[en] The assessment of externalizing behavior (EB) in preschoolers is crucial in developmental psychopathology. In the absence of any gold standard measure, new tools contribute to a multi-method and multi-informant approach. The aim of the current study is to present and validate a new observational paradigm, the Unfair Card Game (UCG), intentionally structured to increase the likelihood that negative affect, agitation
and inattention will emerge during a video-recorded task. It was administered to 268
young children, and the results were validated by means of factorial analysis, reliability
analyses, inter-rater agreement, discriminant analyses and external validation with two
questionnaires, the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004) and the
Conners Questionnaire (Conners, 1999), and with another observational paradigm, the
Mother-Child Interaction Task (Crowell, Feldman, & Ginsberg, 1988). The validity of the
UCG is supported by the findings.
Disciplines :
Treatment & clinical psychology
Author, co-author :
Roskam, Isabelle; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Stievenart, Marie ; Université de Liège > Département de Psychologie > Psychopathologie de l'enfance
Brassart, Elise
Houssa, Marine; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Loop, Laurie; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Mouton, Bénédicte; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Volckaert, Alexandra; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Nader Grobois, Nathalie; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Noël, Marie-Pascale; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Schelstraete, Marie-Anne; Université Catholique de Louvain - UCL > Psychological Sciences Research Institute
Language :
English
Title :
The Unfair Card Game: A promising tool to assess externalizing behavior in preschoolers
ReferencesAchenbach, T. M., Becker, A., Döpfner, M., Heiervang, E., Roessner, V., Steinhausen, H.-C., et al. (2008). Multicul-tural assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology with ASEBA and SDQ instruments: Research findings,applications, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 251-275.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems:Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213-232.
Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A. (2004). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) forages 1.5 to 18 years. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Volume 2:Instruments for children and adolescents (3rd ed, pp. 179-213). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesPublishers.
Bartels, M., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Hudziak, J. J., Rietveld, M. J. H., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Boomsma, D. I.(2004). Genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying stability and change in problem behaviors at ages 3, 7,10, and 12. Developmental Psychology, 40, 852-867.
Bayer, J. K., Ukoumunne, O. C., Mathers, M., Wake, M., Abdi, N., Hiscock, H. (2012). Development of children'sinternalising and externalising problems from infancy to five years of age. Australian and New Zealand Journal ofPsychiatry, 46, 659-668.
Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Developmental trajectories of externalizingbehaviors in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 75, 1523-1537.
Brassart, E., Houssa, M., Mouton, B., Volckaert, A., Nader-Grosbois, N., Noël, M.-P., et al. (2012). Coding system of theUnfair Card Game (UCG). Louvain-la-Neuve: Université catholique de Louvain.
Bukowski, H. B., Samson, D. (2012). Effects of one's emotional state on perspective-taking and prosocial behavior.Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Society for Social Neuroscience New Orleans, USA.
Bussing, R., Fernandez, M., Harwood, M., Hou, W., Garvan, C. W., Eyberg, S. M., et al. (2008). Parent and teacherSNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Psychometric properties and normative ratingsfrom a school district sample. Assessment, 15, 317-328.
Calkins, S. D., Blandon, A. Y., Williford, A. P., Keane, S. P. (2007). Biological, behavioral, and relational levelsof resilience in the context of risk for early childhood behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19,675-700.
Chess, S., Thomas, A. (1999). Goodness of fit: Clinical applications from infancy through adult life. Adolescence, 34,800.
Churchill, S. L. (2003). Goodness-of-fit in early childhood settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 31, 113-118.
Clarke-Stewart, K. A., Allhusen, V. D., McDowell, D. J., Thelen, L., Call, J. D. (2003). Identifying psychologicalproblems in young children: How do mothers compare with child psychiatrists? Journal of Applied DevelopmentalPsychology, 23, 589-624.
Collishaw, S., Goodman, R., Ford, T., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Pickles, A. (2009). How far are associations between child,family and community factors and child psychopathology informant-specific and informant-general? Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry, 50, 571-580.
Conners, C. K. (1999). Conners Rating Scales-Revised. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.\
Crowell, J., Feldman, S. (1988). Mother's internal models of relationships and children's behavioral and developmentalstatus in mother-child interaction: A study of mother-child interaction. Child Development, 59, 1275-1285.
Crowell, J., Feldman, S., Ginsberg, N. (1988). Assessment of mother-child interaction in preschoolers with behaviorproblems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 303-311.
De Los Reyes, A., Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., Wakschlag, L. S. (2009). Linking informant discrepancies to observedvariations in young children's disruptive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 637-652.
De Los Reyes, A., Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: Acritical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483-509.
Ensor, R., Hart, M., Jacobs, L., Hughes, C. (2011). Gender differences in children's problem behaviours in competitiveplay with friends. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 176-187.
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology andPsychiatry, 38, 581-586.
Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data on revised Conners parent and teacher ratingscales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 221-236.
Gross, D., Fogg, L., Garvey, C., Julion, W. (2004). Behavior problems in young children: An analysis of cross-informantagreements and disagreements. Research in Nursing & Health, 27, 413-425.
Hughes, C., Oksanen, H., Taylor, A., Jackson, J., Murray, L., Caspi, A., et al. (2002). "I'm gonna beat you!" SNAP!:An observational paradigm for assessing young children's disruptive behaviour in competitive play. Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry, 43, 507-516.
Kerr, D. C. R., Lunkenheimer, E. S., Olson, S. L. (2007). Assessment of child problem behaviors by multipleinformants: A longitudinal study from preschool to school entry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48,967-975.
Kinoo, P., Meunier, J. C., Stievenart, M., van de Moortele, G., Roskam, I., Charlier, D., et al. (2009). Variabilitédes jugements évaluatifs concernant les troubles du comportement du jeune enfant. Enfances/Adolescences, 16,33-44.
Kollins, S. H., Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K. (2004). Conners' Rating Scales-Revised. The use of psychologicaltesting for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Volume 2: Instruments for children and adolescents (3rd ed,pp. 215-233). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kraemer, H. C., Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., Kupfer, D. J. (2003). A new approach tointegrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: Mixing and matching contexts andperspectives. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1566-1577.
LaFreniere, P. J., Dumas, J. E. (1996). Social competence and behavior evaluation in children ages 3 to 6 years: Theshort form (SCBE-30). Psychological Assessment, 8, 369-377.
LaFreniere, P. J., Dumas, J. E., Capuano, F., Dubeau, D. (1992). Development and validation of the preschoolsocioaffective profile. Psychological Assessment, 4, 442-450.
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., Gibbons, R. D. (1998). Psychiatric disorderswith onset in the preschool years: I. Stability of diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and AdolescentPsychiatry, 37, 1246-1254.
Meunier, J. C., Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., van de Moortele, G., Browne, D. T., Kumar, A. (2011). Externalizing behaviortrajectories: The role of parenting, sibling relationships and child personality. Journal of Applied DevelopmentalPsychology, 32, 20-33.
Owens, E. B., Shaw, D. S. (2003). Predicting growth curves of externalizing behavior across the preschool years.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 575-590.
Perren, S., Von Wyl, A., Stadelmann, S., Bürgin, D., von Klitzing, K. (2006). Associations between behavioral/emotionaldifficulties in kindergarten children and the quality of their peer relationships. Journal of the American Academy ofChild & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 867-876.
Robinson, L. R., Morris, A. S., Heller, S. S., Scheeringa, M. S., Boris, N. W., Smyke, A. T. (2009). Relations betweenemotion regulation, parenting, and psychopathology in young maltreated children in out of home care. Journal ofChild and Family Studies, 18, 421-434.
Roskam, I., Meunier, J. C., Stievenart, M. (2013). The comparison and combination of multi-informant and multi-method data on preschoolers' externalizing behaviour. The International Journal of Educational and PsychologicalAssessment, 14, 79-93.
Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., Meunier, J. C., Van de Moortele, G., Kinoo, P., Nassogne, M. C. (2010). Comment lesparents, les enseignants et les cliniciens évaluent les troubles du comportement externalisé du jeune enfant ? Étude dela variabilité des jugements évaluatifs et de son impact sur le développement de l'enfant. Pratiques Psychologiques,16, 389-401.
Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., Meunier, J. C., Van de Moortele, G., Kinoo, P., Nassogne, M. C. (2011). Le diagnosticprécoce des troubles du comportement externalisé est-il fiable ? Mise à l'épreuve d'une procédure multi-informateurset multiméthodes. Pratiques Psychologiques, 17, 189-200.
Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., Tessier, R., Muntean, A., Escobar, M. J., Santelices, M. P., et al. (2014). Another way ofthinking about ADHD: The predictive role of early attachment deprivation in adolescents' level of symptoms. SocialPsychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 133-144.
Setterberg, S., Bird, H., Gould, M., Schaffer, D., Fisher, P. (1992). Parent and interviewer versions of the children'sglobal assessment scale. New York: Columbia University.
Super, C. M., Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9, 545-569.
Swanson, J. M., Kraemer, H. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). Clinicalrelevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at theend of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 168-179.
Underwood, M. K., Hurley, J. C., Johanson, C. A., Mosley, J. E. (1999). An experimental, observational investiga-tion of children's responses to peer provocation: Developmental and gender differences in middle childhood. ChildDevelopment, 70, 1428-1446.
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K., et al. (2007). A developmentalframework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children. Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry, 48, 976-987.
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Hill, C., Danis, B., Leventhal, B. L., Keenan, K., et al. (2008). Observationalassessment of preschool disruptive behavior, Part II: Validity of the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic ObservationSchedule (DB-DOS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 632-641.
Wakschlag, L. S., Keenan, K. (2001). Clinical significance and correlates of disruptive behavior in environmentallyat-risk preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 262-275.
Wakschlag, L. S., Leventhal, B. L., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Danis, B., Keenan, K., Hill, C., et al. (2005). Defining the"disruptive" in preschool behavior: What diagnostic observation can teach us. Clinical Child and Family PsychologyReview, 8, 183-201.