[en] Previous research has identified specific gambling motives and linked them with both healthy and disordered gambling. The Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) is currently the most widely used measure for these motives. The present study aimed to offer a French validation of the latest version of this scale, the GMQ-Financial (GMQ-F), which measures four distinct motives (enhancement, social, coping, financial). The French GMQ-F was completed by 278 gamblers from the community and 22 treatment-seeking pathological gamblers, along with scales assessing gambling cognitions, impulsivity, disordered gambling symptoms and psychopathological symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the expected four-factor model. The GMQ-F subscales have good internal reliability. Validity of the GMQ-F is supported by specific correlations with the other constructs measured. Pathological gamblers differed from gamblers from the community on all but one (social) of the GMQ-F subscales. The French GMQ-F presents good psychometric properties and constitutes a reliable instrument for measuring gambling motives in research and clinical practice.
Disciplines :
Treatment & clinical psychology
Author, co-author :
Devos, Gaetan
Challet-Bouju, Gaëlle
Burnay, Jonathan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie clinique cognitive et comportementale
Maurage, Pierre
Grall-Bronnec, Marie
Billieux, Joël
Language :
English
Title :
Adaptation and validation of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire-Financial (GMQ-F) in a sample of French-speaking gamblers
Adams, Z. W., Kaiser, A. J., Lynam, D. R., Charnigo, R. J., & Milich, R., (2012). Drinking motives as mediators of the impulsivity-substance use relation:Pathways for negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 848–855. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.01610.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.016
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y., (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate:A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 57, 289–300.
Billieux, J., Lagrange, G., Van der Linden, M., Lançon, C., Adida, M., & Jeanningros, R., (2012). Investigation of impulsivity in a sample of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers:A multidimensional perspective. Psychiatry Research, 198, 291–296.
Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Ceschi, G., Carré, A., Offerlin-Meyer, I., Defeldre, A.-C., … Van der Linden, M., (2012). Validation of a short French version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 609–615. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.00110.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.001
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., Achab, S., Khazaal, Y., Paraskevopoulos, L., Zullino, D., & Thorens, G., (2013). Why do you play world of warcraft? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 103–109. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.02110.1016/j.chb.2012.07.021
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., & Clark, L., (2012). Trait gambling cognitions predict near-miss experiences and persistence in laboratory slot machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology, 103, 412–427. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02083.x10.1111/bjop.2012.103.issue-3
Binde, P., (2013). Why people gamble:A model with five motivational dimensions. International Gambling Studies, 13, 81–97.10.1080/14459795.2012.712150
Blain, B., Richard Gill, P., & Teese, R., (2015). Predicting problem gambling in Australian adults using a multifaceted model of impulsivity. International Gambling Studies, 15, 239–255. http://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2015.102996010.1080/14459795.2015.1029960
Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L., (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 487–499. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x
Byrne, B. M., (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Canale, N., Santinello, M., & Griffiths, M. D., (2015). Validation of the reasons for Gambling Questionnaire (RGQ) in a british population survey. Addictive Behaviors, 45, 276–280. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.03510.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.035
Canale, N., Vieno, A., Griffiths, M. D., Rubaltelli, E., & Santinello, M., (2015). How do impulsivity traits influence problem gambling through gambling motives? The role of perceived gambling risk/benefits. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 813–823. http://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000060
Chantal, Y., Vallerand, R. J., & Vallières, E. F., (1994). Assessing motivation to gamble:On the development and validation of the gambling motivation scale. Society and Leisure, 17, 189–212.
Cohen, J., (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum, Lawrence, Associates.
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M., (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4, 123–132.10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.123
Curcio, A. L., & George, A. M., (2011). Selected impulsivity facets with alcohol use/problems:The mediating role of drinking motives. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 959–964. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.05.00710.1016/j.addbeh.2011.05.007
Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T., (2008). Clarifying the role of personality dispositions in risk for increased gambling behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 503–508. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.00210.1016/j.paid.2008.06.002
Dechant, K., (2014). Show me the money:Incorporating financial motives into the gambling motives questionnaire. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 949–965. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9386-510.1007/s10899-013-9386-5
Dechant, K., & Ellery, M., (2011). The effect of including a monetary motive item on the gambling motives questionnaire in a sample of moderate gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 331–344. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9197-x10.1007/s10899-010-9197-x
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J., (2008). Introducing LISREL:A guide for the uninitiated. London, UK:Sage.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H., (2001). The Canadian gambling index final report. Ottawa:ON:Ottawa Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & Van den Brink, W., (2004). Pathological gambling:a comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 123–141.
Grall-Bronnec, M., Bouju, G., Sébille-Rivain, V., Gorwood, P., Boutin, C., Vénisse, J.-L., & Hardouin, J.-B., (2012). A French adaptation of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS):A useful tool for assessment of irrational thoughts among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Issues, 27, 1–21. http://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2012.27.9
Hodgins, D. C., (2008). [Commentary] What we see depends mainly on what we Look For (John Lubbock, British Anthropologist, 1834–1913). Addiction, 103, 1118–1119. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02282.x10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02282.x
Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J., (2006). Neural mechanisms of addiction:The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29, 565–598.10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009
Jacobs, D. F., (1986). A general theory of addictions:A new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2, 15–31.10.1007/BF01019931
Joukhador, J., Blaszczynski, A., & Maccallum, F., (2004). Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers:Preliminary data. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 171–180.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D., (1996). LISREL 8 user’s reference guide. [Scientific Software International]. Uppsala, Sweden.
Khazaal, Y., van Singer, M., Chatton, A., Achab, S., Zullino, D., Rothen, S., … Thorens, G., (2014). Does self-selection affect samples’ representativeness in online surveys? An investigation in online video game research. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e164. http://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.275910.2196/jmir.2759
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M., (2008). Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 29–53. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.09354810.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548
Lambe, L., Mackinnon, S. P., & Stewart, S. H., (2015). Validation of the gambling motives questionnaire in emerging adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 867–885. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9467-0
Lightsey, O. R., & Hulsey, C. D., (2002). Impulsivity, coping, stress, and problem gambling among university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 202–211. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.proxy.bib.ucl.ac.be:888/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.20210.1037/0022-0167.49.2.202
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F., (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scale. Sydney:The Psychological Foundation of Australia.
Lyvers, M., Hasking, P., Hani, R., Rhodes, M., & Trew, E., (2010). Drinking motives, drinking restraint and drinking behaviour among young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 116–122. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.01110.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.011
Mathew, A. R., Wahlquist, A. E., Garrett-Mayer, E., Gray, K. M., Saladin, M. E., & Carpenter, M. J., (2014). Affective motives for smoking among early stage smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16, 1387–1393. http://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu09310.1093/ntr/ntu093
McGrath, D. S., Stewart, S. H., Klein, R. M., & Barrett, S. P., (2010). Self-generated motives for gambling in two population-based samples of gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 10, 117–138. http://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2010.49991510.1080/14459795.2010.499915
Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M., (2010). The subtyping of pathological gambling:A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 988–998. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.01310.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.013
Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Cronce, J. M., & Larimer, M. E., (2002). Exploring college student gambling motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18, 361–370.10.1023/A:1021065116500
Nower, L., & Blaszczynski, A., (2006). Impulsivity and pathological gambling:A descriptive model. International Gambling Studies, 6, 61–75.
Nunnally, J. C., (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
Orford, J., (2001). Addiction as excessive appetite. Addiction, 96, 15–31.10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961152.x
Petry, N. M., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F., (2005). Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders:Results From the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 564–574. http://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v66n050410.4088/JCP.v66n0504
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S., (2004). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS):Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99, 757–769. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x10.1111/add.2004.99.issue-6
Schellenberg, B. J. I., McGrath, D. S., & Dechant, K., (2016). The Gambling Motives Questionnaire financial:Factor structure, measurement invariance, and relationships with gambling behaviour. International Gambling Studies, 16(1), 1–16. http://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2015.108855910.1080/14459795.2015.1088559
Stewart, S. H., & Zack, M., (2008). Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Addiction, 103, 1110–1117. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02235.x10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02235.x
Toneatto, T., (1999). Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling. Substance Use & Misuse, 34, 1593–1604.
Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood, K., Dragonetti, R., & Tsanos, A., (1997). Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 253–266.
Wéry, A., & Billieux, J., (2016). Online sexual activities:An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 257–266. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.046
Wood, R. T. A., & Griffiths, M. D., (2007). A qualitative investigation of problem gambling as an escape-based coping strategy. Psychology and Psychotherapy:Theory, Research and Practice, 80, 107–125. http://doi.org/10.1348/147608306X10788110.1348/147608306X107881
Wu, A. M. S., Tao, V. Y. K., Tong, K., & Cheung, S. F., (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the inventory of Gambling Motives, Attitudes and Behaviours (GMAB) among Chinese gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 12, 331–347. http://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.67827310.1080/14459795.2012.678273
Yee, N., (2006). The demographics, motivations, and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments. Presence, 15, 309–329.10.1162/pres.15.3.309