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[en] Although maize is the second most important crop worldwide, and the most important C4 crop, no study on biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) has yet been conducted on this crop at ecosystem scale and over a whole growing season. This has led to large uncertainties in cropland BVOC emission estimations. This paper seeks to fill this gap by presenting, for the first time, BVOC fluxes measured in a maize field at ecosystem scale (using the disjunct eddy covariance by mass scanning technique) over a whole growing season in Belgium. The maize field emitted mainly methanol, although exchanges were bi-directional. The second most exchanged compound was acetic acid, which was taken up mainly in the growing season. Bi-directional exchanges of acetaldehyde, acetone and other oxygenated VOCs also occurred, whereas the terpenes, benzene and toluene exchanges were small, albeit significant. Surprisingly, BVOC exchanges were of the same order of magnitude on bare soil and on well developed vegetation, suggesting that soil is a major BVOC reservoir in agricultural ecosystems. Quantitatively, the maize BVOC emissions observed were lower than those reported in other maize, crops and grasses studies. The standard emission factors (SEFs) estimated in this study (231 ± 19 µg m−2 h−1 for methanol, 8 ± 5 µg m−2 h−1 for isoprene and 4 ± 6 µg m−2 h−1 for monoterpenes) were also much lower than those currently used by models for C4 crops, particularly for terpenes. These results suggest that maize fields are small BVOC exchangers in north-western Europe, with a lower BVOC emission impact than that modelled for growing C4 crops in this part of the world. They also reveal the high variability in BVOC exchanges across world regions for maize and suggest that SEFs should be estimated for each region separately. [fr] Bien que le maïs soit la deuxième culture mondiale la plus importante, et la plus importante des cultures en C4, aucune étude de composés organiques volatils d'origine biogénique (COVB) n'a été menée sur cette culture à l'échelle de l'écosystème et durant une saison entière de croissance. Ceci conduit à de grandes incertitudes concernant l'estimation des émissions de COVB par les écosystèmes agricoles. Cet article tente de résoudre cette incertitude en présentant, de manière inédite, des flux de COVB mesurés sur un champ de maïs en Belgique à l'échelle de l'écosystème (grâce à la technique de covariance de turbulence) pendant une saison entière de croissance. Le champ de maïs a principalement émis du méthanol, même si des échanges bidirectionnels ont été observés. Le deuxième composé le plus échangé a été l'acide acétique. Ce dernier a surtout été capturé par l'écosystème durant la saison de végétation. Des échanges bidirectionnels d'acétaldehyde, d'acétone et d'autres COV oxygénés ont également été observés. Les échanges de terpènes, de benzène et de toluène, bien que significatifs, ont été mineurs. Étonnamment, les échanges de COVB étaient de même ordre de grandeur sur sol nu que lorsque la végétation était bien développée, suggérant que le sol était lui aussi un réservoir de COVB majeur au sein des écosystèmes agricoles. Quantitativement, les émissions de COVB observées sur le maïs étaient plus faibles que celles reportées par d'autres études consacrées au maïs ou à d'autres espèces agricoles (incluant les prairies). Les facteurs d'émission standard (SEF) estimés dans cette étude, à savoir 231 ± 19 µg m−2 h−1 pour le méthanol, 8 ± 5 µg m−2 h−1 pour l'isoprène et 4 ± 6 µg m−2 h−1 pour les monoterpènes, étaient également plus faibles que les SEF actuellement utilisés par les modèles pour les cultures en C4. Ces résultats suggèrent que les champs de maïs sont des faibles échangeurs de COVB dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe, et que les émissions de COVB des cultures en C4 sont plus faibles que celles estimées par les modèles dans cette région. Ils révèlent également la grande variabilité du maïs entre les différentes régions du monde en termes d'échanges de COVB et suggèrent que les SEF devraient être estimés pour chaque région.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy
Author, co-author :
Bachy, Aurélie ; Université de Liège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Echanges Ecosystèmes - Atmosphère
Aubinet, Marc ; Université de Liège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Echanges Ecosystèmes - Atmosphère
Schoon, Niels; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Amelynck, Crist; Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Bodson, Bernard ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Phytotechnie des régions tempérées
Moureaux, Christine ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Phytotechnie des régions tempérées
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Echanges Ecosystèmes - Atmosphère
Language :
English
Title :
Are BVOC exchanges in agricultural ecosystems overestimated? Insights from fluxes measured in a maize field over a whole growing season
Alternative titles :
[fr] Les échanges de COVB par les écosystèmes agricoles sont-ils sur-estimés? Suggestions basées sur des mesures de flux sur un champ de maïs pendant une saison entière de croissance
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