Perceptions of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests to local populations in Cameroon

Ecosystem services; Perception; Social assessment approach; Protected area; Logging concession; Community forest; Services écosystémiques; Méthode d'évaluation sociale; Aire protégée; Concession forestière; Forêt communautaire

Abstract :

[en] In Central Africa, local populations are deeply dependent on tropical forests, which provide numerous ecosystem services (ES). For the first time in Central Africa, we assessed the perceptions of ES provided by tropical forests to local populations, considering three land allocation types: a protected area, a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified logging concession, and three community forests. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 225 forest stakeholders in southeastern Cameroon, combining an open-ended question and 16 directed questions to evaluate the perceptions of ES significance and abundance, respectively. The ES most frequently reported as significant were provisioning (93% of respondents) and cultural & amenity services (68%), whereas regulating services were less mentioned (16%). Bushmeat provision was the only ES perceived as highly significant but not very abundant. There were slight variations of perceptions among forest land allocation types and respondents, suggesting a relative homogeneity in ES abundance. For further integrative ES assessment, we suggest quantifying ES with complementary ecological and economic approaches, such as meat provision, recreation, tourism, timber provision, spiritual experience, firewood provision, water quality regulation, and inspiration for culture. We also give three concrete recommendations for forest management, the most urgent being to provide sources of protein alternative to bushmeat.

Disciplines :

Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Lhoest, Simon ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels

Dufrêne, Marc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Biodiversité et Paysage

Vermeulen, Cédric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Laboratoire de Foresterie des régions trop. et subtropicales

Oszwald, Johan; University of Rennes, UFR Social Sciences, Department of Geography/Planning, Place du Recteur Henri Le Moal CS 24307, Rennes cedex, 35043, France

Doucet, Jean-Louis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Laboratoire de Foresterie des régions trop. et subtropicales

Fayolle, Adeline ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Gestion des ressources forestières et des milieux naturels

Language :

English

Title :

Perceptions of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests to local populations in Cameroon

Alternative titles :

[fr] Perceptions des services écosystémiques rendus par les forêts tropicales aux populations locales au Cameroun

Publication date :

August 2019

Journal title :

Ecosystem Services

eISSN :

2212-0416

Publisher :

Elsevier B.V.

Volume :

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Funders :

FRIA - Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture

Available on ORBi :

since 05 July 2019

Statistics

Number of views

402 (63 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

659 (25 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Abernethy, K., Maisels, F., White, L.J.T., Environmental issues in Central Africa. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41 (2016), 1–33, 10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085415.
Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Mayaux, P., Stibig, H.-J., Bodart, C., Brink, A., Carboni, S., Desclée, B., Donnay, F., Eva, H.D., Lupi, A., Rasi, R., Seliger, R., Simonetti, D., Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010. Glob. Change Biol. 20 (2014), 2540–2554, 10.1111/gcb.12605.
Alassaf, A., Alhunaiti, D., Dick, J., Al-Adwan, T., Differences in perceptions, attitudes, and use of ecosystem services among diverse communities in an arid region: a case study from the South of Jordan. J. Hum. Ecol. 45 (2014), 157–165.
Allendorf, T.D., Yang, J., The role of ecosystem services in park–people relationships: the case of Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in southwest China. Biol. Conserv. 167 (2013), 187–193, 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.013.
Attneave, F., Perception and related areas. Koch, S., (eds.) Psychology: A Study of a Science, 1962, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, US, 619–659.
Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y., Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol. 57 (1995), 289–300.
Betti, J.L., Impact of Forest Logging in the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon (unpublished context study report). 2004, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Cameroon.
Bird, D.K., The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation – a review of current knowledge and practice. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (2009), 1307–1325.
Boeraeve, F., Dendoncker, N., Sander, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Dufrêne, M., How (not) to perform ecosystem service valuations: pricing gorillas in the mist. Biodivers. Conserv. 24 (2015), 187–197, 10.1007/s10531-014-0796-1.
Bohensky, E.L., Reyers, B., Van Jaarsveld, A.S., Future ecosystem services in a Southern African River Basin: a scenario planning approach to uncertainty. Conserv. Biol. 20 (2006), 1051–1061, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00475.x.
Braat, L.C., de Groot, R., The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosyst. Serv. 1 (2012), 4–15, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.011.
Brandon, K., Ecosystem Services from Tropical Forests: Review of Current Science (Working Paper No. 380), CGD Climat and Forest Paper Series #7. 2014, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
Bryan, B.A., Raymond, C.M., Crossman, N.D., Macdonald, D.H., Targeting the management of ecosystem services based on social values: where, what, and how?. Landsc. Urban Plan. 97 (2010), 111–122, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.002.
Burkhard, B., de Groot, R., Costanza, R., Seppelt, R., Jørgensen, S.E., Potschin, M., Solutions for sustaining natural capital and ecosystem services. Ecol. Ind. 21 (2012), 1–6, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.008.
Burkhard, B., Petrosillo, I., Costanza, R., Ecosystem services – bridging ecology, economy and social sciences. Ecol. Complex. 7 (2010), 257–259, 10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.07.001.
Byg, A., Novo, P., Dinato, M., Moges, A., Tefera, T., Balana, B., Woldeamanuel, T., Black, H., Trees, soils, and warthogs – distribution of services and disservices from reforestation areas in southern Ethiopia. For. Policy Econ. 84 (2017), 112–119, 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.06.002.
Caballero-Serrano, V., Alday, J.G., Amigo, J., Caballero, D., Carrasco, J.C., McLaren, B., Onaindia, M., Social perceptions of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Hum. Ecol. 45 (2017), 475–486, 10.1007/s10745-017-9921-6.
Carpenter, S.R., DeFries, R., Dietz, T., Mooney, H.A., Polasky, S., Reid, W.V., Scholes, R.J., Millennium ecosystem assessment: research needs. Science 314 (2006), 257–258.
Casado-Arzuaga, I., Madariaga, I., Onaindia, M., Perception, demand and user contribution to ecosystem services in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt. J. Environ. Manage. 129 (2013), 33–43, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.059.
Castillo, A., Magaña, A., Pujadas, A., Martínez, L., Godínez, C., Understanding the interaction of rural people with ecosystems: a case study in a tropical dry forest of Mexico. Ecosystems 8 (2005), 630–643, 10.1007/s10021-005-0127-1.
Castro, A.J., Martín-López, B., García-LLorente, M., Aguilera, P.A., López, E., Cabello, J., Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region. J. Arid Environ. 75 (2011), 1201–1208, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.05.013.
Cellule Aménagement Pallisco, Nature+, 2015. Résumé des plans d'aménagement et des directives FSC pour les UFA 10-030, 10-031, 10-039, 10-041, 10-042 et 10-044 exploitées par la société Pallisco et ses partenaires.
Challender, D.W.S., MacMillan, D.C., Poaching is more than an enforcement problem: poaching is more than an enforcement problem. Conserv. Lett. 7 (2014), 484–494, 10.1111/conl.12082.
Collins, D., Pretesting survey instruments: an overview of cognitive methods. Qual. Life Res. 12 (2003), 229–238.
Collins, S.L., Carpenter, S.R., Swinton, S.M., Orenstein, D.E., Childers, D.L., Gragson, T.L., Grimm, N.B., Grove, J.M., Harlan, S.L., Kaye, J.P., Knapp, A.K., Kofinas, G.P., Magnuson, J.J., McDowell, W.H., Melack, J.M., Ogden, L.A., Robertson, G.P., Smith, M.D., Whitmer, A.C., An integrated conceptual framework for long-term social–ecological research. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9 (2010), 351–357, 10.1890/100068.
Costanza, R., Social goals and the valuation of ecosystem services. Ecosystems 3 (2000), 4–10, 10.1007/s100210000002.
Critchlow, R., Plumptre, A.J., Alidria, B., Nsubuga, M., Driciru, M., Rwetsiba, A., Wanyama, F., Beale, C.M., Improving law-enforcement effectiveness and efficiency in protected areas using ranger-collected monitoring data. Conserv. Lett. 10 (2017), 572–580, 10.1111/conl.12288.
Cuni-Sanchez, A., Pfeifer, M., Marchant, R., Burgess, N.D., Ethnic and locational differences in ecosystem service values: insights from the communities in forest islands in the desert. Ecosyst. Serv. 19 (2016), 42–50, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.04.004.
Dagnelie, P., Statistique Théorique et Appliquée. Tome 2. Inférence Statistique à une et à Deux Dimensions. 2011, De Boeck, Bruxelles.
Dave, R., Tompkins, E.L., Schreckenberg, K., Forest ecosystem services derived by smallholder farmers in northwestern Madagascar: storm hazard mitigation and participation in forest management. For. Policy Econ., 2016, 10.1016/j.forpol.2016.09.002.
Dawson, N., Martin, A., Assessing the contribution of ecosystem services to human wellbeing: a disaggregated study in western Rwanda. Ecol. Econ. 117 (2015), 62–72, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.06.018.
de Groot, R.S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., Willemen, L., Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol. Complex. 7 (2010), 260–272, 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006.
de Groot, R.S., Fisher, B., Christie, M., Aronson, J., Braat, L., Haines-Young, R., Gowdy, J., Maltby, E., Neuville, A., Polasky, S., et al. Integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Ecological and Economic Foundations, 2010, Earthscan.
de Groot, R.S., Wilson, M.A., Boumans, R.M., A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol. Econ. 41 (2002), 393–408.
de Wasseige, C., Tadoum, M., Atyi, E., Doumenge, C. (Eds.), 2015. The forests of the Congo Basin – Forests and climate change, Weyrich. ed. Belgium.
Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R.T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K.M.A., Baste, I.A., Brauman, K.A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P.W., van Oudenhoven, A.P.E., van der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, E., Davies, K., Demissew, S., Erpul, G., Failler, P., Guerra, C.A., Hewitt, C.L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., Shirayama, Y., Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science 359 (2018), 270–272, 10.1126/science.aap8826.
Diaz, S., Quetier, F., Caceres, D.M., Trainor, S.F., Perez-Harguindeguy, N., Bret-Harte, M.S., Finegan, B., Pena-Claros, M., Poorter, L., Linking functional diversity and social actor strategies in a framework for interdisciplinary analysis of nature's benefits to society. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108 (2011), 895–902, 10.1073/pnas.1017993108.
Endamana, D., Angu, K.A., Akwah, G.N., Shepherd, G., Ntumwel, B.C., Contribution of non-timber forest products to cash and non-cash income of remote forest communities in Central Africa. Int. For. Rev. 18 (2016), 280–295, 10.1505/146554816819501682.
Ezzine de Blas, D., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Vermeulen, C., Management conflicts in Cameroonian community forests. Ecol. Soc., 16, 2011, 8.
Fagerholm, N., Kaeyhko, N., Ndumbaro, F., Khamis, M., Community stakeholders’ knowledge in landscape assessments – mapping indicators for landscape services. Ecol. Ind. 18 (2012), 421–433.
Farley, J., Ecosystem services: the economics debate. Ecosyst. Serv. 1 (2012), 40–49, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.002.
Fayolle, A., Swaine, M.D., Bastin, J.-F., Bourland, N., Comiskey, J.A., Dauby, G., Doucet, J.-L., Gillet, J.-F., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Hardy, O.J., Kirunda, B., Kouamé, F.N., Plumptre, A.J., Patterns of tree species composition across tropical African forests. J. Biogeogr. 41 (2014), 2320–2331, 10.1111/jbi.12382.
Felipe-Lucia, M.R., Comín, F.A., Escalera-Reyes, J., A framework for the social valuation of ecosystem services. Ambio 44 (2015), 308–318, 10.1007/s13280-014-0555-2.
Fenton, I., 2012. Five rainforest ecosystem services that nourish people and the planet [WWW Document]. Nourishing Planet. URL http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/five-rainforest-ecosystem-services-that-nourish-people-and-the-planet/ (accessed 8.2.16).
Foerster, S., Wilkie, D.S., Morelli, G.A., Demmer, J., Starkey, M., Telfer, P., Steil, M., Lewbel, A., Correlates of bushmeat hunting among remote rural households in Gabon, Central Africa. Conserv. Biol. 26 (2012), 335–344, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01802.x.
Friant, S., Paige, S.B., Goldberg, T.L., Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9, 2015, e0003792, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792.
García-Llorente, M., Castro, A.J., Quintas-Soriano, C., López, I., Castro, H., Montes, C., Martín-López, B., The value of time in biological conservation and supplied ecosystem services: a willingness to give up time exercise. J. Arid Environ. 124 (2016), 13–21, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.07.004.
García-Llorente, M., Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., López-Santiago, C.A., Aguilera, P.A., Montes, C., The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: an ecosystem service approach. Environ. Sci. Policy 19–20 (2012), 136–146, 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.01.006.
Geijzendorffer, I.R., Roche, P.K., The relevant scales of ecosystem services demand. Ecosyst. Serv. 10 (2014), 49–51, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.09.002.
Gelcich, S., Defeo, O., Iribarne, O., Del Carpio, G., DuBois, R., Horta, S., Pablo Isacch, J., Godoy, N., Coayla Peñaloza, P., Carlos Castilla, J., Marine ecosystem-based management in the Southern Cone of South America: stakeholder perceptions and lessons for implementation. Mar. Policy 33 (2009), 801–806, 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.03.002.
Gelcich, S., O'Keeffe, J., Emerging frontiers in perceptions research for aquatic conservation. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 26 (2016), 986–994, 10.1002/aqc.2714.
Gillet, P., Feintrenie, L., Codina Llavina, E., Lehnebach, C., Vermeulen, C., 2015. The effect of deforestation rate on land tenure in Central Africa, in: Linking Land Tenure and Use for Shared Prosperity. Presented at the Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC.
Gillet, P., Vermeulen, C., Doucet, J.-L., Codina, E., Lehnebach, C., Feintrenie, L., What are the impacts of deforestation on the harvest of non-timber forest products in Central Africa?. Forests, 7, 2016, 106, 10.3390/f7050106.
Guerbois, C., Fritz, H., Patterns and perceived sustainability of provisioning ecosystem services on the edge of a protected area in times of crisis. Ecosyst. Serv. 28 (2017), 196–206, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.010.
Guthrie, M., The Classification of the Bantu Languages. 1948, Londres.
Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S.A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S.V., Goetz, S.J., Loveland, T.R., Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C.O., Townshend, J.R.G., High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342 (2013), 850–853, 10.1126/science.1239552.
Hartter, J., Resource use and ecosystem services in a forest park landscape. Soc. Nat. Resour. Int. J. 23 (2010), 207–223, 10.1080/08941920903360372.
Hartter, J., Goldman, A., Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: alternate narratives on fortress conservation. Oryx 45 (2011), 60–68, 10.1017/S0030605310000141.
Hartter, J., Solomon, J., Ryan, S.J., Jacobson, S.K., Goldman, A., Contrasting perceptions of ecosystem services of an African forest park. Environ. Conserv. 41 (2014), 330–340, 10.1017/S0376892914000071.
Hicks, C.C., Cinner, J.E., Social, institutional, and knowledge mechanisms mediate diverse ecosystem service benefits from coral reefs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111 (2014), 17791–17796, 10.1073/pnas.1413473111.
Hicks, C.C., Graham, N.A.J., Cinner, J.E., Synergies and tradeoffs in how managers, scientists, and fishers value coral reef ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Change 23 (2013), 1444–1453, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.028.
Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G., Jarvis, A., Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25 (2005), 1965–1978, 10.1002/joc.1276.
Iftekhar, M.S., Takama, T., Perceptions of biodiversity, environmental services, and conservation of planted mangroves: a case study on Nijhum Dwip Island. Bangladesh. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 16 (2007), 119–137, 10.1007/s11273-007-9060-8.
Ingram, V., Ndoye, O., Iponga, D.M., Tieguhong, J.C., Nasi, R., 2012. Les produits forestiers non ligneux: contribution aux économies nationales et stratégies pour une gestion durable, in: Les Forêts Du Basin Du Congo – Etat Des Forêts 2010. Luxembourg, p. 276.
Jacobs, S., Dendoncker, N., Martin-Lopez, B., Barton, D.N., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Boeraeve, F., McGrath, F., Vierikko, K., Geneletti, D., Katharina, S.J., Pipart, N., Primmer, E., Mederly, P., Schmidt, S., Aragão, A., Baral, H., Bark, R., Briceno, T., Brogna, D., Cabral, P., De Vreese, R., Liquete, C., Mueller, H., Peh, K.S.-H., Phelan, A., Rincon, A., A new valuation school: integrating diverse values of nature in resource and land use decisions. Ecosyst. Serv. 22 (2016), 213–220.
Janssen, M.A., Anderies, J.M., Ostrom, E., Robustness of social-ecological systems to spatial and temporal variability. Soc. Nat. Resour. 20 (2007), 307–322, 10.1080/08941920601161320.
Karjalainen, T.P., Marttunen, M., Sarkki, S., Rytkönen, A.-M., Integrating ecosystem services into environmental impact assessment: an analytic–deliberative approach. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 40 (2013), 54–64, 10.1016/j.eiar.2012.12.001.
Karsenty, A., La crise de la Filière Européenne du bois Tropical en Afrique Centrale. 2018, WillAgri.
Karsenty, A., Vermeulen, C., Toward “Concessions 2.0”: articulating inclusive and exclusive management in production forests in Central Africa. Int. For. Rev., 18, 2016, 13.
Kovács, E., Kelemen, E., Kalóczkai, Á., Margóczi, K., Pataki, G., Gébert, J., Málovics, G., Balázs, B., Roboz, Á., Krasznai Kovács, E., Mihók, B., Understanding the links between ecosystem service trade-offs and conflicts in protected areas. Ecosyst. Serv. 12 (2015), 117–127, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.09.012.
Kremen, C., Ostfeld, R.S., A call to ecologists: measuring, analyzing, and managing ecosystem services. Front. Ecol. Environ. 3 (2005), 540–548.
Lescuyer, G., Importance économique des produits forestiers non ligneux dans quelques villages du Sud-Cameroun. Bois For. Trop. 304 (2010), 15–24.
Letouzey, R., 1985. Carte phytogéographique du Cameroun.
Levang, P., Lescuyer, G., Noumbissi, D., Déhu, C., Broussolle, L., Does gathering really pay? case studies from forest areas of the East and South regions of Cameroon. For. Trees Livelihoods 24 (2015), 128–143, 10.1080/14728028.2014.1000980.
Lindsey, P.A., Balme, G., Becker, M., Begg, C., Bento, C., Bocchino, C., Dickman, A., Diggle, R.W., Eves, H., Henschel, P., Lewis, D., Marnewick, K., Mattheus, J., Weldon McNutt, J., McRobb, R., Midlane, N., Milanzi, J., Morley, R., Murphree, M., Opyene, V., Phadima, J., Purchase, G., Rentsch, D., Roche, C., Shaw, J., van der Westhuizen, H., Vliet, N.V., Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., The bushmeat trade in African savannas: impacts, drivers, and possible solutions. Biol. Conserv. 160 (2013), 80–96, 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.020.
Malhi, Y., Gardner, T.A., Goldsmith, G.R., Silman, M.R., Zelazowski, P., Tropical forests in the anthropocene. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 39 (2014), 125–159, 10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141.
Mallon, D.P., Hoffmann, M., McGowan, P.J.K., An IUCN Situation Analysis of Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna in West and Central Africa (Occasional Paper No. 54). 2015, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK doi: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2015.SSC-OP.54.en.
Martín-López, B., Gómez-Baggethun, E., García-Llorente, M., Montes, C., Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment. Ecol. Ind. 37 (2014), 220–228, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.003.
Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D.G.D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Oteros-Rozas, E., Palacios-Agundez, I., Willaarts, B., González, J.A., Santos-Martín, F., Onaindia, M., López-Santiago, C., Montes, C., Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences. PLoS one, 7, 2012, e38970, 10.1371/journal.pone.0038970.
Menzel, S., Teng, J., Ecosystem services as a stakeholder-driven concept for conservation science: participative ecosystem services. Conserv. Biol. 24 (2009), 907–909, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01347.x.
Mertens, B., Lambin, E.F., Spatial modelling of deforestation in southern Cameroon. Appl. Geogr. 17 (1997), 143–162.
Meutchieye, F., Tsafo, K.E.C., Niassy, S., Inventory of edible insects and their harvesting methods in the Cameroon centre region. J. Insects Food Feed 2 (2016), 145–152, 10.3920/JIFF2015.0082.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. 2005, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Mononen, L., Vihervaara, P., Repo, T., Korhonen, K.T., Ihalainen, A., Kumpula, T., Comparative study on biophysical ecosystem service mapping methods—a test case of carbon stocks in Finnish Forest Lapland. Ecol. Ind. 73 (2017), 544–553, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.003.
Muhamad, D., Okubo, S., Harashina, K., Parikesit, Gunawan, B., Takeuchi, K., Living close to forests enhances people׳s perception of ecosystem services in a forest–agricultural landscape of West Java, Indonesia. Ecosyst. Serv. 8 (2014), 197–206, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.003.
Nasi, R., Taber, A., Van Vliet, N., Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins. Int. For. Rev. 13 (2011), 355–368, 10.1505/146554811798293872.
Ordaz-Németh, I., Arandjelovic, M., Boesch, L., Gatiso, T., Grimes, T., Kuehl, H.S., Lormie, M., Stephens, C., Tweh, C., Junker, J., The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11, 2017, e0005450, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450.
Orenstein, D.E., Groner, E., In the eye of the stakeholder: Changes in perceptions of ecosystem services across an international border. Ecosyst. Serv. 8 (2014), 185–196, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.004.
Oyono, P.R., Morelli, T.L., Sayer, J., Makon, S., Djeukam, R., Hatcher, J., Assembe, S., Steil, M., Douard, P., Bigombé, P., Kapa, F., Lima, R., Makak, J.S., Tessa, B., Mbouna, D., Feintrenie, L., Nkoua, M., Ndikumagenge, C., 2014. Allocation and use of forest land: current trends, issues and perspectives, in: Les Forêts Du Bassin Du Congo – État Des Forêts 2013. de Wasseige C., Flynn J., Louppe D., Hiol Hiol F., Mayaux Ph., Neufchâteau, Belgique, pp. 215–240.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P.E., Kurz, W.A., Phillips, O.L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S.L., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R.B., Pacala, S.W., McGuire, A.D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., Hayes, D., A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science 333 (2011), 988–993, 10.1126/science.1201609.
Plieninger, T., Dijks, S., Oteros-Rozas, E., Bieling, C., Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land Use Policy 33 (2013), 118–129, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.013.
Quintas-Soriano, C., Castro, A.J., Castro, H., García-Llorente, M., Impacts of land use change on ecosystem services and implications for human well-being in Spanish drylands. Land Use Policy 54 (2016), 534–548, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.011.
Rentsch, D., Damon, A., Prices, poaching, and protein alternatives: an analysis of bushmeat consumption around Serengeti National Park. Tanzania. Ecol. Econ. 91 (2013), 1–9, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.03.021.
Rodríguez, J., Beard, T.D. Jr, Bennett, E., Cumming, G., Cork, S., Agard, J., Dobson, A., Peterson, G., Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecol. Soc., 11, 2006, 28.
Rönnbäck, P., Crona, B., Ingwall, L., The return of ecosystem goods and services in replanted mangrove forests: perspectives from local communities in Kenya. Environ. Conserv. 34 (2007), 313–324, 10.1017/S0376892907004225.
Rosenberg, A.A., McLeod, K.L., Implementing ecosystem-based approaches to management for the conservation of ecosystem services. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 300 (2005), 270–274.
Santos-Martín, F., Kelemen, E., Jacobs, S., Oteros-Rozas, E., Barton, D.N., Palomo, I., Hevia, V., Martín-López, B., 2017. 4.2. Socio-cultural valuation approaches, in: Mapping Ecosystem Services. Sofia, pp. 102–112.
Sassen, M., Jum, C., Assessing local perspectives in a forested landscape of Central Cameroon. For. Trees Livelihoods 17 (2007), 23–42, 10.1080/14728028.2007.9752579.
Satz, D., Gould, R.K., Chan, K.M.A., Guerry, A., Norton, B., Satterfield, T., Halpern, B.S., Levine, J., Woodside, U., Hannahs, N., Basurto, X., Klain, S., The challenges of incorporating cultural ecosystem services into environmental assessment. Ambio 42 (2013), 675–684, 10.1007/s13280-013-0386-6.
Sodhi, N.S., Lee, T.M., Sekercioglu, C.H., Webb, E.L., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Lohman, D.J., Pierce, N.E., Diesmos, A.C., Rao, M., Ehrlich, P.R., Local people value environmental services provided by forested parks. Biodivers. Conserv. 19 (2010), 1175–1188, 10.1007/s10531-009-9745-9.
Spangenberg, J.H., Settele, J., Precisely incorrect? monetising the value of ecosystem services. Ecol. Complex. 7 (2010), 327–337.
Turner, R.K., Daily, G.C., The ecosystem services framework and natural capital conservation. Environ. Resour. Econ. 39 (2008), 25–35, 10.1007/s10640-007-9176-6.
van Vliet, N., Nasi, R., Hunting for livelihood in Northeast Gabon: patterns, evolution, and sustainability. Ecol. Soc., 13, 2008, 10.5751/ES-02560-130233.
Vermeulen, C., Le Facteur Humain dans l'aménagement des Espaces-ressources en Afrique Centrale Forestière. Application aux Badjoué de l'Est Cameroun. 2000, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Gembloux.
Vermeulen, C., Fankap, R., Exploitation des palmiers et de Garcinia kola pour la fabrication du vin de palme en pays Badjoué ou quand trop boire nuit à la santé. de l’écosystème. Delvingt, W., (eds.) La Forêt des Hommes – Terroirs Villageois en Forêt Tropical Africaine, 2001, Belgique, Gembloux, 93–108.
Vermeulen, C., Julve, C., Doucet, J.-L., Monticelli, D., Community hunting in logging concessions: towards a management model for Cameroon's dense forests. Biodivers. Conserv. 18 (2009), 2705–2718, 10.1007/s10531-009-9614-6.
Wangai, P.W., Burkhard, B., Müller, F., A review of studies on ecosystem services in Africa. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 5 (2016), 225–245, 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.08.005.
Warren-Rhodes, K., Schwarz, A.-M., Boyle, L.N., Albert, J., Agalo, S.S., Warren, R., Bana, A., Paul, C., Kodosiku, R., Bosma, W., Yee, D., RöNnbäCk, P., Crona, B., Duke, N., Mangrove ecosystem services and the potential for carbon revenue programmes in Solomon Islands. Environ. Conserv. 38 (2011), 485–496, 10.1017/S0376892911000373.
Wickam, H., ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2009, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Wilkie, D.S., Starkey, M., Abernethy, K., Effa, E.N., Telfer, P., Godoy, R., Role of prices and wealth in consumer demand for bushmeat in Gabon, Central Africa. Conserv. Biol. 19 (2005), 268–274, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00372.x.
Wilson, M.A., Carpenter, S.R., Economic valuation of freshwater ecosystem services in the United States: 1971–1997. Ecol. Appl., 9, 1999, 772, 10.2307/2641328.
Winterbottom, R., 1992. Tropical forestry actions plans and indigenous people: the case of Cameroon, in: Cleaver, K., Munasinghe, M., Dyson, N., Egli, A., Peuker, F., Wencelius, F. (Eds.), Conservation of West and Central African Rainforest. Washington, DC, pp. 123–125.
World Resources Institute, 2012. Interactive Forest Atlas of Cameroon: Version 3.0. Washington, DC, USA.
Zhang, W., Kato, E., Bhandary, P., Nkonya, E., Ibrahim, H.I., Agbonlahor, M., Ibrahim, H.Y., Cox, C., Awareness and perceptions of ecosystem services in relation to land use types: evidence from rural communities in Nigeria. Ecosyst. Serv. 22 (2016), 150–160, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.011.