[en] BACKGROUND: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in temperate climates. As its pests are mainly controlled with insecticides which are harmful to the environment and human health, alternative practices such as intercropping have been studied for their potential to promote biological control. Based on the published literature, this study aimed to review the effect of wheat-based intercropping systems on insect pests and their natural enemies.
RESULTS: Fifty original research papers were obtained from a systematic search of the peer-reviewed literature. Results from a vote-counting analysis indicated that, in the majority of studies, pest abundance was significantly reduced in intercropping systems compared with pure stands. However, the occurrence of their natural enemies as well as predation and parasitism rates were not significantly increased. The country where the studies took place, the type of intercropping, and the crop that was studied in the association had significant effects on these results.
CONCLUSION: These findings show that intercropping is a viable practice to decrease insecticide use in wheat production systems. Nevertheless, other practices could be combined with intercropping to favour natural enemies and enhance pest control.
Chen, Julian; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences > Institute of Plant Protection > State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests
Liu, Yong; Shandong Agricultural University > College of Plant Protection
Francis, Frédéric ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based intercropping systems for biological pest control: a review
Titre traduit :
[fr] Les associations de cultures à base de blé (Triticum aestivum L.) pour la lutte biologique: revue bibliographique
Krebs, J.R., Wilson, J.D., Bradbury, R.B., Siriwardena, G.M., The second Silent Spring? (1999) Nature, 400, pp. 611-612
Gibbons, D., Morrissey, C., Mineau, P., A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife (2015) Environ Sci Pollut Res, 22, pp. 103-118
Baldi, I., Cordier, S., Coumoul, X., Elbaz, A., Gamet-Payrastre, L., Le Bailly, P., (2013) Pesticides: Effets sur la Santé, , INSERM, Paris, France
Kremen, C., Iles, A., Bacon, C., Diversified farming systems: an agroecological, systems-based alternative to modern industrial agriculture (2012) Ecol Soc, 17, p. 44
Malézieux, E., Designing cropping systems from nature (2012) Agron Sustain Dev, 32, pp. 15-29
Altieri, M.A., Rosset, P., Agroecology and the conversion of large-scale conventional systems to sustainable management (1996) Int J Environ Stud, 50, pp. 165-185
Zhang, W., Ricketts, T.H., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S.M., Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture (2007) Ecol Econ, 64, pp. 253-260
Costanzo, A., Bàrberi, P., Functional agrobiodiversity and agroecosystem services in sustainable wheat production (2014) Agron Sustain Dev, 34, pp. 327-348
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Ambus, P., Jensen, E.S., Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea–barley intercropping (2001) Field Crops Res, 70, pp. 101-109
Poggio, S.L., Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley (2005) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 109, pp. 48-58
Malézieux, E., Crozat, Y., Dupraz, C., Laurans, M., Makowski, D., Ozier-Lafontaine, H., Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models (2009) Agron Sustain Dev, 29, pp. 43-62
Anil, L., Park, J., Phipps, R.H., Miller, F.A., Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage (1998) Grass Forage Sci, 53, pp. 301-317
Andrews, D.J., Kassam, A.H., The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies (1976) Multiple Cropping, pp. 1-10. , in, ed. by, Papendick RI, Sanchez PA, Triplett GB, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI
Ofori, F., Stern, W.R., Cereal–legume intercropping systems (1987) Adv Agron, 41, pp. 41-90
Lithourgidis, A.S., Dordas, C.A., Damalas, C.A., Vlachostergios, D.N., Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture (2011) Aust J Crop Sci, 5, pp. 396-410
Aziz, M., Mahmood, A., Asif, M., Ali, A., Wheat-based intercropping: a review (2015) J Anim Plant Sci, 25, pp. 896-907
Bedoussac, L., Journet, E.-P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Naudin, C., Corre-Hellou, G., Jensen, E.S., Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal–grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review (2015) Agron Sustain Dev, 35, pp. 911-935
Root, R.B., Organization of a plant–arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea) (1973) Ecol Monogr, 43, pp. 95-124
Risch, S.J., Intercropping as cultural pest control: prospects and limitations (1983) Environ Manag, 7, pp. 9-14
Andow, D.A., Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response (1991) Annu Rev Entomol, 36, pp. 561-586
Tonhasca, A., Byrne, D.N., The effects of crop diversification on herbivorous insects: a meta-analysis approach (1994) Ecol Entomol, 19, pp. 239-244
Langellotto, G.A., Denno, R.F., Responses of invertebrate natural enemies to complex-structured habitats: a meta-analytical synthesis (2004) Oecologia, 139, pp. 1-10
Letourneau, D.K., Armbrecht, I., Rivera, B.S., Lerma, J.M., Carmona, E.J., Daza, M.C., Does plant diversity benefit agroecosystems? A synthetic review (2011) Ecol Applic, 21, pp. 9-21
Dassou, A.G., Tixier, P., Response of pest control by generalist predators to local-scale plant diversity: a meta-analysis (2016) Ecol Evol, 6, pp. 1143-1153
Connell, J.H., On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments (1983) Am Nat, 122, pp. 661-696
Denno, R.F., McClure, M.S., Ott, J.R., Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects: competition reexamined and resurrected (1995) Annu Rev Entomol, 40, pp. 297-331
Root, T.L., Price, J.T., Hall, K.R., Schneider, S.H., Rosenzweig, C., Pounds, J.A., Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants (2003) Nature, 421, pp. 57-60
Garratt, M.P.D., Wright, D.J., Leather, S.R., The effects of farming system and fertilisers on pests and natural enemies: a synthesis of current research (2011) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 141, pp. 261-270
Haaland, C., Naisbit, R.E., Bersier, L.-F., Sown wildflower strips for insect conservation: a review (2011) Insect Conserv Divers, 4, pp. 60-80
Combs, J.G., Ketchen, D.J., Crook, T.R., Roth, P.L., Assessing cumulative evidence within ‘macro’ research: why meta-analysis should be preferred over vote counting (2011) J Manag Stud, 48, pp. 178-197
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical computing, , https://www.r-project.org, [Online]., R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, [16 March 2016]
Tahvanainen, J.O., Root, R.B., The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialized herbivore, Phyllotreta crucifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1972) Oecologia, 10, pp. 321-346
Poveda, K., Gómez, M.I., Martínez, E., Diversification practices: their effect on pest regulation and production (2008) Rev Colomb Entomol, 34, pp. 131-144
Barbosa, P.A., Hines, J., Kaplan, I., Martinson, H., Szczepaniec, A., Szendrei, Z., Associational resistance and associational susceptibility: having right or wrong neighbors (2009) Annu Rev Ecol Evolut System, 40, pp. 1-20
Ton, J., D'Alessandro, M., Jourdie, V., Jakab, G., Karlen, D., Held, M., Priming by airborne signals boosts direct and indirect resistance in maize (2007) Plant J, 49, pp. 16-26
Ninkovic, V., Dahlin, I., Vucetic, A., Petrovic-Obradovic, O., Glinwood, R., Webster, B., Volatile exchange between undamaged plants – a new mechanism effecting insect orientation in intercropping (2013) PLoS ONE, 8, pp. 1-9
Finch, S., Collier, R.H., Host-plant selection by insects – a theory based on ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ by pest insects of cruciferous plants (2000) Entomol Exp Applic, 96, pp. 91-102
Theunissen, J., Intercropping in field vegetable crops: pest management by agrosystem diversification, an overview (1994) Pestic Sci, 42, pp. 65-68
Vandermeer, J., (1992) The Ecology of Intercropping, , Cambridge University Press, New York, NY
Uvah, I.I.I., Coaker, T.H., Effect of mixed cropping on some insect pests of carrots and onions (1984) Entomol Exp Applic, 36, pp. 159-167
Perrin, R.M., Phillips, M.L., Some effects of mixed cropping on the population dynamics of insect pests (1978) Entomol Exp Applic, 24, pp. 585-593
Hummel, J.D., Dosdall, L.M., Clayton, G.W., Harker, K.N., O'Donovan, J.T., Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity, activity density, and community structure in a diversified agroecosystem (2012) Environ Entomol, 41, pp. 72-80
Lopes, T., Bodson, B., Francis, F., Associations of wheat with pea can reduce aphid infestations (2015) Neotrop Entomol, 44, pp. 286-293
Parajulee, M., Slosser, J.E., Evaluation of potential relay strip crops for predator enhancement in Texas cotton (1999) Int J Pest Manag, 45, pp. 275-286
Chen, P.-R., Zhang, Z.-Q., Wang, K., Wang, X.-Y., Xu, W.-L., Gao, Z.-L., Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari, Trombidiidae), an important early season natural enemy of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) in cotton (1994) J Appl Entomol, 117, pp. 113-121
Landis, D.A., Wratten, S.D., Gurr, G.M., Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture (2000) Annu Rev Entomol, 45, pp. 175-201
Campbell, A.J., Biesmeijer, J.C., Varma, V., Wäckers, F.L., Realising multiple ecosystem services based on the response of three beneficial insect groups to floral traits and trait diversity (2012) Basic Appl Ecol, 13, pp. 363-370
Colley, M.R., Luna, J.M., Relative attractiveness of potential beneficial insectary plants to aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) (2000) Environ Entomol, 29, pp. 1054-1059
Knörzer, H., Graeff-Hönninger, S., Guo, B., Wang, P., Claupein, W., The rediscovery of intercropping in China: a traditional cropping system for future Chinese agriculture – a review (2009) Climate Change, Intercropping, Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms, pp. 13-44. , in, ed. by, Lichtfouse E, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Feike, T., Doluschitz, R., Chen, Q., Graeff-Hönninger, S., Claupein, W., How to overcome the slow death of intercropping in the north China plain (2012) Sustainability, 4, pp. 2550-2565
Doré, T., Makowski, D., Malézieux, E., Munier-Jolain, N., Tchamitchian, M., Tittonell, P., Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: revisiting methods, concepts and knowledge (2011) Eur J Agron, 34, pp. 197-210
Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J.-F., Ferrer, A., Peigné, J., Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture (2014) Agron Sustain Dev, 34, pp. 1-20. , A review
De Schutter, O., (2010) Agro-ecology and the right to food, , Report presented to the 16th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, New York, NY
Guillou, M., Guyomard, H., Huyghe, C., Peyraud, J.-L., (2014) Vers des Agricultures Doublement Performantes pour Concilier Compétitivité et Respect de l'Environnement, , http://www.chaire-aei.fr/files/fck/files/Agroecologie%20-MinAgri-Rap%20M%20Guillou-Jun13.pdf, 1 December
Thorsted, M.D., Weiner, J., Olesen, J.E., Above- and below-ground competition between intercropped winter wheat Triticum aestivum and white clover Trifolium repens (2006) J Appl Ecol, 43, pp. 237-245
Khan, Z.R., Hassanali, A., Overholt, W., Khamis, T.M., Hooper, A.M., Pickett, J.A., Control of witchweed Striga hermonthica by intercropping with Desmodium sp. and the mechanism defined as allelopathic (2002) J Chem Ecol, 28, pp. 1871-1885
Zhang, L., van der Werf, W., Zhang, S., Li, B., Spiertz, J.H.J., Growth, yield and quality of wheat and cotton in relay strip intercropping systems (2007) Field Crops Res, 103, pp. 178-188
Zhang, L., Spiertz, J.H.J., Zhang, S., Li, B., van der Werf, W., Nitrogen economy in relay intercropping systems of wheat and cotton (2008) Plant Soil, 303, pp. 55-68
Ghaley, B.B., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Høgh-Jensen, H., Jensen, E.S., Intercropping of wheat and pea as influenced by nitrogen fertilization (2005) Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 73, pp. 201-212
Pelzer, E., Bazot, M., Makowski, D., Corre-Hellou, G., Naudin, C., Al Rifaï, M., Pea–wheat intercrops in low-input conditions combine high economic performances and low environmental impacts (2012) Eur J Agron, 40, pp. 39-53
Lithourgidis, A.S., Vlachostergios, D.N., Dordas, C.A., Damalas, C.A., Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea–cereal intercropping systems (2011) Eur J Agron, 34, pp. 287-294
Lu, M., Yuan, B., Zeng, M., Chen, J., Antioxidant capacity and major phenolic compounds of spices commonly consumed in China (2011) Food Res Int, 44, pp. 530-536
Raymer, P.L., Canola: an emerging oilseed crop (2002) Trends in New Crops and New Uses, pp. 122-126. , in, ed. by, Janick J, Whipkey A, ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA
Carter, C.A., Zhong, F., Rural wheat consumption in China (1999) Am J Agric Econ, 81, pp. 582-592
Morgounov, A., Ferney Gómez-Becerra, H., Abugalieva, A., Dzhunusova, M., Yessimbekova, M., Muminjanov, H., Iron and zinc grain density in common wheat grown in Central Asia (2007) Euphytica, 155, pp. 193-203
Wang, G., Cui, L.L., Dong, J., Francis, F., Liu, Y., Tooker, J., Combining intercropping with semiochemical releases: optimization of alternative control of Sitobion avenae in wheat crops in China (2011) Entomol Exp Applic, 140, pp. 189-195
Colignon, P., Gaspar, C., Haubruge, E., Francis, F., Impact of close habitat on the entomological diversity and abundance in carrot open fields (2002) Meded Fac Landbkund Toegepaste Biol Wet (Rijksunivers Gent), 67 (481-486)
Morandin, L.A., Long, R.F., Kremen, C., Hedgerows enhance beneficial insects on adjacent tomato fields in an intensive agricultural landscape (2014) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 189, pp. 164-170
Fahrig, L., Girard, J., Duro, D., Pasher, J., Smith, A., Javorek, S., Farmlands with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity (2015) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 200, pp. 219-234
Skelton, L.E., Barrett, G.W., A comparison of conventional and alternative agroecosystems using alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (2005) Renew Agric Food Syst, 20, pp. 38-47
Ma, K.Z., Hao, S.G., Zhao, H.Y., Kang, L., Strip cropping wheat and alfalfa to improve the biological control of the wheat aphid Macrosiphum avenae by the mite Allothrombium ovatum (2007) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 119, pp. 49-52
Fathi, S.A.A., Nouri-Ganbalani, G., Belali-Mashkour, E., Evaluation of two wheat cropping systems for enhancing biological control of the wheat thrips, Haplothrips tritici (Thys.: Phlaeothripidae) (2013) J Entomol Soc Iran, 33, pp. 49-85
Saeed, Q., Zaka, M., Saeed, S., Bakhtawar, M., Lucerne as trap crop in wheat for development of predators population against wheat aphids (Aphididae: Homoptera) (2013) Pak J Zool, 45, pp. 193-196
Wang, W.L., Liu, Y., Ji, X.L., Wang, G., Zhou, H.B., Effects of wheat–oilseed rape or wheat–garlic intercropping on the population dynamics of Sitobion avenae and its main natural enemies (2008) Chinese J Appl Ecol, 19, pp. 1331-1336
Zhou, H.B., Chen, J.L., Liu, Y., Francis, F., Haubruge, É., Bragard, C., Influence of garlic intercropping or active emitted volatiles in releasers on aphid and related beneficials in wheat fields in China (2013) J Integr Agric, 12, pp. 467-473
Xie, H.C., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Zhou, H.B., Sun, J.R., Liu, Y., Impact of wheat–mung bean intercropping on English grain aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and its natural enemy (2012) J Econ Entomol, 105, pp. 854-859
Xie, H.C., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Zhou, H.B., Sun, J.R., Liu, Y., The function of ecological regulation to aphids in the wheat intercropping field (2012) Plant Prot, 1, p. 12
Wang, W.L., Liu, Y., Chen, J.L., Ji, X.L., Zhou, H.B., Wang, G., Impact of intercropping aphid-resistant wheat cultivars with oilseed rape on wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae) and its natural enemies (2009) Acta Ecol Sin, 29, pp. 186-191
Sarwar, M., Effects of wheat and barley intercropping ecosystem on the prevalence of aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) population in canola (Brassica napus L.) crop (2011) Biol Divers Conserv, 4, pp. 11-16
Dong, J., Liu, Y.J., Li, P.L., Lin, F.J., Chen, J.L., Liu, Y., Ecological effects of wheat–oilseed rape intercropping combined with methyl salicylate release on Sitobion avenae and its main natural enemies (2012) Chinese J Appl Ecol, 23, pp. 2843-2848
Sherawat, S.M., Butt, A., Tahir, H.M., Effect of brassica strips on the population of aphids and arthropod predators in wheat ecosystem (2012) Pak J Zool, 44, pp. 173-179
Ehsan-Ul-Haq, Van Emden, H.F., Effects of intercropping wheat and peas on the growth and development of Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (a glasshouse simulation) (2003) Pak J Zool, 35, pp. 271-275
Zhou, H.B., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Liu, Y., Sun, J.R., Effects of wheat–pea intercropping on the population dynamics of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its main natural enemies (2009) Acta Ecol Sin, 52, pp. 775-782
Zhou, H.B., Chen, L., Chen, J.L., Cheng, D.F., Liu, Y., Sun, J.R., Effect of intercropping between wheat and pea on spatial distribution of Sitobion avenae based on GIS (2009) Sci Agric Sin, 42, pp. 3904-3913
Zhou, H.B., Chen, L., Chen, J.L., Francis, F., Haubruge, E., Liu, Y., Adaptation of wheat–pea intercropping pattern in China to reduce Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) occurrence by promoting natural enemies (2013) Agroecol Sustain Food Syst, 37, pp. 1001-1016
Chen, Z.J., Wu, G.J., Zhang, M., Study on the efficacies of wheat–pepper interplantation to evade aphid damage and alleviate virus disease (1995) Acta Phytophyl Sin, 22, pp. 343-347
Zhao, J.Z., Yang, Q.H., Xie, Y.Q., Effect of intercropping of wheat with cotton on cotton pest (1987) China Cotton, 2, pp. 41-43
Mu, J.Y., Li, Z.H., Mu, S.M., Control index of Aphis gossypii Glover and comprehensive control of main insect pests on cotton interplanted with wheat (1993) J Shandong Agric Sci, 3, p. 33
Wang, H.Z., Zhao, H.L., The ecological effects of cotton interplanted in wheat field on cotton pests (1993) Acta Phytophyl Sin, 20, pp. 163-167
Chen, Z.J., Wu, G.J., Zhang, S.L., Integrated pest management in cotton field of wheat interplanting with cotton (1998) Acta Agric Boreali Occidentalis Sin, 7, pp. 27-31
Parajulee, M., Montandon, R., Slosser, J.E., Relay intercropping to enhance abundance of insect predators of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) in Texas cotton (1997) Int J Pest Manag, 43, pp. 227-232
Ma, X.M., Liu, X.X., Zhang, Q.W., Zhao, J.Z., Cai, Q.N., Ma, Y.A., Assessment of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, and their natural enemies on aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible wheat varieties in a wheat–cotton relay intercropping system (2006) Entomol Exp Applic, 121, pp. 235-241
Ma, X.M., Zhang, H., Liu, X.X., Economic profit of intercropping of wheat and transgenic Bt cotton and its effect on cotton aphids and natural enemies (2007) Acta Phytophyl Sin, 34, pp. 167-172
Wang, W., Yao, J., Li, H.B., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Ma, G.L., Occurrence of predators in different cotton fields in south Xinjiang (2009) Plant Prot, 5, p. 10
Tingey, W.M., Lamont, W.J., Insect abundance in field beans altered by intercropping (1988) Bull Entomol Res, 78, pp. 527-535
Phoofolo, M.W., Giles, K.L., Elliott, N.C., Effects of relay-intercropping sorghum with winter wheat, alfalfa, and cotton on lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) abundance and species composition (2010) Environ Entomol, 39, pp. 763-774
Hammond, R.B., Jeffers, D.L., Potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) populations on soybean relay intercropped into winter wheat (1990) Environ Entomol, 19, pp. 1810-1819
Miklasiewicz, T.J., Hammond, R.B., Density of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in response to soybean–wheat cropping systems (2001) Environ Entomol, 30, pp. 204-214
Paulsen, H.M., Schochow, M., Ulber, B., Kühne, S., Rahmann, G., Mixed cropping systems for biological control of weeds and pests in organic oilseed crops (2006) Aspects Appl Biol, 79, pp. 215-220
Hummel, J.D., Dosdall, L.M., Clayton, G.W., Harker, K.N., O'Donovan, J.T., Effects of canola wheat intercrops on Delia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) oviposition, larval feeding damage, and adult abundance (2009) J Econ Entomol, 102, pp. 219-228
Hummel, J.D., Dosdall, L.M., Clayton, G.W., Turkington, T.K., Lupwayi, N.Z., Harker, K.N., Canola–wheat intercrops for improved agronomic performance and integrated pest management (2009) Agron J, 101, pp. 1190-1197
Hummel, J.D., Dosdall, L.M., Clayton, G.W., Harker, K.N., O'Donovan, J.T., Responses of the parasitoids of Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) to the vegetational diversity of intercrops (2010) Biol Control, 55, pp. 151-158
Hansen, L.M., Lorentsen, L., Boelt, B., How to reduce the incidence of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae Scop.) attacking organic growing field beans (Vicia faba L.) by growing partially resistant bean varieties and by intercropping field beans with cereals (2008) Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant Sci, 58, pp. 359-364
Ndzana, R.A., Magro, A., Bedoussac, L., Justes, E., Journet, E.-P., Hemptinne, J.-L., Is there an associational resistance of winter pea–durum wheat intercrops towards Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris? (2014) J Appl Entomol, 138, pp. 577-585
Mehto, D.N., Singh, K.M., Singh, R.N., Influence of intercropping on succession and population build up of insect pests in chickpea (1988) Cicer arietinum Linn., Indian J Entomol, 50, pp. 257-275
Das, S.B., Impact of intercropping on Helicoverpa armigera (Hüb.): incidence and crop yield of chickpea in West Nimar Valley of Madhya Pradesh (1998) Insect Environ, 4, pp. 84-85
Hossain, M.A., Management of chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) through intercroppings and insecticide spraying (2003) Thai J Agric Sci, 36, pp. 51-56
Zhang, S.H., Improvement of integrated control of cotton diseases and insect pests at seedling stage (1990) China Cotton, 3, pp. 42-43
Xia, J.Y., Wang, C.Y., Cui, S.Z., Comparative studies on life tables of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) in different cotton cropping systems (2000) Acta Gossypii Sin, 12, pp. 281-287
Yang, J.C., Liu, J.J., An, Z.Y., Zhu, Y.Y., Li, C.Y., Chen, X.D., Analyses on effect of interplanting on diseases and pest control and yield increase of wheat and faba bean (2009) J Yunnan Agric Univ, 24, pp. 340-348
Mishra, S.K., Kanwat, P.M., Sharma, J.K., Effect of dates of sowing and intercropping on the seed yield and incidence of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (2001) Ann Agric Res, 22, pp. 445-446
Tiwari, M., Singh, C.P., Goel, R., Effect of intercropping on the population, dynamics of insect pests and yield of mustard (2005) Shashpa, 12, pp. 106-110
Ansari, N.A., Mishra, V.A., Madhvi, P., Srivastava, G.P., Tewari, J.P., Role of intercropping on population build-up of Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (L.) on mustard (2007) Flora Fauna, 13, pp. 41-42
Masih, R., Hashmi, A.A., Khan, N.A., Effect of different intercroppings on incidence of insect pests of sugarcane (1988) Pak J Agric Res, 9, pp. 469-472
