[en] Despite that resistance frequency is assumed to decline when selective pressure is relaxed, the stability of resistance frequency has been observed in some insects in the absence of insecticide. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, the first case of malathion-resistance was reported in the early 1960s. The malathion-specific resistant phenotype has now almost completely replaced the susceptible one in red flour beetle populations. In the present study, several life-history traits that could influence the fitness of the insects were compared between insecticide-susceptible and malathion-specific resistant populations of the red flour beetle. On average, egg fertility and egg-to-adult development time did not differ between susceptible and resistant populations. However, the fecundity of resistant females was greater than that of susceptible ones. Generally, differences in development time between insecticide resistant and susceptible populations are considered as having more effect on fitness than do differences in fecundity. However, the observed increased female fecundity may participate, in combination with the previously observed increased male reproductive success, to the development and the stability of malathion-specific resistance in T. castaneum.
Arnaud L, Haubruge E. Insecticide resistance enhances male reproductive success in a beetle. Evolution (accepted for publication).
Baker JE (1995). Stability of malathion-resistance in two Hymenopterous parasitoids. J Econ Entomol 88: 232-236.
Baker JE, Perez-Mendoza J, Beeman RW, Throne JE (1998). Fitness of a malathion-resistant strain of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Econ Entomol 91: 50-55.
Beeman RW, Nanis SM (1986). Malathion resistance alleles and their fitness in the red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Econ Entomol 79: 580-587.
Carrière Y, Roff DA (1995). Change in genetic architecture resulting from the evolution of insecticide resistance: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Heredity 75: 618-629.
Carrière Y, Deland JP, Roff DA, Vincent C (1994). Life-history costs associated with the evolution of insecticide resistance. Proc R Soc Lond B 258: 35-40.
Champ BR (1984). Pesticide resistance in stored product insects. In: Champ BR (ed), Proc Aust Dev Assist Course on Preservation of Stored Cereals: Canberra, Australia, 1981. pp. 681-690.
Champ BR, Dyte CE (1976). Report of the FAO global survey of pesticides susceptibility of stored grain pests. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Plant Production and Protection, series No. 5, FAO Rome.
Crow JF (1957). Genetics of insect resistance to chemicals. Ann Rev Entomol 2: 227-246.
Dyte CE (1979). The importation of insecticide-resistant strains of stored-product pests. Ann Appl Biol 91: 414-417.
Dyte CE, Rowlands DG (1968). The metabolism and synergism of malathion in resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). J Stored Prod Res 4: 157-173.
Freeman JA (1967). Problems of Infestation of Commodities Carried by Sea with Special References to Imports into Great Britain. EPPO Publication, Series A, No 46E, Stored Product Conference, Lisbon, 1967.
Georghiou GP, Lagunes-Tejeda A (1991). The Occurrence of Resistance to Pesticides in Arthropods: An Index of Cases Reported Through 1989, FAO, Roma.
Georghiou GP, Taylor CE (1986). Factor influencing the evolution of resistance. In: Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management: National Academy Press: Washington: USA. pp 157-169.
Guillemaud T, Lenormand T, Bourguet D, Chevillon C, Pasteur N, Raymond M (1998). Evolution of resistance in Culex pipiens: Allele replacement and changing environment. Evolution: 52: 443453.
Halliday WR (1990). Comparative fitness of malathion-resistant and susceptible Indian meal moth. J Econ Entomol 70: 239-245.
Haubruge E, Arnaud L (2001). Fitness consequences of malathion-specific resistance in the red flour beetle and selection for resistance in absence of insecticide. J Econ Entomol 94: 552-557.
Haubruge E, Arnaud L, Mignon J (1997). The impact of sperm precedence in malathion resistance transmission in population of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). J Stored Prod Res 33: 143-146.
Keiding J (1967). Persistence of resistant populations after the relaxation of the selection pressure. World Rev Pest Contr 6: 115-130.
Lloyd JE (1979). Mating behaviour and natural selection. Fla Entomol 62: 17-34.
Mason PL (1998). Selection for and against resistance to insecticides in the absence of insecticide: A case study of malathion resistance in the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bull Entomol Res 88: 177-188.
McKenzie JA (1996). Ecological and evolutionary aspects of insecticide resistance. RG Landes Company, Austin and Academic Press: San Diego.
Minitab (1998). Version 12.2 Sous Windows. Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA.
Parkin EA Scott EIC, Forester R (1962). Increase resistance of stored-product insects to insecticides. The resistance of field strains of beetles. (c) Tribolium castaneum. Pest Infest Res 21: 34-35.
Raymond M, Berticat C, Weill M, Pasteur N, Chevillon C (2001). Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: What have we learned about adaptation? Genetica 112-113: 287-296.
Roush RT, Croft BA (1986). Experimental population genetics and ecological studies of pesticide resistance in insects and mites. In: Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. National Academy Press: Washington, USA. pp 257-270.
Roush RT, McKenzie JA (1987). Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance. Ann Rev Entomol 32: 361-380.
Roush RT, Plapp FW (1982). Effects of insecticide resistance on biotic potential of the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol 75: 708-713.
SAS (1999). Version 8.01 on Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Subramanyam B, Hagstrum DW (1996). Resistance measurement and management. In: Subramanyam B, Hagstrum DW (eds), Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products, Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York, USA. pp 331-397.
Sokoloff A (ed) (1974). The Biology of Tribolium with Special Emphasis on Genetic Aspects, vol. 2. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
White NDG, Bell RJ (1988). Inheritance of malathion resistance in a strain of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and effects of resistance genotypes on fecundity and larval survival in malathion-treated wheat. J Econ Entomol 81: 381-386.
White NDG, Bell RJ (1990). Relative fitness of malathion-resistant strain of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) when development and oviposition occur in malathion-treated and untreated wheat kernels. J Stored Prod Res 26: 2337.
White NDG, Leesch JG (1996). Chemical control. In: Subramanyam B, Hagstrum DW (eds), Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products, Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York, USA. pp 287-330.
Williams IS, Haylock LA, Dewar AM, Dixon AFG (1998). Selection for a moderately insecticide resistant clone of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on sugarbeet in the absence of pesticides. Bull Entomol Res 88: 653-658.
