Static vs dynamic FRR sizing for power systems with increasing amounts of renewables

This paper investigates the sizing of the Frequency
Restoration Reserve (FRR) in a context of increasing penetration
of renewable generation. More precisely, we propose (i) a probabilistic
method that mimics the current Belgian TSO (Elia)
practices and (ii) a Monte-Carlo based procedure that evaluates
the corresponding reliability of the system in terms of down/upward
reserves activation, wind curtailment and load shedding.
Using this method over the IEEE-RTS96 testcase, the impact of
wind penetration - low, moderate, high - is studied. In particular,
static (annual and seasonal) and dynamic (weekly and hourly)
FRR sizing approaches are defined and compared. It turns out
that the hourly sizing method is the most robust. It also appears
that FRR requirements for upward reserves are almost not
impacted by the high wind penetration whereas the downward
reserves increase significantly with the wind penetration. Our
implementations rely on Julia, Cplex and R and are available in
open source.