[en] Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of living plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink of methanol, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates, reflecting uncertainties in the approaches used to model and the empirical data used to separately constrain these terms. Here we compiled micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight different study sites and reviewed the corresponding literature in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial ecosystem-scale methanol exchange and present an independent data-driven view of the land–atmosphere methanol exchange. Our study shows that the controls of plant growth on production, and thus the methanol emission magnitude, as well as stomatal conductance on the hourly methanol emission variability, established at the leaf level, hold across sites at the ecosystem level. Unequivocal evidence for bi-directional methanol exchange at the ecosystem scale is presented. Deposition, which at some sites even exceeds methanol emissions, represents an emerging feature of ecosystem-scale measurements and is likely related to environmental factors favouring the formation of surface wetness. Methanol may adsorb to or dissolve in this surface water and eventually be chemically or biologically removed from it. Management activities in agriculture and forestry are shown to increase local methanol emission by orders of magnitude; however, they are neglected at present in global budgets. While contemporary net land methanol budgets are overall consistent with the grand mean of the micrometeorological methanol flux measurements,
we caution that the present approach of simulating methanol emission and deposition separately is prone to opposing systematic errors and does not allow for full advantage to be taken of the rich information content of micrometeorological flux measurements.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Wohlfahrt, Georg; Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck and European Academy of Bolzano
Amelynck, Crist; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels
Ammann, Christoph; Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zurich
Arneth, Almut; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Bamberger, Ines; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich
Goldstein, Allen H.; University of California, Berkeley > Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management
Gu, Lianhong; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Guenther, Alex B.; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA > Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division
Hansel, A.; Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Echanges Ecosystèmes - Atmosphère
Holst, T.; Lund University > Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
Hörtnagl, L.; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich
Karl, T.; Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck
Laffineur, Q.; Royal Meteorological Institute, Brussels
Neftel, A.; Research Station Agroscope, Climate and Air Pollution Group, Zurich
McKinney, K.; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA > School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Munger, J.W.; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA > School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Pallardy, S. G.; University of Missouri, Columbia > Department of Forestry
Schade, G. W.; Texas A&M University, College Station > Department of Atmospheric Sciences
Seco, R.; University of California, Irvine > Department of Earth System Science
Schoon, N.; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels
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