Chemical profiling of the major components in natural waxes to elucidate their role in liquid oil structuring

[en] Elucidating the composition of waxes is of utmost importance to explain their behavior in liquid oil structuring. The chemical components (hydrocarbons – HCs, free fatty acids – FFAs, free fatty alcohols – FALs and wax esters – WEs) of natural waxes were analyzed using HPLC–ELSD and GC–MS followed by evaluation of their oil structuring properties. The gel strength, including the average storage modulus and oscillation yield stress, displayed a negative correlation with FALs and a positive correlation with HCs, FFAs and WEs. The components dictating the gel strength are HCs, FFAs and WEs in a descending order of importance. The consistency of the oleogels increased with the increasing amount of FFAs and HCs and the decreasing amount of WEs and FALs. The presence of more WEs results in a strong but brittle gel with a high initial flow yield stress. We believe these results might be useful in selecting the right waxes to combine in certain fat-based food products.

Disciplines :

Food science

Author, co-author :

Doan, Chi Diem

To, Chak Ming

De Vrieze, Mike

Lynen, Frederic

Danthine, Sabine ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Science des alim. et formul.

Brown, Allison

Dewettinck, Koen

Patel, Ashok R.

Language :

English

Title :

Chemical profiling of the major components in natural waxes to elucidate their role in liquid oil structuring

Publication date :

2017

Journal title :

Food Chemistry

ISSN :

0308-8146

eISSN :

1873-7072

Publisher :

Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom

Special issue title :

214

Volume :

214

Pages :

717-725

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.123

Available on ORBi :

since 03 October 2016

Statistics

Number of views

71 (1 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

200

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

193

OpenCitations

116

OpenAlex citations

197

Bibliography

Asikin, Y., Takahashi, M., Hirose, N., Hou, D.X., Takara, K., Wada, K., Wax, policosanol, and long-chain aldehydes of different sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivars. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 114:5 (2012), 583–591.
Asperger, A., Engewald, W., Fabian, G., Analytical characterization of natural waxes employing pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 50:2 (1999), 103–115.
Asperger, A., Engewald, W., Fabian, G., Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation – A simple and rapid online derivatization method for the gas chromatographic analysis of natural waxes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 61:1 (2001), 91–109.
Bicalho, B., David, F., Rumplel, K., Kindt, E., Sandra, P., Creating a fatty acid methyl ester database for lipid profiling in a single drop of human blood using high resolution capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1211:1 (2008), 120–128.
Birkett, J., & Talbot, G. (2009). Fat-based centres and fillings. In Science and technology of enrobed and filled chocolate, confectionery and bakery products (pp. 101–122).
Blake, A.I., Marangoni, A.G., Plant wax crystals display platelet-like morphology. Food Structure 3 (2015), 30–34.
Blake, A.I., Marangoni, A.G., The use of cooling rate to engineer the microstructure and oil binding capacity of wax crystal networks. Food Biophysics 10:4 (2015), 456–465.
Bouzidi, L., Li, S., Narine, S.S., Lubricating and waxy esters. VI. Effect of symmetry about ester on crystallization of linear monoester isomers. Symmetry 6:3 (2014), 655–676.
Carelli, A.A., Frizzera, L.M., Forbito, P.R., Crapiste, G.H., Wax composition of sunflower seed oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 79:8 (2002), 763–768.
Carriere, C., Inglett, G., Effect of processing conditions on the viscoelastic behavior of nu-trimx: An oat-based β-glucan-rich hydrocolloidal extractive1. Journal of Texture Studies 31:2 (2000), 123–140.
Chambers, T., Ritchie, I., Booth, M.A., Chemical models for plant wax morphogenesis. New Phytologist 77:1 (1976), 43–49.
Dassanayake, L.S.K., Kodali, D.R., Ueno, S., Sato, K., Physical properties of rice bran wax in bulk and organogels. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 86:12 (2009), 1163–1173.
Dassanayake, L.S.K., Kodali, D.R., Ueno, S., Sato, K., Crystallization kinetics of organogels prepared by rice bran wax and vegetable oils. Journal of Oleo Science 61:1 (2012), 1–9.
Doan, C.D., Van de Walle, D., Dewettinck, K., Patel, A.R., Evaluating the oil-gelling properties of natural waxes in rice bran oil: Rheological, thermal, and microstructural study. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 92:6 (2015), 801–811.
Endlein, E., Peleikis, K.-H., Natural waxes-properties, compositions and applications. SÖFW-Journal, 137(4), 2011.
Ensikat, H., Boese, M., Mader, W., Barthlott, W., Koch, K., Crystallinity of plant epicuticular waxes: Electron and X-ray diffraction studies. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 144:1 (2006), 45–59.
Fuchs, B., Süß, R., Nimptsch, A., Schiller, J., MALDI-TOF-MS directly combined with TLC: A review of the current state. Chromatographia 69:1 (2009), 95–105.
Hamilton, R.J., Waxes: Chemistry, molecular biology and functions. 1995, Oily Press Dundee.
Hwang, H.-S., Kim, S., Singh, M., Winkler-Moser, J.K., Liu, S.X., Organogel formation of soybean oil with waxes. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 89:4 (2012), 639–647.
Hwang, K.T., Cuppett, S.L., Weller, C.L., Hanna, M.A., HPLC of grain sorghum wax classes highlighting the separation of aldehydes from wax esters and steryl esters. Journal of Separation Science 25 (2002), 619–623.
Kanya, T.S., Rao, L.J., Sastry, M.S., Characterization of wax esters, free fatty alcohols and free fatty acids of crude wax from sunflower seed oil refineries. Food Chemistry 101:4 (2007), 1552–1557.
Koch, K., Ensikat, H.-J., The hydrophobic coatings of plant surfaces: Epicuticular wax crystals and their morphologies, crystallinity and molecular self-assembly. Micron 39:7 (2008), 759–772.
Kolattukudy, P.E., Chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes. 1976, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
Larsson, K., Larsson, K., Lipids: Molecular organization, physical functions and technical applications. 1994, Oily Press Dundee, UK.
Lee, S., Inglett, G., Effect of an oat β-glucan-rich hydrocolloid (C-trim30) on the rheology and oil uptake of frying batters. Journal of Food Science 72:4 (2007), E222–E226.
Lluveras, A., Bonaduce, I., Andreotti, A., Colombini, M.P., GC/MS analytical procedure for the characterization of glycerolipids, natural waxes, terpenoid resins, proteinaceous and polysaccharide materials in the same paint microsample avoiding interferences from inorganic media. Analytical Chemistry 82:1 (2009), 376–386.
Marangoni, A.G., Organogels: An alternative edible oil-structuring method. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 89:5 (2012), 749–780.
Marangoni, A.G., Garti, N., Edible oleogels: Structure and health implications. 2011, AOCS Press.
Marinach, C., Papillon, M.-C., Pepe, C., Identification of binding media in works of art by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Cultural Heritage 5:2 (2004), 231–240.
Megoulas, N.C., Koupparis, M.A., Twenty years of evaporative light scattering detection. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 35:4 (2005), 301–316.
Moreau, R.A., Kohout, K., Singh, V., Temperature-enhanced alumina HPLC method for the analysis of wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters. Lipids 37:12 (2002), 1201–1204.
Mudge, S.M., Fatty alcohols – A review of their natural synthesis and environmental distribution. The Soap and Detergent Association 132 (2005), 1–141.
Nordbäck, J., Lundberg, E., High resolution separation of non-polar lipid classes by HPLC–ELSD using alumina as stationary phase. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22:9 (1999), 483–486.
Odlyha, M., Investigation of the binding media of paintings by thermoanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. Thermochimica Acta 269 (1995), 705–727.
Patel, A., Babaahmadifooladi, M., Lesaffer, A., Dewettinck, K., Rheological profiling of organogels prepared at critical gelling concentrations of natural waxes in a triacylglycerol solvent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63:19 (2015), 4862–4869.
Regert, M., Direct mass spectrometry to characterise wax and lipid materials. Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology, 2009, 97–129.
Regert, M., Langlois, J., Colinart, S., Characterisation of wax works of art by gas chromatographic procedures. Journal of Chromatography A 1091:1 (2005), 124–136.
Toro-Vazquez, J.F., Morales-Rueda, J.A., Dibildox-Alvarado, E., Charó-Alonso, M., Alonzo-Macias, M., González-Chávez, M., Thermal and textural properties of organogels developed by candelilla wax in safflower oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 84:11 (2007), 989–1000.
Tulloch, A., Comparison of some commercial waxes by gas liquid chromatography. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 50:9 (1973), 367–371.
Uhlherr, P., Guo, J., Tiu, C., Zhang, X.-M., Zhou, J.-Q., Fang, T.-N., The shear-induced solid–liquid transition in yield stress materials with chemically different structures. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 125:2 (2005), 101–119.
Vali, S.R., Ju, Y.-H., Kaimal, T.N.B., Chern, Y.-T., A process for the preparation of food-grade rice bran wax and the determination of its composition. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 82:1 (2005), 57–64.
Zhu, G., Dordick, J.S., Solvent effect on organogel formation by low molecular weight molecules. Chemistry of Materials 18:25 (2006), 5988–5995.