Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti JP, et al. ESC guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoraric Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medecine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3075–123. There are the first guidelines on the purpose that integrate the role of nuclear imaging in infective endocarditis.
Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:633–8.
Thuny F, Grisoli D, Collart F, Habib G, Raoult D. Management of infective endocarditis: challenges and perspectives. Lancet. 2012;379(9819):965–75.
Lancellotti P, Habib G, Oury C, Nchimi A. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in device infective endocarditis ready for prime time. Circulation. 2015;132:1076–80. This editorial provides a recent update on the usefulness of nuclear imaging on CIED infections.
Ricciardi A, Sordillo P, Ceccarelli L, Maffongelli G, Calisti G, Di Pietro B, et al. 18-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography: an additional tool in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Int J Infect Dis. 2014:219–24.
Sarrazin JF, Philippon F, Trottier M, Tessier M. Role of radionuclide imaging for diagnosis of device and prosthetic valve infections. World J Cardiol. 2016;8(9):534–46. This study is a recent review of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and WBC SPECT/CT in clinical practice in patients with CIED infection and PVE.
Millar BC, Prendergast BD, Alavi A, Moore JE. 18FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) has a role to play in the diagnosis and therapy of infective endocarditis and cardiac device infection. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:1724–36.
Chen W, Kim J, Molchanova-Cook OP, Dilsizian V. The potential of FDG PET/CT for early diagnosis of cardiac and prosthetic valve infection before morphologic Damges ensue. Cuur Cariol Rep. 2014;16:459. FDG-PET/CT makes it possible to distinguish different types of CIED's infections involving different management. This study also emphasizes the importance of patient preparation.
Dorbala S, Di Carli MF, Delbeke D, Abbara S, DePuey EG, Dilsizian V, et al. SNMMI/ASNC/SCCT guideline for cardiac SPECT/CT and PET/CT 1.0. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1485–507.
Musso M, Petrosillo N. Nuclear medicine in diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: an update. Biomed Res Int. 2015;127325. Review of the literature to assess the available evidence on the role of nuclear medecine techniques in the diagnosis of PVE.
Kouijzer IJ, Vos FJ, Janssen MJR, van Dijk APJ, Oyen WJG, Bleeker-Rovers CP. The value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing infectious endocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:1102–7. There is the first large series of prospectively included patients investigating the value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT in definite infectious endocarditis.
Gomes A, Glaudemans AW, Touw DJ, Van Melle JP, Willems TP, Maass AH, et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e1–e14. This article reviews the literature with regard to the potential value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT, WBC SPECT/CT and ECG-gated multidetector Ct angiography on infective endocarditis as well as the pitfalls and limitations of these technical modalities.
Vos F, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Kullberg BJ, Adang EM, Oyen WJ. Cost-effectiveness of routine 18F-FDG PET/CT in high-risk patients with gram-positive bacteremia. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1673–8. The introduction in routine of 18F-FDG PET/CT decrease the cost by the early diagnosis of precocious metastatic infectious foci.
Erba PA, Conti U, Lazzeri E, Sollini M, Doria R, De Tommasi SM, et al. Added value of 99mTc-HMPAO-labelled leukocyte SPECT/CT in the characterization and management of patients with infectious endocarditis. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1235–43. This is the largest study demonstrating the interest of the WBC SPECT/CT in diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and manahement of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the committee on rheumatic fever, endocarditis, and Kawasaki disease, council on cardiovascular disease in the young, and the councils on clinical Cardiology, stroke, and cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia; American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005;111:e394–434.
Tanis W, Budde RPJ, Van der Bilt IAC, Delemarre B, Hoohenkerk G, Van Rooden JK, et al. Novel imaging stratregies for the detection of prosthetic heart valve obstruction and endocarditis. Neth Heart J. 2016;24:96–107.
Saby L, Laas O, Habib G, Cammilleri S, Mancini J, Tessonnier L, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2374–82. This propective study shows that adding abnormal FDG uptake around the prosthetic valve is a new major criterion that increased the sensitivity of the modified Duke criteria.
Pizzi MN, Roque A, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Cuéllar-Calabria H, Ferreira-González I, Gonzàlez-Alujas MT, et al. Improving the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in prosthetic valves and Intracardiac devices with 18F-Fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography angiography: initial results at an infective endocarditis referral center. Circulation. 2015;132:1113–26. The interest of PET/CTA is clearly demonstrated in diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Hyafil F, Rouzet F, Lepage L, Benali K, Raffoul R, Duval X, et al. Role of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis and inconclusive echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14:586–94. Study who demonstrates excellent positive predictive value of SPECT/CT to detection of perivalvular infection and abscesses in patients with suspicion of PVE.
Ploux S, Riviere A, Amroui S, et al. Positron émission tomography in patients with suspected pacing system infections may play a critical role in difficul cases. Heart Rythm. 2011;8:1478–81.
Sarrazin JF, Philippon F, Tessier M, et al. Usefulness of fluorine-18 positron émission tomography/computed tomography for identification of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1616–25. FDG-PET/CT is useful in differentiating between CIED infection and recent post-implant change.
Granados U, Fuster D, Pericas JM, Llopis JL, Ninot S, Quintana E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in infective endocarditis and implantable cardiac electronic device infection: a cross-sectional study. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:1726–32. It is a considerable prospective study demonstrating the interest of 18 F-FDG PET/CT in CIED infections.
Erba PA, Sollini M, Conti U, Bandera F, Tascini C, De Tommasi S, et al. Radiolabelled WBC scintigraphy in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected device-related infections. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:1075–86. Interest of 99m Tc-HMPAO-WBC to diagnose CIED infection and detection of associated complication.
Van Riet J, Hill EE, Gheysens O, Dymarkowski S, Herregods MC, Herijgers P, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for early detection of embolism with infective endocarditis. Eur j Nucl Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1189–97.
Ozcan C. Asmar a, gill S, Thomassen a and Diederichsen ACP. The value of FDG-PET/CT in the diagnostic work-up of extracardiac infectious manifestations in infectious endocarditis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29:1629–37. Role of FDG-PET/CT in the assessment of extra-cardiac complications.
Litzler PY, Manrique A, Etienne M, Salles A, Eded-Sanson A, Bessou JP, et al. Leukocyte SPECT/CT for detecting infection of left-ventricular-assist devices: preliminary results. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1044–8.
Wickline SA, Fischer KC. Can infections be imaged in implanted devices? ASAIO J. 2000;46:S80–1.
Dell'Aquila AM, Mastrobuoni S, Alles S, Wenning C, Henryk W, Schneider SR, et al. Contributory role of fluorine 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis and clinical Management of Infections in patients supported with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101:87–94.
Scholtens AM, Swart LE, Verberne HJ, Tanis W, Lam MG, Budde RP. Confounders in FDG-PET/CT imaging of suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:1462–5.
Orvin K, Goldberg E, Bernstine H, Groshar D, Sagie A, Kornowski R, et al. The role of FDG-PET/CT imaging in early detection of extra-cardiac complications of infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:69–76. Role of FDG-PET/CT to highlight extra-cardiac complications, prospective study.
Tlili G, Amroui S, Mesguich C, Rivière A, Bordachar P, Hindié E. High Perfomances of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-Ct in cardiac implantable device infections: a study of 40 patients. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22:787–98.
Glaudemans AWJM, Israel O, RHJA S. Pitfalls and limitations of radionuclide and hybrid imaging in infection and inflammation. Semin Nucl Med. 2015;45:500–12. Focus on general pitfalls that can occur in infection and inflammation imaging, in particular, FDG-PET/CT and SPECT/CT.
Leccisotti L, Perna F, Lago M, Leo M, Stefanelli A, Calcagni M, et al. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection: delayed vs standard FDG PET-CT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:622–32.
Rouzet F, Chequer R, Benali K, Lepage L, Ghodbane W, Duval X, et al. Respective performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT and Radiolabelled leukocyte Scintography for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:1–6. Study comparing the efficiency between PET/CT and SPECT/CT.
Gratz S, Raddatz D, Hagenah G, Behr T, Becker W. 99mTC-labelled antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody FAB' fragments versus echocardiography in the diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2000;75:75–84.
Caobelli F, Wollenweber T, Bavendiek U, Khün C, Schütze C, Geworski K, et al. Simultaneous dual-isotope solid-state detector SPECT for improved tracking of white blood cells in suspected endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2016;28. pii: ehw:231.
