[en] There is an increasing concern about environmental exposure to multiple chemicals and adverse changes in reproductive development, function, or behaviour in wildlife. The major group of environmental chemicals, such as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other xenoestrogens are currently known to have estrogenic effects in vertebrates or fishes. Recent studies suggest that past exposure to such estrogenic compounds may affects the risk of developing breast cancer, precocious puberty, or impaired fertility in man. [fr] L'utilisation extensive de produits chimiques expose la population générale à un risque élevé de contamination par ces substances. De multiples exemples de perturbation de l'équilibre dans le monde animal illustrent nos propos. Les pesticides en général, et les organochlorés en particulier, par leurs propriétés de dérégulateurs endocrines, représentent les promoteurs potentiels de diverses pathologies. Une relation éventuelle est évoquée entre l'exposition à ces substances et l'apparition d'une tumeur mammaire, d'une puberté précoce, ou de troubles de la fertilité masculine.
Essai de synthèse de deux rapports de l'Académie des Sciences: Rapport n° 25, 23/10/90; rapport n° 31, 11/94. Problèmes d'environnement. Dires d'experts , Paris: Lavoisier; 1996, 59-63.
Seaton A., MacNee W., Donaldson K., Godden D. (1995) Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176-178.
Clot J.P. (1996) Actualités sur les cancers gastriques. Optionbio 163:15.
Toppari J., Larsen J.C., Christiansen P. Male reproductive health and environmental chemicals with estrogenic effects, Ministry of environment and energy, Denmark; 1995.
Sharpe R.M., Fisher J.S., Millar M.M., Jobling S., Sumpter J.P. (1995) Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production. Environ Health Perspect 103:1136-1143.
Sumpter J.P., Jobling S. (1995) Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment. Environ Health Perspect 103(SUPPL. 7):173-178.
Bayne B.L. (1989) Measuring the biological effects of pollution: The mussel watch approach. Wat Sci Tech 21:1089-1100.
Raoux C.Y., Garrigues Ph. (1993) Modelling of the mechanisms of PAH contamination of marine coastal sediments from the mediterranean sea. Synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurrence and biological effects , Garrigues Ph, Lamote M, eds. Pol Arom Comp (Suppl. 3), Gordon & Breach Science Publishers; 443-450.
Burgeot T. L'éthoxyrésorufine-O-dééthylase, les adduits à l'ADN et les micronuclei dans les organismes marins. Applications à la surveillance des effets biologiques sur les côtes Françaises, Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université de Nantes; 1994.
Michel X., Narbonne J.F., Mora P. (1998) Indicateurs biochimiques de pollution des écosystèmes côtiers: Expérience du groupe interface chimie-biologie des écosystèmes marins (GICBEM). Utilisation de biomarqueurs pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'environnement , Lagadic L, Caquet T, Amiard JC, Ramade F, eds. Paris: Lavoisier; 9-32.
Chevreuil M., Granier L. (1992) Les PCB: Des polluants difficiles à éliminer. La Recherche 23:484-486.
Burgeot Th., Galgani F. (1998) Application de l'EROD chez les poissons marins dans un programme pluridisciplinaire de surveillance de la mer du Nord. Utilisation de biomarqueurs pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'environnement , Lagadic L, Caquet T, Amiard JC, Ramade F, eds. Paris: Lavoisier; 33-56.
Gibbs P., Bryan G., Spence S. (1991) The impact of tributylin (TBT) pollution on the Nucella lapillus (Gastropoda) populations around the coast of South-East England. Oceanol Acta (SUPPL. 11):257-261.
Wesseling C., McConnell R., Partanen T., Hogstedt C. (1997) Agricultural pesticide use in developing countries: Health effects and research needs. Int J Health Services 27:273-308.
Ross A.C., Hammerling U.G. (1994) Retinoids and the immune system. The retinoids: biology, chemistry and medicine , Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Goodman DS, eds. New York: Raven Press; 521-544.
Martineau D., Béland P., Desjardins C., Lagacé A. (1987) Levels of organochlorine chemicals in tissues of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Québec, Canada. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16:137-147.
Martineau D., Lagacé A., Béland P. (1988) Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Québec, Canada. J Comp Pathol 98:287-311.
Reijnders P.J.H. (1980) Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the Wadden Sea and their possible effects on reproduction. Neth J Sea Res 14:30-65.
Soto A.M., Chung K.L., Sonnenshein C. (1994) The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Perspect 102:380-383.
Singh S., Singh T.P. (1987) Impact of malathion and hexachlorocyclohexane on plasma profiles of three sex hormones during different phases of the reproductive cycle in Clarias batrachus. Pestic Biochem Physiol 27:301-308.
Chen T.T., Reid P.C., Van Benenden R., Sonstegard R.A. (1986) Effect of arochlor 1254 and mirex on estradiol-induced vitellogenin production in juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 43:169-173.
Davis W.P., Bortone S.A. (1992) Effects of kraft mill effluent on the sexuality of fishes: An environmental early warning?. Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional development: The wildlife/human connection, volume XXI. Advances Modern Environ Toxicol , Colborn T, Clement C, eds; 21:113-127.
Ilan Z., Yaron Z. (1983) Interference of o,p'DDD with interrenal function and cortisol metabolism in Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner). J Fish Biol 22:657-669.
Jönsson C.J., Lund B.O., Brandt J. (1993) Adrenolytic DDT-metabolites: Studies in mink, Mustela vison and otter, Lutra lutra. Ecotoxicology 2:41-53.
Hays H., Risebrough R.W. (1972) Pollutant concentrations in abnormal terns from Long Island Sound. Auk 89:19-35.
Horsberg T.E., Hoey T., Nafstad I. (1989) Organophosphate poisoning of atlantic salmon in connection with treatment against salmon lice. Acta Vet Scand 30:385-390.
Maroni M., Colosio C., Ferioloi A., Fait A. (2000) Biological monitoring of pesticides exposure: A review. Toxicology (special issue) 143:61-75.
Bradlow H.L., Davis D.L., Lin G., Sepkovic D., Tiwari R. (1995) Effects of pesticides on the ratio of 16α/2-hydroxyestrone: A biologic marker of breast cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect 103:147-150.
Brinton L.A. (1984) The relationship of exogenous estrogens to cancer risk. Cancer Detect Prev 7:159-171.
Wolff M.S., Toniolo P.G., Lee E.W., Rivera M., Dubin N. (1993) Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:648-652.
Krieger N., Wolff M.S., Hiatt R.A., Rivera M., Vogelman J., Orentreich N. (1994) Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: A prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:589-599.
Djordjevic M.V., Hoffmann D., Fan J., Prokopczyk B., Citron M.L., Stellman S.D. (1994) Assessment of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose breast tissue using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Carcinogenesis 15:2581-2585.
Dewailly E., Dodin S., Verreault R. (1994) High organochlorine body burden in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:232-234.
Hunter D.J., Hankinson S.E., Laden F. (1997) Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 337:1253-1258.
Baron S., Battin J., David A. (2000) Puberté précoce chez des enfants adoptés de pays étrangers. Arch Pediatr 7:809-816.
Proos L.A., Hofvander Y., Tuvemo T. (1991) Menarcheal age and growth pattern of Indian girls adopted in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica Scand 80:852-858.
Bourguignon J.P., Gérard A., Alvarez-Gonzalez M.L. (1992) Effects of changes in nutritional conditions on timing of puberty: Clinical evidence from adopted children and experimental studies in the male rat. Horm Res 37(SUPPL. 1):97-105.
Krstevska-Konstantinova M., Charlier C., Craen M. (2001) Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: Evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Human Reprod 16:1020-1026.
Kulin H.E., Reiter E.O. (1976) Gonadotropin and testosterone measurements after estrogen administration to adult men, prepubertal and pubertal boys and men with hypogonadotropism: Evidence for maturation of positive feedback in the male. Pediatr Res 10:46-51.
Mauras N., Rogol A.D., Veldhuis J.D. (1991) Estrogenic modulation of the GRH-stimulated secretory activity of the gonadotrope and lactotrope in prepubertal females with Turner's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1202-1209.
Atanassova N., McKinnell C., Turner K.J. (2000) Comparative effects of neonatal exposure of male rats to potent and weak (environmental) estrogens on spermatogenesis at puberty and the relationship to adult testis size and fertility: Evidence for stimulatory effects of low estrogen levels. Endocrinology 141:3898-3907.
Auger J., Kunstmann J.M., Czyglik F., Jouannet P. (1995) Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N England J Med 332:281-285.
Thonneau P., Larsen S.B., Abell A. (1999) Time to pregnancy and paternal exposure to pesticides in preliminary results from Danish and French studies. Scand J Work Environ Health 25:62-63.
Sohoni P., Sumpter J.P. (1998) Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens. J Endocrinol 158:327-339.
Kelce W.R., Stone C.R., Laws S.C., Earl-Gray L., Kemppainen J.A., Wilson E.M. (1995) Persistent DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375:581-585.
Straube E., Straube W., Krüger A., Bradatsch M., Jacob-Meisel M., Rose H.J. (1999) Disruption of male sex hormones with regard to pesticides: Pathophysiological and regulatory aspects. Toxicol Lett 107:225-231.
