Changes in the Spatial Pattern and Ecological Functionalities of Green Spaces in Lubumbashi (the Democratic Republic of Congo) in Relation With the Degree of Urbanization
Ilunga wa Ilunga, Edouard; Université de Lubumbashi - UNILU > Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques > Unité de recherche Ecologie, Restauration Ecologique et Paysage > Professeur Ordinaire
Malaisse, François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Biodiversité et Paysage
Bogaert, Jan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Biodiversité et Paysage
Munyemba KanKumbi, François; Université de Lubumbashi - UNILU > Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques > Unité de recherche Ecologie, Restauration Ecologique et Paysage > Professeur Ordinaire
Language :
English
Title :
Changes in the Spatial Pattern and Ecological Functionalities of Green Spaces in Lubumbashi (the Democratic Republic of Congo) in Relation With the Degree of Urbanization
Adinolfi C., Suárez-Cáceres G. P., Cariñanos G. P., (2014) Relations between visitor’s behavior and characteristics of green spaces in the city of Granada, south-eastern Spain. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 13: 534–542. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.007.
André M., Mahy G., Lejeune P., Bogaert J., (2014) Vers une synthèse de la conception et d’une définition des zones dans le gradient urbain-rural [Toward a synthesis of the concept and a definition of the zones in the urban-rural gradient]. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 18(1): 61–74.
Barau A. S., Ludin A. N. M., Said I., (2013) Socio-ecological systems and biodiversity conservation in African city: Insights from Kano Emir’s Palace gardens. Urban Ecosystems 16(4): 783–800. doi:10.1007/s11252-012-0276-x.
Bernholt H., Kehlenbeck K., Gebauer J., Buerkert A., (2009) Plant species richness and diversity in urban and peri-urban gardens of Niamey, Niger. Agroforestry Systems 77: 159–179. doi:10.1007/s10457-009-9236-8.
Bigirimana J., Bogaert J., De Cannière C., Lejoly J., Parmentier I., (2011) Alien plant species dominate the vegetation in a city of sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 100: 251–267. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.012.
Bogaert J., Biloso A., Vranken I., André M., (2015) Peri-urban dynamics: Landscape ecology perspectives. In: Bogaert J., Halleux J-M., (eds) Territoires périurbains: Développement, enjeux et perspectives dans les pays du sud [Peri-urban areas: development, challenges and prospects in the South], Gembloux, Belgique: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, pp. 63–73.
Bogaert J., Mahamane A., (2005) Ecologie du paysage: Cibler la configuration et l’échelle spatiale. Annales des Sciences Agronomiques du Bénin [Landscape ecology: focus on spatial pattern and scale] 7: 39–68.
Bromilov C., (2010) Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa, 3rd ed. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa: Briza Publications.
Bruneau J. C., Pain M., (1990) Atlas de Lubumbashi Atlas de Lubumbashi, Nanterre, France: Centre d’Etude Géographique sur l’Afrique Noire.
Bultot F., (1950) Carte des régions climatiques du Congo Belge établie d’après les critères de Köppen [Climatic maps of the Belgian Congo regions established according to the criteria of Köppen], Bruxelles, Belgique: Bureau climatique, Institut National pour l’Etude Agronomique au Congo-Belge.
Byomkesh T., Nakagoshi N., Dewan A. M., (2012) Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape Ecology Engineering 8: 45–58. doi:10.1007/s11355-010-0147-7.
Catford J. A., Daehler C. C., Murphy H. T., Sheppard A. W., Hardesty B. D., Westcott D. A., Hulme P. E., (2012) The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14: 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002.
Chirisa I., (2010) Peri-urban dynamics and regional planning in Africa: Implications for building healthy cities. Journal of African Studies and Development 2(2): 15–26.
Chocholouskova Z., Pyšek P., (2003) Changes in composition and structure of urban flora over 120 years: A case study of the city of Plzen. Flora 198: 366–376. doi:10.1078/0367-2530-00109.
Chukwuka K. S., Ogunyemi S., Fawole I., (2007) Ecological distribution of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray, a new exotic weed in Nigeria. Journal of Biological Science 7(5): 709–719.
Cilliers S. S., Cilliers J., Lubbe R., Siebert S., (2013) Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries – perspectives and challenges. Urban Ecosystems 16: 681–702. doi:10.1007/s11252-012-0254-3.
Cornelis J., Hermy M., (2004) Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landscape and Urban Planning 69: 385–401. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.038.
Doren F. R., Volin J. C., Richards J. H., (2009) Invasive exotic plant as indicators for ecosystem restoration: An example from the Everglades restoration program. Ecological Indicators 95: 529–536. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.08.006.
Fanan U., Dlama K. I., Oluseyi I. O., (2011) Urban expansion and vegetal cover loss in and around Nigeria’s federal capital city. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 3(1): 1–10.
Forman R. T. T., Godron M., (1986) Landscape ecology, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Fuller R. A., Gaston K. J., (2009) The scaling up of green space coverage in European cities. Biology Letters 5: 352–355. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0010.
Godefroid S., (2001) Temporal analysis of the Brussels flora as indicator for changing environmental quality. Landscape and Urban Planning 52: 203–224. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00117-1.
Gong C. F., Chen J., Yua S., (2013) Biotic homogenization and differentiation of the flora in artificial and near-natural habitats across urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning 120: 158–169. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.006.
Groupe Huit (2009) Elaboration du plan urbain de référence de Lubumbashi [Development of the urban reference plan of Lubumbashi] (Rapport final Groupe Huit), Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Beau, Ministère des Infrastructures et Travaux Publics.
Ilunga wa Ilunga E., Mahy G., Piqueray J., Séleck M., Shutcha M. N., Meerts P., Faucon M.-P., (2015) Plant functional traits as a promising tool for the ecological restoration of degraded tropical metal-rich habitats and revegetation of metal-rich bare soils: A case study in copper vegetation of Katanga. Ecological Engineering 82: 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.084.
Ipou I. J., Toure A., Adou A. M. D., Kouame K. F., Gue A., (2011) A new invasive species of the agrosystems in the south of Côte d’Ivoire: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae). African Journal of Food Science and Technology 1(6): 146–150.
Kong F., Nakagoshi K., (2005) Changes of urban green spaces and their driving forces: A case study of Jinan city, China. Journal of International Development and Cooperation 11(2): 97–109.
Kong F., Yin H., James P., Hutyra L. R., He H. S., (2014) Effect of spatial pattern of green spaces on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China. Landscape and Urban Planning 128: 35–47. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.018.
La Rosa D., Privitera R., (2013) Characterization of non-urbanized areas for land-use planning of agricultural and green infrastructure in urban context. Landscape and Urban Planning 109: 94–106. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.012.
Leblanc M., Malaisse F., (1978) Lubumbashi, un écosystème urbain tropical [Lubumbashi, a tropical urban ecosystem], République du Zaïre: Centre International de Sémiologie, Université Nationale du Zaïre, Lubumbashi.
Lebrun, J.-P., & Stork, A. L. (1991–2015). Enumération des plantes à fleurs d'Afrique tropicale et Tropical African Flowering Plants: Ecology and Distribution (Vol. 1–7). Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.
Li J., Li C., Zhu F., Song C., Wu J., (2013) Spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization in Shangai, China, between 1989 and 2005. Landscape Ecology 28: 1545–1565. doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9901-1.
Liang Y.-Q., Li J.-W., Li J., Valimaki S. K., (2008) Impact of urbanization on plant diversity: A case study in built-up area of Beijing. Forestry Studies in China 10(3): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s11632-008-0036-4.
Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M., (2000) 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species: A selection from the global invasive species database, Auckland, New Zealand: Invasive Species Specialist Group.
Maas J., Verheij R. A., Groenewegen P. P., de Vries S., Spreeuwenberg P., (2006) Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60: 587–592.
Malaisse F., (1974) Phenology of the Zambezian woodland area with emphasis on the miombo ecosystem. In: Lieth H., (ed.) Phenology and seasonality modelling Vol 8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51863-8_23.
Malaisse F., Mutihac G., (1976) Contribution à l’étude de l’écosystème urbain lushois: Les enceintes de parcelles [Contribution to the study of the urban ecosystem of Lubumbashi: Enclosures of parcel]. Centre International de Sémiologie 1: 3–14.
Malaisse F., Schaijes M., D’Outreligne C., (2016) The copper-cobalt flora of Upper-Katanga and Copperbelt: Field guide, Gembloux, Belgium: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux.
Maréchal J., Useni S. Y., Bogaert J., Munyemba K. F., Mahy G., (2018) La perception par des experts locaux des espaces verts et de leurs services écosystémiques dans une ville tropicale en expansion: Le cas de Lubumbashi [Local expert perception about green spaces and their ecosystem services in a tropical city in expansion: The case of Lubumbashi (DR Congo)]. In: Mahy G., Colinet G., Bogaert J., (eds) Anthropisation des paysages katangais [Anthropization of katangan landscapes], Gembloux, Belgique: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, pp. 57–67.
McConnachie M. M., Shackleton C. M., McGregor G. K., (2008) The extent of public green space and alien plant species in 10 small towns of the sub-tropical Thicket Biome, South Africa. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 7(1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2007.12.003.
McDonald R. I., Forman R. T. T., Kareiva P., (2010) Open space loss inequality in United States’ cities, 1990-2000. PLoS One 5(3): e9509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009509.
McDonald R. I., Forman R. T. T., Kareiva P., Neugarten R., Salzer D., Fisher J., (2009) Urban effects, distance and protected areas in urbanizing world. Landscape and Urban Planning 93: 63–75. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.06.002.
McDonnell M. J., Hahs A. K., (2008) The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: Current status and future directions. Landscape Ecology 23(10): 1143–1155. doi:10.1007/s10980-008-9253-4.
McKinney M. L., (2008) Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems 11: 161–176. doi:10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4.
Mensah C. A., (2014) Urban green spaces in Africa: Nature and challenges. International Journal of Ecosystems 4(1): 1–11. doi:10.5923/j.ije.20140401.01.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis, Washington, DC: Island Press.
Muoghalu J. I., Chuba D. K., (2005) Seed germination and reproductive strategies of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray and Tithonia rotundifolia (P.M) Blak. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 3: 39–46.
Mutabana, N. (1982). Phytocénoses de l’écosystème urbain de Kisangani [Plant assemblages of the city of Kisangani] (Doctoral dissertation). University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Niemelä J., Kotze D. J., Venn S., Penev L., Stoyanov I., Spence J., Hartley D., de Oca M., (2002) Carabid beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across urban–rural gradients: An international comparison. Landscape Ecology 17: 387–401. doi:10.1023/A:1021270121630.
Nkuku K. C., Rémon M., (2006) Stratégies de survie à Lubumbashi (R-D Congo). Enquête sur 14000 ménages urbains [Survival stratégies in Lubumbashi. Survey on 14000 urban households], Paris, France: Archive congolaise, l’Harmattan.
Osseni A. A., Mouhamadou I. T., Tohozin B. A. C., Sinsin B., (2015) SIG et gestion des espaces verts dans la ville de Porto-Novo au Bénin [GIS and Green Spaces' Management in PortoNovo Town in Benin]. Tropicultura 33(2): 146–156.
Pyšek P., Richardson D. M., Rejmanek M., Webster G. L., Williamson M., Kirschner J., (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: Towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131–143.
Qureshi S., Breuste J. H., Jim C. Y., (2013) Differential community and the perception of urban green spaces and their contents in the megacity of Karachi, Pakistan. Urban Ecosystems 16(4): 853–870. doi:10.1007/s11252-012-0285-9.
Qureshi S., Breuste J. H., Lindley S. J., (2010) Green space functionality along an urban gradient in Karachi, Pakistan: A socio-ecological study. Human Ecology 38(2): 283–294. doi:10.1007/s10745-010-9303-9.
Radeloff V. C., Hammer R. B., Stewart S. I., Fried J. S., Holcomb S. S., McKeefry J. F., (2005) The wildland-urban interface in the United States. Ecological Applications 15(3): 799–805. doi:10.1890/04-1413.
Raunkier C., (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Ricotta C., Godefroid S., Rocchini D., (2010) Patterns of native and exotic species richness in the urban flora of Brussels: Rejecting the ‘rich get richer’ model. Biological Invasions 12(1): 233–240. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9445-0.
Rija A. A., Said A., Mwamende K. A., Hassan S. H., Madoffe S. S., (2014) Urban sprawl and species movement may decimate natural plant diversity in an Afro-tropical city. Biodiversity Conservation 23: 963–978. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0646-1.
Shackleton C. M., Blair A., (2013) The abundance of urban public green space influences residents’ perceptions, uses and willingness to get involved in two small towns in South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 113: 104–112. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.01.011.
Shackleton C. M., Hebinck P., Kaoma H., Chishaleshale M., Chinyimba A., Shackleton S. E., Gumbo D., (2014) Low-cost housing developments in South Africa miss the opportunity for household level urban greening. Land Use Policy 36: 500–509. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.01.002.
Shackleton S., Chinyimba A., Hebinck P., Shackleton C. M., Kaoma H., (2015) Multiple benefits and values of trees in urban landscapes in two towns in northern South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 136: 76–86. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.004.
Shaltout K. H., El-Sheikh M. A., (2002) Vegetation of the urban habitats in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. Urban Ecosystems 6: 205–221. doi:10.1023/A:1026105612771.
Tait C. J., Daniels C. B., Hill R. S., (2005) Changes in species assemblages within the Adelaide metropolitan area, Australia, 1836-2002. Ecological Applications 15(1): 346–359. doi:10.1890/04-0920.
Tiébré M.-S., Kassi N. J., Kouadio Y. J-C., N’guessan K. E., (2012) Etude de la biologie reproductive de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray (Asteraceae): Espèce non indigène invasive en Côte d’Ivoire [Study of reproductive biology of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray (Asteraceae): Invasive non-native specie in Ivory Coast]. Journal of Asian Scientific Research 2(4): 200–211.
Trefon T., Kabuyaya N., (2015) Les espaces périurbains en Afrique centrale [Peri-urban spaces in central Africa]. In: Bogaert J., Halleux J-M., (eds) Territoires périurbains: Développement, enjeux et perspectives dans les pays du sud, Gembloux, Belgique: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, pp. 33–42.
United Nations (2014) World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision, New York, NY: United Nations.
United Nations Habitat (2014) The state of African cities 2014. Re-imagining sustainable urban transition, Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Human Settlements Program.
Useni S. Y., André M., Mahy G., Cabala K. S., Malaisse F., Munyemba K. F., Bogaert J., (2018) Interprétation paysagère du processus d’urbanisation à Lubumbashi (RD Congo): Dynamique de la structure spatiale et suivi des indicateurs écologiques entre 2002 et 2008 [Landscape interpretation of the urbanization process in Lubumbashi (DR Congo): Land cover dynamics and monitoring of ecological indicators between 2002 and 2008]. In: Mahy G., Colinet G., Bogaert J., (eds) Anthropisation des paysages katangais [Anthropization of katangan landscapes], Gembloux, Belgique: Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux.
Useni S. Y., Cabala K. S., Nkuku K. C., Amisi M. Y., Malaisse F., Bogaert J., Munyemba K. F., (2017) Vingt-cinq ans de monitoring de la dynamique spatiale des espaces verts en réponse à l’urbanisation dans les communes de la ville de Lubumbashi (Haut-Katanga, RD Congo) [Twenty-five years of monitoring of green space pattern dynamics in response to urbanization in the municipalities of Lubumbashi City (Upper Katanga, D.R. Congo)]. Tropicultura 35(4): 300–311.
Useni S. Y., Malaisse F., Cabala K. S., Munyemba K. F., Bogaert J., (2017) Le rayon de déforestation autour de la ville de Lubumbashi (Haut-Katanga, RD Congo): Synthèse [The deforestation radius around Lubumbashi city (Upper Katanga, DR Congo): Synthesis]. Tropicultura 35(3): 215–221.
Vranken I., Marielle A., Mujinya B. B., Munyemba K. F., Baert G., Van Ranst E., Visser M., Bogaert J., (2014) Termite mound identification through aerial photographic interpretation in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Methodology evaluation. Tropical Conservation Science 7(4): 733–746. doi:10.1177/194008291400700411.
Wang G.-M., Zuo J.-C., Li X.-R., Liu Y.-H., Yu J.-B., Shao H.-B., Li Y.-Z., (2014) Low plant diversity and floristic homogenization in fast-urbanizing towns in Shandong Peninsular, China: Effects of urban greening at regional scale for ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering 64: 179–185. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.054.
Wendel H. E., Zarger R. K., Mihelcic J. R., (2012) Accessibility and usability: Green spaces preferences, perceptions, and barriers in a rapidly urbanizing city in Latin America. Landscape and Urban Planning 107: 272–282. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.003.
