Transcriptome analysis of pancreatic cells across distant species highlights novel important regulator genes.

Background
Defining the transcriptome and the genetic pathways of pancreatic cells is of great interest for elucidating the molecular attributes of pancreas disorders such as diabetes and cancer. As the function of the different pancreatic cell types has been maintained during vertebrate evolution, the comparison of their transcriptomes across distant vertebrate species is a mean to pinpoint genes under strong evolutionary constrains due to their crucial function and which have preserved their selective expression in these pancreatic cell types.
Results
In this study, RNA-sequencing was performed on pancreatic alpha-, beta- and delta endocrine cells as well as the acinar and ductal exocrine cells isolated from adult zebrafish transgenic lines. Comparison of these transcriptomes identified many novel markers including transcription factors and signaling pathways components specific for each cell type. By performing interspecies comparisons, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved enriched expression in endocrine and exocrine cells among human, mouse and zebrafish. This list includes many genes known as crucial for pancreatic cell formation or function, but also pinpoints many factors whose pancreatic function is still unknown. A large set of endocrine-enriched genes can already be detected at early developmental stages as revealed by the transcriptomic profiling of embryonic endocrine cells, indicating a potential role in cell differentiation. The actual involvement of conserved endocrine genes in pancreatic cell differentiation was demonstrated in zebrafish for myt1b, whose invalidation leads to a reduction of alpha-cells, and for cdx4, selectively expressed in endocrine delta-cells and crucial for their specification. Intriguingly, comparison of the endocrine alpha- and beta-cell subtypes from human, mouse and zebrafish reveals a much lower conservation of the transcriptomic signatures for these two endocrine cell subtypes compared to the signatures of pan-endocrine and exocrine cells. These data suggest that the identity of the alpha- and beta-cells relies on a few key factors, corroborating numerous examples of inter-conversion between these two endocrine cell subtypes.
Conclusion.
This study highlights both evolutionary conserved and species-specific features that will help to unveil universal and fundamental regulatory pathways as well as pathways specific to human and laboratory animal models such as mouse and zebrafish.