Subproblem Finite-Element Refinement of Inductors From Wire to Static and Dynamic Volume Models

Progressive refinements of inductors are done with a subproblem method, from their wire or filament representations with Biot–Savart models up to their volume finite-element models, from statics to dynamics. The reaction fields of additional magnetic and/or conducting regions are also considered. Accuracy improvements are efficiently obtained for local fields and global quantities, i.e., inductances, resistances, Joule losses, and forces.