W. et al., 2011, ApJ, 733, 10.
Ricker G. R. et al., 2014, Proc. SPIE, 9143, 20.
Robert V., Lainey V., Pascu D., Arlot J.-E., De Cuyper J.-P., Dehant V., Thuillot W., 2014, A&A, 572, A 104.
Rose M. B., Hintz E. G., 2007, AJ, 134, 2067.
Rousseeuw P. J., Croux C., 1993, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 88, 1273.
Sahay A., Lebzelter T., Wood P. R., 2014, PASA, 31, 12.
Samus N. N., Durlevich O. V., Goranskij V. P., Kazarovets E. V., Kireeva N. N., Pastukhova E. N., Zharova A. V., 2009, VizieR Online Catalog B/gcvs
Sesar B. et al., 2013, AJ, 146, 21.
Shappee B. J., Stanek K. Z., 2011, ApJ, 733, 124.
Shin M.-S., Sekora M., Byun Y.-I., 2009, MNRAS, 400, 1897.
Simcoe R. J., 2009, in Osborn W., Robbins L., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 410, Preserving Astronomy's Photographic Legacy: Current State and the Future of North American Astronomical Plates. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 111.
Simcoe R. J., Grindlay J. E., Los E. J., Doane A., Laycock S. G., Mink D. J., Champine G., Sliski A., 2006, Proc. SPIE, 6312, 631217.
Simm T. et al., 2015, A&A, 584, A 106.
Sitek M., Pojmański G., 2014, Acta Astron., 64, 115.
Sokolovsky K., Lebedev A., 2005, in Simon A., Golovin A., eds, 12thYoung Scientists' Conference on Astronomy and Space Physics. Kyiv, Ukraine, p. 79.
Sokolovsky K. V., Kovalev Y. Y., Kovalev Y. A., Nizhelskiy N. A., Zhekanis G. V., 2009, Astron. Nachr., 330, 199.
Sokolovsky K., Korotkiy S., Lebedev A., 2014a, in Woudt P. A., Ribeiro V. A. R. M., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 490, Stell Novae: Past and Future Decades. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 395.
Sokolovsky K., Antipin S., Kolesnikova D., Lebedev A., Samus N., Sat L., Zubareva A., 2014b, in Misková L., Vítek S., eds, Astroplate 2014, p. 79.
Sokolovsky K. V., Antipin S. V., Zubareva A. M., Kolesnikova D. M., Lebedev A. A., Samus' N. N., Sat L. A., 2014c, Astron. Rep., 58, 319.
Sokolovsky K.V., Kolesnikova D. M., Zubareva A. M., Samus N. N., Antipin S. V., 2016, preprint (arXiv:1605.03571)
Song F.-F., Esamdin A., Ma L., Liu J.-Z., Zhang Y., Niu H.-B., Yang T.-Z., 2016, preprint (arXiv:1606.04792)
Soszyński I. et al., 2015, Acta Astron., 65, 297.
Steiner J. E., Menezes R. B., Ricci T. V., Oliveira A. S., 2009, MNRAS, 395, 64.
Stetson P. B., 1996, PASP, 108, 851.
Strunov V. I., 2006, Meas. Tech., 49, 755.
Süveges M. et al., 2012, MNRAS, 424, 2528.
Szymanski M. K., 2005, Acta Astron., 55, 43.
Tamuz O., Mazeh T., Zucker S., 2005, MNRAS, 356, 1466.
Tamuz O., Mazeh T., North P., 2006, MNRAS, 367, 1521.
Tang S., Grindlay J., Los E., Servillat M., 2013, PASP, 125, 857.
Timmer J., Koenig M., 1995, A&A, 300, 707.
Tisserand P., Clayton G. C., Welch D. L., Pilecki B., Wyrzykowski L., Kilkenny D., 2013, A&A, 551, A 77.
Tody D., 1986, in Crawford D. L., ed., Proc. SPIE, Vol. 627, Instrumentation in Astronomy VI. SPIE, Bellingham, p. 733.
Tomaney A. B., Crotts A. P. S., 1996, AJ, 112, 2872.
Tso B., Mather P. M., 2001, Classification Methods for Remotely Sensed Data. Taylor and Francis, London
Tuvikene T., Edelmann H., Groote D., Enke H., 2014, in Misková L., Vítek S., eds, Astroplate 2014, p. 127.
Udalski A., Szymanski M., Kaluzny J., Kubiak M., Mateo M., Krzeminski W., Paczynski B., 1994, Acta Astron., 44, 227.
Udalski A., Kubiak M., Szymanski M., 1997, Acta Astron., 47, 319.
Udalski A., Szymański M. K., Szymański G., 2015, Acta Astron., 65, 1.
van Velzen S. et al., 2011, ApJ, 741, 73.
Vaughan S., Edelson R., Warwick R. S., Uttley P., 2003, MNRAS, 345, 1271.
Vicente B., Abad C., Garzón F., 2007, A&A, 471, 1077.
Vicente B., Abad C., Garzón F., Girard T. M., 2010, A&A, 509, A 62.
Villforth C., Koekemoer A. M., Grogin N. A., 2010, ApJ, 723, 737.
Vivas A. K. et al., 2016, AJ, 151, 118.
von Neumann J., 1941, Ann. Math. Stat., 12, 367.
von Neumann J., 1942, Ann. Math. Stat., 13, 86.
Walker G. et al., 2003, PASP, 115, 1023.
Wall J. V., Jenkins C. R., 2003, Practical Statistics for Astronomers. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
Watson C. L., 2006, Society for Astronomical Sciences 25th Annual Symposium. Society for Astronomical Sciences, Big Bear, CA, p. 47.
Weingrill J., 2015, Astron. Nachr., 336, 125.
Welch D. L., Stetson P. B., 1993, AJ, 105, 1813.
Whitmore B. C. et al., 2016, AJ, 151, 134.
Wozniak P. R., 2000, Acta Astron., 50, 421.
Wozniak P. R. et al., 2004, AJ, 127, 2436.
Yao S., Yuan W., Komossa S., Grupe D., Fuhrmann L., Liu B., 2015a, AJ, 150, 23.
Yao X. et al., 2015b, AJ, 150, 107.
Yip C. W. et al., 2004, AJ, 128, 585.
Zacharias N., Finch C. T., Girard T. M., Henden A., Bartlett J. L., Monet D. G., Zacharias M. I., 2013, AJ, 145, 44.
Zackay B., Ofek E. O., 2015, ApJ, preprint (arXiv:1512.06872)
Zebrun K. et al., 2001, Acta Astron., 51, 317.
Zhang M., Bakos G. A., Penev K., Csubry Z., Hartman J. D., Bhatti W., de Val-Borro M., 2016, PASP, 128, 035001.
Zhang T.-M. et al., 2015, Res. Astron. Astrophys., 15, 215.
Zhang X.-B., Deng L.-C., XinY., Zhou X., 2003, Chin. J.Astron. Astrophys., 3, 151.
Zhang Z.-W. et al., 2013, AJ, 146, 14.
Zheleznyak A. P., Kravtsov V. V., 2003, Astron. Lett., 29, 599.
Zinn R., Horowitz B., Vivas A. K., Baltay C., Ellman N., Hadjiyska E., Rabinowitz D., Miller L., 2014, ApJ, 781, 22.

Similar publications

Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.

Name	Provider / Domaine	Expiration	Description
JSESSIONID	Oracle Corporation www.uliege.be	Session	General purpose platform session cookie, used by sites written in JSP. Usually used to maintain an anonymous user session by the server.
CookieScriptConsent	CookieScript .uliege.be	1 year	This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.

Name	Provider / Domaine	Expiration	Description
_pk_id	InnoCraft Ltd .uliege.be	1 year	Used to store a few details about the user such as the unique visitor ID
_pk_ses	InnoCraft Ltd .uliege.be	30 minutes	Short lived cookies used to temporarily store data for the visit
_pk_ref	InnoCraft Ltd .uliege.be	6 months	Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website