Blockchain for peer-to-peer energy exchanges: Probabilistic approach of Proof of Stake

Energy communities and peer-to-peer energy exchanges are expected to play an important role in the energy transition.
In this context, the blockchain approach can be employed to foster this decentralized energy market. In the paper fro PSCC, we evaluated several designs that should allow a Distribution
System Operator (DSO) to accept peer-to-peer energy exchanges supported by this technology. This acceptance is based on criteria such as a strong link with the wholesale/retail market, the resilience of the consensus to approve a block, the accuracy, traceability, privacy and security
of the proposed schemes. We concluded that proof-of stake (PoS), where the choice of a node that creates a block is based on a measure of its wealth, is the only method to fulfill
these requirements. In the present paper, we clarify the identification and estimation of bidding models to ensure that the PoS that we are developing is a correct response to two major issues with the PoS methodology, namely the concentration of wealth and the ”nothing to stake” issue.