[en] BACKGROUND:
There are breed differences in several blood variables in healthy dogs.
OBJECTIVE:
Investigate breed variation in plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration, plasma renin activity, and serum cortisol concentration.
ANIMALS:
Five-hundred and thirty-one healthy dogs of 9 breeds examined at 5 centers (2-4 breeds/center).
METHODS:
Prospective observational study. Circulating concentrations of ET-1 and cortisol, and renin activity, were measured using commercially available assays. Absence of organ-related or systemic disease was ensured by thorough clinical investigations, including blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, ECG, blood and urine analysis.
RESULTS:
Median ET-1 concentration was 1.29 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.97-1.82) pg/mL, median cortisol concentration 46.0 (IQR, 29.0-80.8) nmol/L, and median renin activity 0.73 (IQR, 0.48-1.10) ng/mL/h in all dogs. Overall, breed differences were found in ET-1 and cortisol concentrations, and renin activity (P < .0001 for all). Pair-wise comparisons between breeds differed in 67% of comparisons for ET-1, 22% for cortisol, and 19% for renin activity, respectively. Within centers, breed differences were found at 5/5 centers for ET-1, 4/5 centers for cortisol, and 2/5 centers for renin activity. Newfoundlands had highest median ET-1 concentration, 3 times higher than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Doberman Pinschers, and Dachshunds. Median renin activity was highest in Dachshunds, twice the median value in Newfoundlands and Boxers. Median cortisol concentration was highest in Finnish Lapphunds, almost 3 times higher than in Boxers.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
Breed variation might be important to take into consideration when interpreting test results in clinical studies.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Höglund, Katja
Lequarré, Anne-Sophie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dép. clinique des animaux de compagnie et des équidés (DCA) > Pathologie médicale des petits animaux
Ljungvall, Ingrid
Mc Entee, Kathleen ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dép. clinique des animaux de compagnie et des équidés (DCA) > Pathologie médicale des petits animaux
Merveille, Anne-Christine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dép. clinique des animaux de compagnie et des équidés (DCA) > Pathologie médicale des petits animaux
Laragh JH. Atrial natriuretic hormone, the renin-aldosterone axis, and blood pressure-electrolyte homeostasis. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1330-1340.
Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988;332:411-415.
Goetz KL, Wang BC, Madwed JB, et al. Cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine responses to intravenous endothelin in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1988;255:R1064-R1068.
O'Sullivan ML, O'Grady MR, Minors SL. Plasma big endothelin-1, atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and norepinephrine concentrations in normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:92-99.
Tessier-Vetzel D, Tissier R, Chetboul V, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of endothelin-1 plasma concentrations in dogs with heart and respiratory disorders. Vet Rec 2006;158:783-788.
Rossi G, Giordano A, Breda S, et al. Big-endothelin 1 (big ET-1) and homocysteine in the serum of dogs with chronic kidney disease. Vet J 2013;198:109-115.
Balion CM, Santaguida P, McKelvie R, et al. Physiological, pathological, pharmacological, biochemical and hematological factors affecting BNP and NT-proBNP. Clin Biochem 2008;41:231-239.
Prosek R, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, et al. Distinguishing cardiac and noncardiac dyspnea in 48 dogs using plasma atrial natriuretic factor, B-type natriuretic factor, endothelin, and cardiac troponin-I. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:238-242.
Misbach C, Chetboul V, Concordet D, et al. Basal plasma concentrations of routine variables and packed cell volume in clinically healthy adult small-sized dogs: Effect of breed, body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. Vet Clin Pathol 2014;43:371-380.
Lequarre AS, Andersson L, Andre C, et al. LUPA: A European initiative taking advantage of the canine genome architecture for unravelling complex disorders in both human and dogs. Vet J 2011;189:155-159.
Sjöstrand K, Wess G, Ljungvall I, et al. Breed differences in natriuretic peptides in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:451-457.
Bodey AR, Michell AR. Epidemiological study of blood pressure in domestic dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1996;37:116-125.
Rasmussen CE, Vesterholm S, Ludvigsen TP, et al. Holter monitoring in clinically healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Wire-haired Dachshunds, and Cairn Terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:460-468.
Hezzell MJ, Dennis SG, Humm K, et al. Relationships between heart rate and age, bodyweight and breed in 10, 849 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2013;54:318-324.
Höglund K, Hanås S, Carnabuci C, et al. Blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary catecholamines in healthy dogs subjected to different clinical settings. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:1300-1308.
Söder J, Bröjer JT, Nostell KE. Interday variation and effect of transportation on indirect blood pressure measurements, plasma endothelin-1 and serum cortisol in Standardbred and Icelandic horses. Acta Vet Scand 2012;54:37.
Brown S, Atkins C, Bagley R, et al. Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:542-558.
Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs: A clinical tool. Canine Pract 1997;22:10-15.
Thomas WP, Gaber CE, Jacobs GJ, et al. Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Echocardiography Committee of the Specialty of Cardiology, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. J Vet Intern Med 1993;7:247-252.
Tidholm A, Häggström J, Hansson K. Effects of dilated cardiomyopathy on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide activity, and thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:961-967.
Schellenberg S, Grenacher B, Kaufmann K, et al. Analytical validation of commercial immunoassays for the measurement of cardiovascular peptides in the dog. Vet J 2008;178:85-90.
Proverbio D, Groppetti D, Spada E, et al. Comparison of the VIDAS and IMMULITE-2000 methods for cortisol measurement in canine serum. Vet Clin Pathol 2009;38:332-336.
Bland M. Multifactorial methods. In: Bland M, ed. An Introduction to Medical Statistics, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995:322-323.
Ettinger SJ, Farace G, Forney SD, et al. Evaluation of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in dogs with and without cardiac disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240:171-180.
Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Inoue A, et al. cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and tissue distribution of rat preproendothelin-1 mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;175:44-47.
Prosek R, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in normal dogs and dogs with acquired heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:840-844.
Nakagawa O, Ogawa Y, Itoh H, et al. Rapid transcriptional activation and early mRNA turnover of brain natriuretic peptide in cardiocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1280-1287.
Luchner A, Stevens TL, Borgeson DD, et al. Differential atrial and ventricular expression of myocardial BNP during evolution of heart failure. Am J Physiol 1998;274:H1684-H1689.
Persson PB. Renin: Origin, secretion and synthesis. J Physiol 2003;552:667-671.
Lefebvre HP, Toutain PL. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the therapy of renal diseases. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004;27:265-281.
Sisson DD. Neuroendocrine evaluation of cardiac disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004;34:1105-1126.
Stevens TL, Burnett JC Jr, Kinoshita M, et al. A functional role for endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in a canine model of early left ventricular dysfunction. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1101-1108.
Yoshimura M, Yasue H, Morita E, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal responses to brain natriuretic peptide infusion in patients with congestive-heart-failure. Circulation 1991;84:1581-1588.
Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Cesari M, et al. Interactions between endothelin-1 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:300-307.
DeFrancesco TC, Rush JE, Rozanski EA, et al. Prospective clinical evaluation of an ELISA B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in dogs presenting with cough or dyspnea. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:243-250.
Eriksson AS, Jarvinen AK, Eklund KK, et al. Effect of age and body weight on neurohumoral variables in healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1818-1824.
Mongillo P, Prana E, Gabai G, et al. Effect of age and sex on plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in the dog (Canis familiaris). Res Vet Sci 2014;96:33-38.
Chang YJ, Chan IP, Cheng FP, et al. Relationship between age, plasma renin activity, and renal resistive index in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;51:335-337.
Doursout MF, Chelly JE, Wouters P, et al. Effect of gender in centrally induced angiotensin II hypertension in dogs. Hypertension 1990;15:I117-I120.
Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, et al. Influence of sex hormones on plasma endothelin levels. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:429-432.
Van Guilder GP, Westby CM, Greiner JJ, et al. Endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone increases with age in healthy men but can be reduced by regular aerobic exercise. Hypertension 2007;50:403-409.
Reimers TJ, McCann JP, Cowan RG, et al. Effects of storage, hemolysis, and freezing and thawing on concentrations of thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin in blood samples. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982;170:509-516.
Locsei Z, Racz K, Patocs A, et al. Influence of sampling and storage conditions on plasma renin activity and plasma renin concentration. Clin Chim Acta 2009;402:203-205.
Walczak M, Fedorowicz A, Chlopicki S, et al. Determination of endothelin-1 in rats using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010;82:710-718.
Palazzolo DL, Quadri SK. The effects of aging on the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol in the dog. Exp Gerontol 1987;22:379-387.
Mochel JP, Fink M, Peyrou M, et al. Chronobiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs: Relation to blood pressure and renal physiology. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:1144-1159.
Herold M, Cornelissen G, Loeckinger A, et al. About 8-hour variation of circulating human endothelin-1. Peptides 1998;19:821-825.
Simundic AM, Cornes M, Grankvist K, et al. Standardization of collection requirements for fasting samples: For the Working Group on Preanalytical Phase (WG-PA) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM). Clin Chim Acta 2014;432:33-37.