2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adultThe Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Kolh, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques > Biochimie et physiologie générales, humaines et path.
Lancellotti, Patrizio ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Imagerie cardiaque fonctionnelle par échographie
Language :
English
Title :
2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adultThe Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Sampson UKA, Norman PE, Fowkes GR, Aboyans V, Song Y, Harrell FE, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray C. Global and regional burden of aortic dissection and aneurysms. Global Heart 2014;8:171-180.
Sampson UKA, Norman PE, Fowkes GR, Aboyans V, Song Y, Harrell FE, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray C. Estimation of global and regional incidence and prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms 1990 to 2010. Global Heart 2014;8: 159-170.
Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, Dirsch O, Eber B, Haverich A, Rakowski H, Struyven J, Radegran K, Sechtem U, Taylor J, Zollikofer C, Klein WW, Mulder B, Providencia LA. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1642-1681.
Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite DJ, Russman PL, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Suzuki T, Oh JK, Moore AG, Malouf JF, Pape LA, Gaca C, Sechtem U, Lenferink S, Deutsch HJ, Diedrichs H, Marcos y Robles J, Llovet A, Gilon D, Das SK, Armstrong WF, Deeb GM, Eagle KA. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA 2000; 283:897-903.
Rylski B, Suedkamp M, Beyersdorf F, Nitsch B, Hoffmann I, Blettner M, Weigang E. Outcome after surgery for acute aortic dissection type A in patients over 70 years: data analysis from the German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:435-440.
Svensson LG, Kouchoukos NT, Miller DC, Bavaria JE, Coselli JS, Curi MA, Eggebrecht H, Elefteriades JA, Erbel R, Gleason TG, Lytle BW, Mitchell RS, Nienaber CA, Roselli EE, Safi HJ, Shemin RJ, Sicard GA, Sundt TM 3rd, Szeto WY, Wheatley GH 3rd. Expert consensus document on the treatment of descending thoracic aortic disease using endovascular stent-grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:S1-S41.
Fattori R, Cao P, De Rango P, Czerny M, Evangelista A, Nienaber C, Rousseau H, Schepens M. Interdisciplinary expert consensus document on management of type B aortic dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1661-1678.
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr., Eagle KA, Hermann LK, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni EA, Kouchoukos NT, Lytle BW, Milewicz DM, Reich DL, Sen S, Shinn JA, Svensson LG, Williams DM. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation 2010;121:e266-e369.
Olsson C, Thelin S, Stahle E, Ekbom A, Granath F. Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improvedoutcomes reportedinanationwide population-based study of more than 14, 000 cases from 1987 to 2002. Circulation 2006;114:2611-2618.
Howard DP, Banerjee A, Fairhead JF, Perkins J, Silver LE, Rothwell PM. Population-based studyofincidence and outcomeofacute aortic dissection and premorbid risk factor control: 10-year results from the Oxford Vascular Study. Circulation 2013; 127:2031-2037.
Grabenwoger M, Alfonso F, Bachet J, Bonser R, Czerny M, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Jakob H, Lonn L, Nienaber CA, Rocchi G, Rousseau H, Thompson M, Weigang E, Erbel R. Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) for the treatment of aortic diseases: a position statement from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2012;33:1558-1563.
Hughes GC, Zhao Y, Rankin JS, Scarborough JE, O'Brien S, Bavaria JE, Wolfe WG, Gaca JG, Gammie JS, Shahian DM, Smith PK. Effects of institutional volumes on operative outcomes for aortic root replacementin North America. JThorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:166-170.
Knipp BS, Deeb GM, Prager RL, Williams CY, Upchurch GR Jr., Patel HJ. A contemporary analysis of outcomes for operative repair of type A aortic dissection in the United States. Surgery 2007;142:524-528.
Cowan JA Jr., Dimick JB, Henke PK, Huber TS, Stanley JC, Upchurch GR Jr. Surgical treatment of intact thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in the United States: hospital and surgeon volume-related outcomes. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:1169-1174.
Schermerhorn ML, Giles KA, Hamdan AD, Dalhberg SE, Hagberg R, Pomposelli F. Population-based outcomes of open descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:821-827.
Eckstein HH, Bruckner T, Heider P, Wolf O, Hanke M, Niedermeier HP, Noppeney T, Umscheid T, Wenk H. The relationship between volume and outcome following elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in 131 German hospitals. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;34:260-266.
Holt PJ, Poloniecki JD, Loftus IM, Michaels JA, Thompson MM. Epidemiological study of the relationship between volume and outcome after abdominal aortic an-eurysm surgery in the UK from 2000 to 2005. Br J Surg 2007;94:441-448.
Patel VI, Mukhopadhyay S, Ergul E, Aranson N, Conrad MF, Lamuraglia GM, Kwolek CJ, Cambria RP. Impact of hospital volume and type on outcomes of open and endovascular repair of descending thoracic aneurysms in the United States Medicare population. J Vasc Surg 2013;58:346-354.
Holt PJ, Poloniecki JD, Khalid U, Hinchliffe RJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Effect of endovascular aneurysm repair on the volume-outcome relationship in aneurysm repair. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:624-632.
Devereux RB, de Simone G, Arnett DK, Best LG, Boerwinkle E, Howard BV, Kitzman D, Lee ET, Mosley TH Jr., Weder A, Roman MJ. Normal limits in relation to age, body size and gender of two-dimensional echocardiographic aortic root dimensions in persons ≥15 years of age. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:1189-1194.
Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kramer-Fox R, O'Loughlin J. Two-dimensional echocar-diographic aortic root dimensions in normal children and adults. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64:507-512.
Kalsch H, Lehmann N, Mohlenkamp S, Becker A, Moebus S, Schmermund A, Stang A, Mahabadi AA, Mann K, Jockel KH, Erbel R, Eggebrecht H. Body-surface adjusted aortic reference diameters for improved identification of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms: results from the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Int J Cardiol 2013;163:72-78.
Rogers IS, Massaro JM, Truong QA, Mahabadi AA, Kriegel MF, Fox CS, Thanassoulis G, Isselbacher EM, Hoffmann U, O'Donnell CJ. Distribution, determinants, and normal reference values of thoracic and abdominal aortic diameters by computed tomography(from the Framingham Heart Study). Am JCardiol 2013;111: 1510-1516.
Lam CS, Xanthakis V, Sullivan LM, Lieb W, Aragam J, Redfield MM, Mitchell GF, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS. Aortic root remodeling over the adult life course: longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2010;122:884-890.
Vriz O, Driussi C, Bettio M, Ferrara F, D'Andrea A, Bossone E. Aortic root dimensions and stiffness in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1224-1229.
Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Quattrini FM. Aortic root dilatation in athletic population. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012;54:432-437.
Diaz-Buschmann I, Castro A, Galve E, Calero MJ, Dalmau R, Guzman G, Cordero A, Facila L, Quiles J, Arrarte V, Alonso Gomez AM, Cequier A, Comin J, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Pan M, Fernandez Lozano FW, Sanmartin M, Ferreira I, Brotons C, Lopez Sendon JL, Mazon P, Alonso J, Abeytua M, Gonzalez Juanatey JR, de Pablo C, Worner F, Castro-Beiras A. Comments on the ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention (version 2012). A report of the Task Force of the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2012;65:869-873.
Aronberg DJ, Glazer HS, Madsen K, Sagel SS. Normal thoracic aortic diameters by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984;8:247-250.
Fleischmann D, Hastie TJ, Dannegger FC, Paik DS, Tillich M, Zarins CK, Rubin GD. Quantitative determination of age-related geometric changes in the normal abdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:97-105.
Hager A, Kaemmerer H, Rapp-Bernhardt U, Blucher S, Rapp K, Bernhardt TM, Galanski M, Hess J. Diameters of the thoracic aorta throughout life as measured with helical computed tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:1060-1066.
Svensson LG, Khitin L. Aortic cross-sectional area/height ratio timing of aortic surgery in asymptomatic patients with Marfan syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:360-361.
Svensson LG, Kim KH, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM. Relationship of aortic cross-sectional area to height ratio and the risk of aortic dissection in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:892-893.
Kaplan S, Aronow WS, Lai H, De Luca AJ, Weiss MB, Dilmanian H, Spielvogel D, Lansman SL, Belkin RN. Prevalence of an increased ascending and descending thoracic aorta diameter diagnosed by multislice cardiac computed tomography in men versuswomen and inpersons aged23to50years, 51to65years, 66to80years, and 81 to 88 years. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1598-1599.
Lin FY, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Meng J, Jow VM, Jacobs A, Weinsaft JW, Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Gilmore A, Callister TQ, Min JK. Assessment of the thoracic aorta by multidetector computed tomography: age-and sex-specific reference values in adults without evident cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2008; 2:298-308.
Allison MA, Kwan K, Di Tomasso D, Wright CM, Criqui MH. The epidemiology of abdominal aortic diameter. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:121-127.
Mao SS, Ahmadi N, Shah B, Beckmann D, Chen A, Ngo L, Flores FR, Gao YL, Budoff MJ. Normal thoracic aorta diameter on cardiac computed tomography in healthy asymptomatic adults: impact of age and gender. Acad Radiol 2008;15: 827-834.
Wolak A, Gransar H, Thomson LE, Friedman JD, Hachamovitch R, Gutstein A, Shaw LJ, Polk D, Wong ND, Saouaf R, Hayes SW, Rozanski A, Slomka PJ, Germano G, Berman DS. Aorticsizeassessmentbynoncontrastcardiaccomputed tomography: normal limits by age, gender, and body surface area. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:200-209.
Laughlin GA, Allison MA, Jensky NE, Aboyans V, Wong ND, Detrano R, Criqui MH. Abdominal aortic diameter and vascular atherosclerosis: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41:481-487.
Burman ED, Keegan J, Kilner PJ. Aortic root measurement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: specification ofplanes and lines of measurement and corresponding normal values. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:104-113.
Wanhainen A, Themudo R, Ahlstrom H, Lind L, Johansson L. Thoracic and abdominal aortic dimension in 70-year-old men and women: a population-based whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:504-512.
Redheuil A, Yu WC, Mousseaux E, Harouni AA, Kachenoura N, Wu CO, Bluemke D, Lima JA. Age-related changes in aortic arch geometry: relationship with proximal aortic function and left ventricular mass and remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1262-1270.
Turkbey EB, Jain A, Johnson C, Redheuil A, Arai AE, Gomes AS, Carr J, Hundley WG, Teixido-Tura G, Eng J, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. Determinants and normal values of ascending aortic diameter by age, gender, and race/ethnicity in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;39: 360-368.
Aalberts JJ, Waterbolk TW, van Tintelen JP, Hillege HL, Boonstra PW, van den Berg MP. Prophylactic aortic root surgery in patients with Marfan syndrome: 10 years' experience with a protocol based on body surface area. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;34:589-594.
Biaggi P, Matthews F, Braun J, Rousson V, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R. Gender, age, and body surface areaare the major determinantsofascending aorta dimensionsinsub-jects with apparently normal echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22: 720-725.
Gautier M, Detaint D, Fermanian C, Aegerter P, Delorme G, Arnoult F, Milleron O, Raoux F, Stheneur C, Boileau C, Vahanian A, Jondeau G. Nomograms for aortic root diameters in children using two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:888-894.
Mirea O, Maffessanti F, Gripari P, Tamborini G, Muratori M, Fusini L, Claudia C, Fiorentini C, Plesea IE, Pepi M. Effects of aging and body size on proximal and ascending aorta and aortic arch: inner edge-to-inner edge reference values in a large adult population by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:419-427.
Muraru D, Maffessanti F, Kocabay G, Peluso D, Dal Bianco L, Piasentini E, Jose SP, Iliceto S, Badano LP. Ascending aorta diameters measured by echocardiography using both leading edge-to-leading edge and inner edge-to-inner edge conventions in healthy volunteers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;15:415-422.
Drexler M, Erbel R, Muller U, Wittlich N, Mohr-Kahaly S, Meyer J. Measurement of intracardiac dimensions and structures in normal young adult subjects by transeso-phageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1491-1496.
Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Gordon IL, Chute EP, Littooy FN, Krupski WC, Bandyk D, Barone GW, Graham LM, Hye RJ, Reinke DB. Relationship of age, gender, race, and body sizeto infrarenal aortic diameter. The Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investigators. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:595-601.
Wilmink AB, Pleumeekers HJ, Hoes AW, Hubbard CS, Grobbee DE, Quick CR. The infrarenal aortic diameter in relation to age: only part of the population in older age groups shows an increase. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998;16:431-437.
Paivansalo MJ, Merikanto J, Jerkkola T, Savolainen MJ, Rantala AO, Kauma H, Lilja M, Reunanen YA, Kesaniemi A, Suramo I. Effect ofhypertension and risk factorsondia-meters of abdominal aorta and common iliac and femoral arteries in middle-aged hypertensive and control subjects: a cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound. Atherosclerosis 2000;153:99-106.
Freiberg MS, Arnold AM, Newman AB, Edwards MS, Kraemer KL, Kuller LH. Abdominal aortic aneurysms, increasing infrarenal aortic diameter, and risk of total mortality and incident cardiovascular disease events: 10-year follow-up data from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 2008;117:1010-1017.
Sconfienza LM, Santagostino I, Di Leo G, Piazza R, Gozzi G, Trimarchi S, Sardanelli F. When the diameter of the abdominal aorta should be considered as abnormal? A new ultrasonographic index using the wrist circumference as a body build reference. Eur J Radiol 2013;82:e532-e536.
da Silva ES, Rodrigues AJ Jr., Castro de Tolosa EM, Bueno Pereira PR, Zanoto A, Martins J. Variation of infrarenal aortic diameter: A necropsy study. J Vasc Surg 1999;29:920-927.
Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R, Antonini-Canterin F, Vlachopoulos C, Rocchi G, Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Zamorano J, Pepi M, Breithardt OA, Plonska-Gosciniak E. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:645-658.
Chaikof EL, Blankensteijn JD, Harris PL, White GH, Zarins CK, Bernhard VM, Matsumura JS, May J, Veith FJ, Fillinger MF, Rutherford RB, Kent KC. Reporting standards for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2002;35:1048-1060.
Ihara T, Komori K, Yamamoto K, Kobayashi M, Banno H, Kodama A. Three-dimensional workstation is useful for measuring the correct size of abdominal aortic aneurysm diameters. Ann Vasc Surg 2013;27:154-161.
Dugas A, Therasse E, Kauffmann C, Tang A, Elkouri S, Nozza A, Giroux MF, Oliva VL, Soulez G. Reproducibility of abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter measurement and growth evaluation on axial and multiplanar computed tomography reformations. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:779-787.
Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, Reinke DB, Littooy FN, Acher CW, Messina LM, Ballard DJ, Ansel HJ. Variability in measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:945-952.
Singh K, Jacobsen BK, Solberg S, Bonaa KH, Kumar S, Bajic R, Arnesen E. Intra-and interobserver variability in the measurements of abdominal aortic and common iliac artery diameter with computed tomography. The Tromso study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:399-407.
Cayne NS, Veith FJ, Lipsitz EC, Ohki T, Mehta M, Gargiulo N, Suggs WD, Rozenblit A, Ricci Z, Timaran CH. Variability of maximal aortic aneurysm diameter measurements on CT scan: significance and methods to minimize. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:811-815.
Sprouse LR 2nd, Meier GH 3rd, Parent FN, De Masi RJ, Glickman MH, Barber GA. Is ultrasound more accurate than axial computed tomography for determination of maximal abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28: 28-35.
Elefteriades JA, Farkas EA. Thoracic aortic aneurysm clinically pertinent controversies and uncertainties. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:841-857.
Bonnafy T, Lacroix P, Desormais I, Labrunie A, Marin B, Leclerc A, Oueslati A, Rolle F, Vignon P, Aboyans V. Reliability of the measurement of the abdominal aortic diameter by novice operators using a pocket-sized ultrasound system. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013;106:644-650.
von Kodolitsch Y, Nienaber CA, Dieckmann C, Schwartz AG, Hofmann T, Brekenfeld C, Nicolas V, Berger J, Meinertz T. Chest radiography for the diagnosis of acute aortic syndrome. Am J Med 2004;116:73-77.
Flachskampf FA, Badano L, Daniel WG, Feneck RO, Fox KF, Fraser AG, Pasquet A, Pepi M, Perez de Isla L, Zamorano JL, Roelandt JR, Pierard L. Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: update 2010. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11: 557-576.
Erbel R, Borner N, Steller D, Brunier J, Thelen M, Pfeiffer C, Mohr-Kahaly S, Iversen S, Oelert H, Meyer J. Detection of aortic dissection by transoesophageal echocardiography. Br Heart J 1987;58:45-51.
Evangelista A, Garcia-del-Castillo H, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Dominguez-Oronoz R, Salas A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J. Diagnosis of ascending aortic dissection by transesophageal echocardiography: utility of M-mode in recognizing artifacts. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:102-107.
Evangelista A, Aguilar R, Cuellar H, Thomas M, Laynez A, Rodriguez-Palomares J, Mahia P, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Garcia-Dorado D. Usefulness of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of chronic aortic dissection. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011;12:272-277.
Mozes G, Gloviczki P, Park WM, Schultz HL, Andrews JC. Spontaneous dissection of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Semin Vasc Surg 2002;15:128-136.
Karthikesalingam A, Al-Jundi W, Jackson D, Boyle JR, Beard JD, Holt PJ, Thompson MM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of duplex ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography or computed tomography for surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 2012;99:1514-1523.
Hermsen K, Chong WK. Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal aortic and iliac aneur-ysms and mesenteric ischemia. Radiol Clin North Am 2004;42:365-381.
Beales L, Wolstenhulme S, Evans JA, West R, Scott DJ. Reproducibility of ultrasound measurement of the abdominal aorta. Br J Surg 2011;98:1517-1525.
Roos JE, Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Lachat M, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR. Thoracic aorta: motion artifact reduction with retrospective and prospective electrocardiography-assisted multi-detector row CT. Radiology 2002;222: 271-277.
Shiga T, Wajima Z, Apfel CC, Inoue T, Ohe Y. Diagnostic accuracy of transesopha-geal echocardiography, helical computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for suspected thoracic aortic dissection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1350-1356.
Nienaber CA. The role of imaging in acute aortic syndromes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;14:15-23.
Parker MS, Matheson TL, Rao AV, Sherbourne CD, Jordan KG, Landay MJ, Miller GL, Summa JA. Making the transition: the role of helical CT in the evaluation of potentially acute thoracic aortic injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176: 1267-1272.
Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Buell J, Rodriguez A. Use of spiral computed tomography for the assessment of blunt trauma patients with potential aortic injury. J Trauma 1998;45:922-930.
Quint LE, Francis IR, Williams DM, Bass JC, Shea MJ, Frayer DL, Monaghan HM, Deeb GM. Evaluationofthoracic aortic disease with the useof helicalCTand multi-planar reconstructions: comparison with surgical findings. Radiology 1996;201: 37-41.
Einstein AJ, Weiner SD, Bernheim A, Kulon M, Bokhari S, Johnson LL, Moses JW, Balter S. Multiple testing, cumulative radiation dose, and clinical indications in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging. JAMA 2010;304:2137-2144.
Blockmans D, de Ceuninck L, Vanderschueren S, Knockaert D, Mortelmans L, Bobbaers H. Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55: 131-137.
Walter MA, Melzer RA, Schindler C, Muller-Brand J, Tyndall A, Nitzsche EU. The valueof[18F]FDG-PETinthe diagnosisoflarge-vessel vasculitis and the assessment of activity and extent of disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:674-681.
Kuehl H, Eggebrecht H, Boes T, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Ladd S, Bockisch A, Barkhausen J, Erbel R. Detection of inflammation in patients with acute aortic syndrome: comparisonofFDG-PET/CT imaging and serological markersofinflamma-tion. Heart 2008;94:1472-1477.
Tokuda Y, Oshima H, Araki Y, Narita Y, Mutsuga M, Kato K, Usui A. Detection of thoracic aortic prosthetic graft infection with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;43: 1183-1187.
Litmanovich D, Bankier AA, Cantin L, Raptopoulos V, Boiselle PM. CT and MRI in diseases of the aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:928-940.
Holloway BJ, Rosewarne D, Jones RG. Imaging of thoracic aortic disease. Br J Radiol 2011;84 Spec No 3:S338-S354.
Barker AJ, Markl M, Burk J, Lorenz R, Bock J, Bauer S, Schulz-Menger J, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F. Bicuspid aortic valve is associated with altered wall shear stress in the ascending aorta. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:457-466.
Natsis KI, Tsitouridis IA, Didagelos MV, Fillipidis AA, Vlasis KG, Tsikaras PD. Anatomical variations in the branches of the human aortic arch in 633 angiographies: clinical significance and literature review. Surg Radiol Anat 2009;31:319-323.
Ben-Shlomo Y, Spears M, Boustred C, May M, Anderson SG, Benjamin EJ, Boutouyrie P, Cameron J, Chen CH, Cruickshank JK, Hwang SJ, Lakatta EG, Laurent S, Maldonado J, Mitchell GF, Najjar SS, Newman AB, Ohishi M, Pannier B, Pereira T, Vasan RS, Shokawa T, Sutton-Tyrell K, Verbeke F, Wang KL, Webb DJ, Hansen TW, Zoungas S, McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17, 635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013.
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O'Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review, meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1865-1871.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, Burnier M, Ambrosioni E, Caufield M, Coca A, Olsen MH, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Clement DL, Gillebert TC, Rosei EA, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Hitij JB, Caulfield M, De Buyzere M, De Geest S, Derumeaux GA, Erdine S, Farsang C, Funck-Brentano C, Gerc V, Germano G, Gielen S, Haller H, Jordan J, Kahan T, Komajda M, Lovic D, Mahrholdt H, Ostergren J, Parati G, Perk J, Polonia J, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Ryden L, Sirenko Y, Stanton A, Struijker-Boudier H, Vlachopoulos C, Volpe M, Wood DA. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2159-2219.
Brady AR, Thompson SG, Fowkes FG, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Abdominalaortic aneurysm expansion: risk factors and time intervals for surveillance. Circulation 2004;110:16-21.
Groenink M, den Hartog AW, Franken R, Radonic T, de Waard V, Timmermans J, Scholte AJ, van den Berg MP, Spijkerboer AM, Marquering HA, Zwinderman AH, Mulder BJ. Losartan reduces aortic dilatation rate in adults with Marfan syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3491-3500.
Chiu HH, Wu MH, Wang JK, Lu CW, Chiu SN, Chen CA, Lin MT, Hu FC. Losartan addedto beta-blockade therapy for aortic root dilation in Marfan syndrome: a randomized, open-label pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:271-276.
Shores J, Berger KR, Murphy EA, Pyeritz RE. Progression ofaortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1335-1341.
Jovin IS, Duggal M, Ebisu K, Paek H, Oprea AD, Tranquilli M, Rizzo J, Memet R, Feldman M, Dziura J, Brandt CA, Elefteriades JA. Comparison of the effect on long-term outcomes in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms of taking versus not taking a statin drug. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1050-1054.
Stein LH, Berger J, Tranquilli M, Elefteraides JA. Effect of statin drugs on thoracic aortic aneurysms. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1240-1245.
de Bruin JL, Baas AF, Heymans MW, Buimer MG, Prinssen M, Grobbee DE, Blankensteijn JD. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival after endovas-cular and open aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2014;59:p39-44 e1.
Hoshina K, Nemoto M, Hashimoto T, Miura S, Urabe G, Nakazawa T, Hosaka A, Kato M, Ohkubo N, Miyairi T, Okamoto H, Shigematsu K, Miyata T. Study Design of PROCEDURE Study. A Randomized Comparison of the Dose-Dependent Effects of Pitavastatin in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with Massive Aortic Atheroma: Prevention of Cholesterol Embolization during Endovascular and Open Aneurysm Repair with Pitavastatin (PROCEDURE) Study. Ann Vasc Dis 2013;6:62-66.
Weigang E, Parker JA, Czerny M, Lonn L, Bonser RS, Carrel TP, Mestres CA, Di Bartolomeo R, Schepens MA, Bachet JE, Vahl CF, Grabenwoger M. Should intentional endovascular stent-graft coverage of the left subclavian artery be preceded by prophylactic revascularisation? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:858-868.
Weigang E, Hartert M, Siegenthaler MP, Beckmann NA, Sircar R, Szabo G, Etz CD, Luehr M, von Samson P, Beyersdorf F. Perioperative management to improve neurologic outcome in thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic stent-grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1679-1687.
Eggebrecht H, Thompson M, Rousseau H, Czerny M, Lonn L, Mehta RH, Erbel R. Retrograde ascending aortic dissection during or after thoracic aortic stent graft placement: insight from the European registry on endovascular aortic repair complications. Circulation 2009;120:S276-S281.
Eggebrecht H, Nienaber CA, Neuhauser M, Baumgart D, Kische S, Schmermund A, Herold U, Rehders TC, Jakob HG, Erbel R. Endovascular stent-graft placement in aortic dissection: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2006;27:489-498.
White GH, May J, Petrasek P. Specific complications of endovascular aortic repair. Semin Interv Cardiol 2000;5:35-46.
Kallenbach K, Kojic D, Oezsoez M, Bruckner T, Sandrio S, Arif R, Beller CJ, Weymann A, Karck M. Treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms using different surgical techniques: a single-centre experience with 548 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:337-345.
Perreas K, Samanidis G, Dimitriou S, Kalogris P, Balanika M, Antzaka C, Khoury M, Michalis A. Outcomes after ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch repair using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion: analysis of 207 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012;15:456-461.
Achneck HE, Rizzo JA, Tranquilli M, Elefteriades JA. Safetyofthoracic aortic surgery in the present era. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1180-1185.
Di Eusanio M, Schepens MA, Morshuis WJ, Dossche KM, Di Bartolomeo R, Pacini D, Pierangeli A, Kazui T, Ohkura K, Washiyama N. Brain protection using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion: a multicenter study. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76: p1181-1188; discussion 1188-1189.
Higami T, Kozawa S, Asada T, Obo H, Gan K, Iwahashi K, Nohara H. Retrograde cerebral perfusion versus selective cerebral perfusion as evaluated by cerebral oxygen saturation during aortic arch reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67: 1091-1096.
Shrestha M, Martens A, Kruger H, Maeding I, Ius F, Fleissner F, Haverich A. Total aortic arch replacement with the elephant trunk technique: single-centre 30-year results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;45:289-296.
Roselli EE, Rafael A, Soltesz EG, Canale L, Lytle BW. Simplified frozen elephant trunk repair for acute De Bakey type I dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 145:S197-S201.
Jakob H, Dohle DS, Piotrowski J, Benedik J, Thielmann M, Marggraf G, Erbel R, Tsagakis K. Six-year experience with a hybrid stent graft prosthesis for extensive thoracic aortic disease: an interim balance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;42: 1018-1025.
Cao P, De Rango P, Czerny M, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Nienaber C, Rousseau H, Schepens M. Systematic review of clinical outcomes in hybrid procedures for aortic arch dissections and other arch diseases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1286-1300, 1300 e1-e2.
Czerny M, Weigang E, Sodeck G, Schmidli J, Antona C, Gelpi G, Friess T, Klocker J, Szeto WY, Moeller P, Pochettino A, Bavaria JE. Targeting landing zone 0 by total arch rerouting and TEVAR: midterm results of a transcontinental registry. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94:84-89.
Ius F, Fleissner F, Pichlmaier M, Karck M, Martens A, Haverich A, Shrestha M. Total aortic arch replacement with the frozen elephant trunk technique: 10-year follow-up single-centre experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:949-957.
Karck M, Chavan A, Hagl C, Friedrich H, Galanski M, Haverich A. The frozen elephant trunk technique: a new treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1550-1553.
Di Bartolomeo R, Di Marco L, Armaro A, Marsilli D, Leone A, Pilato E, Pacini D. Treatment of complex disease of the thoracic aorta: the frozen elephant trunk technique with the E-vita open prosthesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:p671-675; discussion 675-676.
Di Eusanio M, Petridis FD, Pacini D, Di Bartolomeo R. Facilitated aortic arch repair with the frozen elephant trunk technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40: 1261-1262.
Johansson G, Markstrom U, Swedenborg J. Ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms: a study of incidence and mortality rates. J Vasc Surg 1995;21:985-988.
Minatoya K, Ogino H, Matsuda H, Sasaki H, Yagihara T, Kitamura S. Replacement of the descending aorta: recent outcomes of open surgery performed with partial cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136:431-435.
Patel HJ, Shillingford MS, Mihalik S, Proctor MC, Deeb GM. Resection of the descending thoracic aorta: outcomes after use of hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:p90-5; discussion 95-96.
Kouchoukos NT. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2012;1: 409-411.
Crawford ES, Crawford JL, Safi HJ, Coselli JS, Hess KR, Brooks B, Norton HJ, Glaeser DH. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: preoperative and intraopera-tive factors determining immediate and long-term results of operations in 605 patients. J Vasc Surg 1986;3:389-404.
Coselli JS, Bozinovski J, Le Maire SA. Open surgical repairof2286 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:S862-S864.
Schepens MA, Vermeulen FE, Morshuis WJ, Dossche KM, van Dongen EP, Ter Beek HT, Boezeman EH. Impact of left heart bypass on the results of thoracoab-dominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1963-1967; discussion 1979-1980.
Koksoy C, Le Maire SA, Curling PE, Raskin SA, Schmittling ZC, Conklin LD, Coselli JS. Renal perfusion during thoracoabdominal aortic operations: cold crystalloid is superior to normothermic blood. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:730-738.
Lemaire SA, Jones MM, Conklin LD, Carter SA, Criddell MD, Wang XL, Raskin SA, Coselli JS. Randomized comparison of cold blood and cold crystalloid renal perfu-sion for renal protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:11-19; discussion 19.
Kouchoukos NT, Masetti P, Rokkas CK, Murphy SF. Hypothermiccardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest for operations on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:S1885-S1887; discussion S1892-S1898.
Kulik A, Castner CF, Kouchoukos NT. Outcomes after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:953-960.
Fehrenbacher JW, Hart DW, Huddleston E, Siderys H, Rice C. Optimal end-organ protection for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1041-1046.
Coselli JS, Le Maire SA, Koksoy C, Schmittling ZC, Curling PE. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage reduces paraplegia afterthoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair:results of a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg 2002;35:631-639.
Crawford ES, Svensson LG, Hess KR, Shenaq SS, Coselli JS, Safi HJ, Mohindra PK, Rivera V. A prospective randomized study of cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia after high-risk surgery on the thoracoabdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg 1991;13:36-45; discussion 45-46.
Acher CW, Wynn MM, Hoch JR, Popic P, Archibald J, Turnipseed WD. Combined use of cerebral spinal fluid drainage and naloxone reduces the risk of paraplegia in thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:236-246.
Khaladj N, Shrestha M, Meck S, Peterss S, Kamiya H, Kallenbach K, Winterhalter M, Hoy L, Haverich A, Hagl C. Hypothermic circulatoryarrestwith selective antegrade cerebral perfusion in ascending aortic and aortic arch surgery: a risk factor analysis for adverse outcome in 501 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;135:908-914.
Reul GJ, Cooley DA, Hallman GL, Reddy SB, Kyger ER 3rd, Wukasch DC. Dissecting aneurysmof the descending aorta. Improved surgical results in 91 patients. Arch Surg 1975;110:632-640.
Svensson LG, Labib SB, Eisenhauer AC, Butterly JR. Intimal tear without hematoma: an important variant of aortic dissection that can elude current imaging techniques. Circulation 1999;99:1331-1336.
Januzzi JL, Eagle KA, Cooper JV, Fang J, Sechtem U, Myrmel T, Evangelista A, Oh JK, Llovet A, O'Gara PT, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM. Acute aortic dissection presenting with congestive heart failure: results from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:733-735.
Bonnefoy E, Godon P, Kirkorian G, Chabaud S, Touboul P. Significance of serum troponin I elevation in patients with acute aortic dissection of the ascending aorta. Acta Cardiol 2005;60:165-170.
Gilon D, Mehta RH, Oh JK, Januzzi JL Jr., Bossone E, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Fang J, Nienaber CA, Eagle KA, Isselbacher EM. Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients with cardiac tamponade complicating type A acute aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1029-1031.
Di Eusanio M, Trimarchi S, Patel HJ, Hutchison S, Suzuki T, Peterson MD, Di Bartolomeo R, Folesani G, Pyeritz RE, Braverman AC, Montgomery DG, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Eagle KA, Fattori R. Clinical presentation, management, and short-term outcome of patients with type A acute dissection complicated by mesenteric malperfusion: observations from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:p385-390 e1.
Moro H, Hayashi J, Sogawa M. Surgical managementofthe ruptured aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:593-594.
Trimarchi S, Tolenaar JL, Tsai TT, Froehlich J, Pegorer M, Upchurch GR, Fattori R, Sundt TM 3rd, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, Eagle KA. Influence of clinical presentation on the outcome of acute B aortic dissection: evidences from IRAD. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2012;53:161-168.
Klompas M. Does this patient have an acute thoracic aortic dissection? JAMA 2002; 287:2262-2272.
Jex RK, Schaff HV, Piehler JM, Orszulak TA, Puga FJ, King RM, Danielson GK, Pluth JR. Repair of ascending aortic dissection. Influence of associated aortic valve insufficiency on early and late results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;93:375-384.
Erbel R, Oelert H, Meyer J, Puth M, Mohr-Katoly S, Hausmann D, Daniel W, Maffei S, Caruso A, Covino FE. Effect of medical and surgical therapy on aortic dissection evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. Implications for prognosis and therapy. The European Cooperative Study Groupon Echocardiography. Circulation 1993;87:1604-1615.
Janosi RA, Buck T, Erbel R. Mechanism of coronary malperfusion due to type-a aortic dissection. Herz 2009;34:478.
Bossone E, Corteville DC, Harris KM, Suzuki T, Fattori R, Hutchison S, Ehrlich MP, Pyeritz RE, Steg PG, Greason K, Evangelista A, Kline-Rogers E, Montgomery DG, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Eagle KA. Stroke and outcomes in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Circulation 2013;128:S175-S179.
Rogers AM, Hermann LK, Booher AM, Nienaber CA, Williams DM, Kazerooni EA, Froehlich JB, O'Gara PT, Montgomery DG, Cooper JV, Harris KM, Hutchison S, Evangelista A, Isselbacher EM, Eagle KA. Sensitivity of the aortic dissection detection risk score, anovel guideline-based tool for identification of acute aortic dissection at initial presentation: results from the international registry of acute aortic dissection. Circulation 2011;123:2213-2218.
Eggebrecht H, Mehta RH, Metozounve H, Huptas S, Herold U, Jakob HG, Erbel R. Clinical implications of systemic inflammatory response syndrome following thoracic aortic stent-graft placement. J Endovasc Ther 2008;15:135-143.
Suzuki T, Bossone E, Sawaki D, Janosi RA, Erbel R, Eagle K, Nagai R. Biomarkers of aortic diseases. Am Heart J 2013;165:15-25.
Taylor RA, Iyer NS. A decision analysis to determine a testing threshold for computed tomographic angiography and D-dimerin the evaluationof aortic dissection. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31:1047-1055.
Shimony A, Filion KB, Mottillo S, Dourian T, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-analysis of usefulness of d-dimer to diagnose acute aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 2011;107: 1227-1234.
Suzuki T, Distante A, Zizza A, Trimarchi S, Villani M, Salerno Uriarte JA, De Luca Tupputi Schinosa L, Renzulli A, Sabino F, Nowak R, Birkhahn R, Hollander JE, Counselman F, Vijayendran R, Bossone E, Eagle K. Diagnosis of acute aortic dissection byD-dimer: the International Registryof Acute Aortic Dissection Substudy on Biomarkers (IRAD-Bio) experience. Circulation 2009;119:2702-2707.
Sutherland A, Escano J, Coon TP. D-dimerasthe sole screening test for acute aortic dissection: a review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:339-343.
Suzuki T, Distante A, Zizza A, Trimarchi S, Villani M, Salerno Uriarte JA, de Luca Tupputi Schinosa L, Renzulli A, Sabino F, Nowak R, Birkhahn R, Hollander JE, Counselman F, Bossone E, Eagle K. Preliminary experience with the smooth muscle troponin-like protein, calponin, as a novel biomarker for diagnosing acute aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1439-1445.
Giachino F, Loiacono M, Lucchiari M, Manzo M, Battista S, Saglio E, Lupia E, Moiraghi C, Hirsch E, Mengozzi G, Morello F. Rule out of acute aortic dissection with plasma matrix metalloproteinase 8 in the emergency department. Crit Care 2013;17:R33.
Nozato T, Sato A, Hirose S, Hikita H, Takahashi A, Endo H, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Aonuma K, Hiroe M. Preliminary study of serum tenascin-C levels as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of type B acute aortic dissection. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:4267-4269.
Erbel R, Mohr-Kahaly S, Oelert H, Iversen S, Jakob H, Thelen M, Just M, Meyer J. [Diagnostic goals in aortic dissection. Value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography]. Herz 1992;17:321-337.
Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, Siglow V, Piepho A, Brockhoff C, Koschyk DH, Spielmann RP. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by non-invasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1-9.
Mintz GS, Kotler MN, Segal BL, Parry WR. Two dimensional echocardiographic recognition of the descending thoracic aorta. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:232-238.
Khandheria BK, Tajik AJ, Taylor CL, Safford RE, Miller FA Jr., Stanson AW, Sinak LJ, Oh JK, Seward JB. Aortic dissection: review of value and limitations of two-dimensional echocardiography in a six-year experience. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989;2:17-24.
Iliceto S, Ettorre G, Francioso G, Antonelli G, Biasco G, Rizzon P. Diagnosis of an-eurysm of the thoracic aorta. Comparison between two non invasive techniques: two-dimensional echocardiography and computed tomography. Eur Heart J 1984;5:545-555.
Erbel R, Engberding R, Daniel W, Roelandt J, Visser C, Rennollet H. Echocardiog-raphy in diagnosis of aortic dissection. Lancet 1989;1:457-461.
Mohr-Kahaly S, Erbel R, Rennollet H, Wittlich N, Drexler M, Oelert H, Meyer J. Am-bulatory follow-up of aortic dissection by transesophageal two-dimensional and color-coded Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 1989;80:24-33.
Gueret P, Senechal C, Roudaut R, Cormier B, Wolf J, Tribouilloy C, Cohen A, Lusson J, Bensaid J. Comparisonoftransesophageal and transthoracic echocardiog-raphy in acute aortic dissection. A multi-center prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:A260.
Demos TC, Posniak HV, Churchill RJ. Detection of the intimal flap of aortic dissection on unenhanced CT images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986;146:601-603.
Kaji S, Nishigami K, Akasaka T, Hozumi T, Takagi T, Kawamoto T, Okura H, Shono H, Horibata Y, Honda T, Yoshida K. Prediction of progression or regression of type A aortic intramural hematoma by computed tomography. Circulation 1999;100:II281-II286.
Rubin GD. Helical CT angiography of the thoracic aorta. J Thorac Imaging 1997;12: 128-149.
Rubin GD, Beaulieu CF, Argiro V, Ringl H, Norbash AM, Feller JF, Dake MD, Jeffrey RB, Napel S. Perspective volume rendering of CT and MR images: applications for endoscopic imaging. Radiology 1996;199:321-330.
Garzon G, Fernandez-Velilla M, Marti M, Acitores I, Ybanez F, Riera L. Endovascular stent-graft treatment of thoracic aortic disease. Radiographics 2005;25 Suppl 1: S229-S244.
Le Page MA, Quint LE, Sonnad SS, Deeb GM, Williams DM. Aortic dissection: CT features that distinguish true lumen from false lumen. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177:207-211.
Sommer T, Fehske W, Holzknecht N, Smekal AV, Keller E, Lutterbey G, Kreft B, Kuhl C, Gieseke J, Abu-Ramadan D, Schild H. Aortic dissection: a comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, and MR imaging. Radiology 1996;199:347-352.
Kaji S, Akasaka T, Horibata Y, Nishigami K, Shono H, Katayama M, Yamamuro A, Morioka S, Morita I, Tanemoto K, Honda T, Yoshida K. Long-term prognosis of patients with type a aortic intramural hematoma. Circulation 2002;106:I248-I252.
Kucich VA, Vogelzang RL, Hartz RS, Lo Cicero J 3rd, Dalton D. Ruptured thoracic aneurysm: unusual manifestation and early diagnosis using CT. Radiology 1986; 160:87-89.
Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, Wintersperger BJ, Knez A, Boekstegers P, Reiser MF, Becker CR. ECG-gated 64-MDCT angiography in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:76-82.
Batra P, Bigoni B, Manning J, Aberle DR, Brown K, Hart E, Goldin J. Pitfallsin the diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection at CT angiography. Radiographics 2000;20: 309-20.
Posniak HV, Olson MC, Demos TC. Aortic motion artifact simulating dissection on CT scans: elimination with reconstructive segmented images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993;161:557-558.
Raptopoulos VD, Boiselle PB, Michailidis N, Handwerker J, Sabir A, Edlow JA, Pedrosa I, Kruskal JB. MDCT angiography of acute chest pain: evaluation of ECG-gated and nongated techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:S346-S356.
Loubeyre P, Angelie E, Grozel F, Abidi H, Minh VA. Spiral CT artifact that simulates aortic dissection: image reconstruction with use of 180 degrees and 360 degrees linear-interpolation algorithms. Radiology 1997;205:153-157.
Deutsch HJ, Sechtem U, Meyer H, Theissen P, Schicha H, Erdmann E. Chronic aortic dissection: comparison of MR Imaging and transesophageal echocardiography. Radiology 1994;192:645-650.
Sakamoto I, Sueyoshi E, Uetani M. MR imaging of the aorta. Radiol Clin North Am 2007;45:485-497, viii.
Bogaert J, Meyns B, Rademakers FE, Bosmans H, Verschakelen J, Flameng W, Marchal G, Baert AL. Follow-up of aortic dissection: contribution of MR angiog-raphy for evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches. Eur Radiol 1997;7: 695-702.
Wagner S, Auffermann W, Buser P, Lim TH, Kircher B, Pflugfelder P, Higgins CB. Diagnostic accuracy and estimation of the severity of valvular regurgitation from the signal void on cine magnetic resonance images. Am Heart J 1989;118:760-767.
van Rossum AC, Post JC, Visser CA. Coronary imaging using MRI. Herz 1996;21: 97-105.
Pelc NJ, Herfkens RJ, Shimakawa A, Enzmann DR. Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q 1991;7:229-254.
Honda T, Hamada M, Matsumoto Y, Matsuoka H, Hiwada K. Diagnosisof Thrombus and Blood Flow in Aortic Aneurysm Using Tagging Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Int J Angiol 1999;8:57-61.
Chiappini B, Schepens M, Tan E, Dell Amore A, Morshuis W, Dossche K, Bergonzini M, Camurri N, Reggiani LB, Marinelli G, Di Bartolomeo R. Early and late outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection: analysis of risk factors in 487 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J 2005;26:180-186.
Trimarchi S, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, Myrmel T, Suzuki T, Mehta RH, Bossone E, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Menicanti L, Frigiola A, Oh JK, Deeb MG, Isselbacher EM, Eagle KA. Contemporary results of surgery in acute type A aortic dissection: The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:112-122.
Perko MJ, Norgaard M, Herzog TM, Olsen PS, Schroeder TV, Pettersson G. Unop-erated aortic aneurysm: a survey of 170 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59: 1204-1209.
Trimarchi S, Eagle KA, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, Jonker FH, De Vincentiis C, Frigiola A, Menicanti L, Tsai T, Froehlich J, Evangelista A, Montgomery D, Bossone E, Cooper JV, Li J, Deeb MG, Meinhardt G, Sundt TM, Isselbacher EM. Roleofage inacute typeAaortic dissection outcome: report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140: 784-789.
Tang GH, Malekan R, Yu CJ, Kai M, Lansman SL, Spielvogel D. Surgery for acute type A aortic dissection in octogenarians is justified. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:S186-S190.
Shrestha M, Khaladj N, Haverich A, Hagl C. Is treatment of acute type A aortic dissection in septuagenarians justifiable? Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2008;16:33-36.
Bonser RS, Ranasinghe AM, Loubani M, Evans JD, Thalji NM, Bachet JE, Carrel TP, Czerny M, Di Bartolomeo R, Grabenwoger M, Lonn L, Mestres CA, Schepens MA, Weigang E. Evidence, lackof evidence, controversy, and debate in the provision and performance of the surgery of acute type A aortic dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:2455-2474.
Urbanski PP, Hijazi H, Dinstak W, Diegeler A. Valve-sparing aortic root repair in acute type A dissection: how many sinuses have to be repaired for curative surgery? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:439-443; discussion 443-444.
Hess PJ Jr., Klodell CT, Beaver TM, Martin TD. The Florida sleeve: a new technique for aortic root remodeling with preservation of the aortic valve and sinuses. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:748-750.
Subramanian S, Leontyev S, Borger MA, Trommer C, Misfeld M, Mohr FW. Valve-sparing root reconstruction does not compromise survival in acute type A aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94:1230-1234.
Shrestha M, Baraki H, Maeding I, Fitzner S, Sarikouch S, Khaladj N, Hagl C, Haverich A. Long-term results after aortic valve-sparing operation (David I). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;41:56-61; discussion 61-62.
Leontyev S, Borger MA, Etz CD, Moz M, Seeburger J, Bakhtiary F, Misfeld M, Mohr FW. Experience with the conventional and frozen elephant trunk techniques: a single-centre study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:1076-1082; discussion 1083.
Tsagakis K, Pacini D, Di Bartolomeo R, Gorlitzer M, Weiss G, Grabenwoger M, Mestres CA, Benedik J, Cerny S, Jakob H. Multicenter early experience with extended aortic repair in acute aortic dissection: is simultaneous descending stent grafting justified? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:S116-S120; discussion S142-S146.
Shrestha M, Pichlmaier M, Martens A, Hagl C, Khaladj N, Haverich A. Total aortic arch replacement with a novel four-branched frozen elephant trunk graft: first-in-man results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;43:406-410.
Di Eusanio M, Schepens MA, Morshuis WJ, Dossche KM, Kazui T, Ohkura K, Washiyama N, Di Bartolomeo R, Pacini D, Pierangeli A. Separate grafts or en bloc anastomosis for arch vessels reimplantation to the aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:2021-2028.
Kazui T, Washiyama N, Muhammad BA, Terada H, Yamashita K, Takinami M, Tamiya Y. Extended total arch replacement for acute type a aortic dissection: experience with seventy patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:558-565.
Pocar M, Passolunghi D, Moneta A, Donatelli F. Recovery of severe neurological dysfunction after restoration of cerebral blood flow in acute aortic dissection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010;10:839-841.
Tsukube T, Hayashi T, Kawahira T, Haraguchi T, Matsukawa R, Kozawa S, Ogawa K, Okita Y. Neurological outcomes after immediate aortic repair for acute type A aortic dissection complicated by coma. Circulation 2011;124:S163-S167.
Williams DM, Brothers TE, Messina LM. Relief of mesenteric ischemia in type III aortic dissection with percutaneous fenestration of the aortic septum. Radiology 1990;174:450-452.
Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, Dirsch O, Erbel R. Percutaneous balloon fenestration of the intimal flap for managementoflimb threatening ischaemiain acute aortic dissection. Heart 2003;89:973.
Bartel T, Eggebrecht H, Ebradlidze T, Baumgart D, Erbel R. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Optimal guidance for intimal flap fenestration in aortic dissection by transvenous two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonography. Circulation 2003; 107:e17-e18.
Beregi JP, Prat A, Gaxotte V, Delomez M, McFadden EP. Endovascular treatment for dissection of the descending aorta. Lancet 2000;356:482-483.
Midulla M, Renaud A, Martinelli T, Koussa M, Mounier-Vehier C, Prat A, Beregi JP. Endovascular fenestration in aortic dissection with acute malperfusion syndrome: immediate and late follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:66-72.
Zimpfer D, Czerny M, Kettenbach J, Schoder M, Wolner E, Lammer J, Grimm M. Treatment of acute type a dissection by percutaneous endovascular stent-graft placement. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:747-749.
Metcalfe MJ, Holt PJ, Hinchliffe RJ, Morgan R, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Fene-strated endovascular aneurysm repair: graft complexity does not predict outcome. J Endovasc Ther 2012;19:528-535.
Nienaber CA, Rousseau H, Eggebrecht H, Kische S, Fattori R, Rehders TC, Kundt G, Scheinert D, Czerny M, Kleinfeldt T, Zipfel B, Labrousse L, Ince H. Randomized comparison of strategies for type B aortic dissection: the INvestigation of STEnt Grafts in Aortic Dissection (INSTEAD) trial. Circulation 2009;120:2519-2528.
Nienaber CA, Kische S, Rousseau H, Eggebrecht H, Rehders TC, Kundt G, Glass A, Scheinert D, Czerny M, Kleinfeldt T, Zipfel B, Labrousse L, Fattori R, Ince H. Endo-vascular repair of type B aortic dissection: long-term results of the randomized investigation of stent grafts in aortic dissection trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6: 407-416.
Fattori R, Montgomery D, Lovato L, Kische S, Di Eusanio M, Ince H, Eagle KA, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA. Survival after endovascular therapy in patients with type B aortic dissection: a report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6:876-882.
Weiss G, Wolner I, Folkmann S, Sodeck G, Schmidli J, Grabenwoger M, Carrel T, Czerny M. The location of the primary entry tear in acute type B aortic dissection affects early outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;42:571-576.
Heijmen RH, Thompson MM, Fattori R, Goktay Y, Teebken OE, Orend KH. Valiant thoracicstent-graft deployed with the new captivia delivery system: procedural and 30-day results of the Valiant Captivia registry. J Endovasc Ther 2012;19:213-225.
Bozinovski J, Coselli JS. Outcomes and survival in surgical treatment of descending thoracic aorta with acute dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:965-970.
Fattori R, Tsai TT, Myrmel T, Evangelista A, Cooper JV, Trimarchi S, Li J, Lovato L, Kische S, Eagle KA, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA. Complicated acute type Bdissec-tion: is surgery still the best option?: a report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:395-402.
Weiss G, Tsagakis K, Jakob H, Di Bartolomeo R, Pacini D, Barberio G, Mascaro J, Mestres CA, Sioris T, Grabenwoger M. The frozen elephant trunk technique for the treatment of complicated type B aortic dissection with involvement of the aortic arch: multicentre early experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014.
Murzi M, Tiwari KK, Farneti PA, Glauber M. Might type A acute dissection repair with the addition of a frozen elephant trunk improve long-term survival compared to standard repair? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010;11:98-102.
von Kodolitsch Y, Csosz SK, Koschyk DH, Schalwat I, Loose R, Karck M, Dieckmann C, Fattori R, Haverich A, Berger J, Meinertz T, Nienaber CA. Intramural hematoma of the aorta: predictors of progression to dissection and rupture. Circulation 2003;107:1158-1163.
Evangelista A, Mukherjee D, Mehta RH, O'Gara PT, Fattori R, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Oh JK, Hutchison S, Sechtem U, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Pape LA, Eagle KA. Acute intramural hematoma of the aorta: a mystery in evolution. Circulation 2005; 111:1063-1070.
Song JK. Diagnosis of aortic intramural haematoma. Heart 2004;90:368-371.
Cecconi M, Chirillo F, Costantini C, Iacobone G, Lopez E, Zanoli R, Gili A, Moretti S, Manfrin M, Munch C, Torracca L, Perna GP. The role of transthoracic echocardiog-raphy in the diagnosis and management of acute typeAaortic syndrome. Am Heart J 2012;163:112-118.
O'Gara PT, De Sanctis RW. Acute aortic dissection and its variants. Toward a common diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Circulation 1995;92:1376-1378.
Bluemke DA. Definitive diagnosis of intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta with MR imaging. Radiology 1997;204:319-321.
Murray JG, Manisali M, Flamm SD, Van Dyke CW, Lieber ML, Lytle BW, White RD. Intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta: MR image findings and their prognostic implications. Radiology 1997;204:349-355.
Evangelista A, Dominguez R, Sebastia C, Salas A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Avegliano G, Elorz C, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Garcia Del Castillo H, Soler-Soler J. Long-term follow-up of aortic intramural hematoma: predictors of outcome. Circulation 2003;108:583-589.
Estrera A, Miller C 3rd, Lee TY, De Rango P, Abdullah S, Walkes JC, Milewicz D, Safi H. Acute type A intramural hematoma: analysis of current management strategy. Circulation 2009;120:S287-S291.
Harris KM, Braverman AC, Eagle KA, Woznicki EM, Pyeritz RE, Myrmel T, Peterson MD, Voehringer M, Fattori R, Januzzi JL, Gilon D, Montgomery DG, Nienaber CA, Trimarchi S, Isselbacher EM, Evangelista A. Acute aortic intramural hematoma: an analysis from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. Circulation 2012;126:S91-S96.
Kan CB, Chang RY, Chang JP. Optimal initial treatment and clinical outcome of type A aortic intramural hematoma: a clinical review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33: 1002-1006.
Kitai T, Kaji S, Yamamuro A, Tani T, Tamita K, Kinoshita M, Ehara N, Kobori A, Nasu M, Okada Y, Furukawa Y. Clinical outcomes of medical therapy and timelyop-eration in initially diagnosed type a aortic intramural hematoma: a 20-year experience. Circulation 2009;120:S292-S298.
Song JK, Yim JH, Ahn JM, Kim DH, Kang JW, Lee TY, Song JM, Choo SJ, Kang DH, Chung CH, Lee JW, Lim TH. Outcomes of patients with acute type a aortic intramural hematoma. Circulation 2009;120:2046-2052.
Ganaha F, Miller DC, Sugimoto K, Do YS, Minamiguchi H, Saito H, Mitchell RS, Dake MD. Prognosis of aortic intramural hematoma with and without penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer: a clinical and radiological analysis. Circulation 2002;106: 342-348.
Evangelista A, Dominguez R, Sebastia C, Salas A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Avegliano G, Gomez-Bosh Z, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Garcia del Castillo H, Soler-Soler J. Prognostic value of clinical and morphologic findings in short-term evolution of aortic intramural haematoma. Therapeutic implications. Eur Heart J 2004;25:81-87.
Song JM, Kim HS, Song JK, Kang DH, Hong MK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ, Lim TH, Song MG. Usefulness of the initial noninvasive imaging study to predict the adverse outcomesinthe medical treatment ofacute typeAaortic intramural hema-toma. Circulation 2003;108 Suppl 1:II324-II328.
Bosma MS, Quint LE, Williams DM, Patel HJ, Jiang Q, Myles JD. Ulcerlike projections developing in noncommunicating aortic dissections: CT findings and natural history. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:895-905.
Quint LE, Williams DM, Francis IR, Monaghan HM, Sonnad SS, Patel S, Deeb GM. Ulcerlike lesions of the aorta: imaging features and natural history. Radiology 2001;218:719-723.
Wu MT, Wang YC, Huang YL, Chang RS, Li SC, Yang P, Wu TH, Chiou KR, Huang JS, Liang HL, Pan HB. Intramural blood pools accompanying aortic intramural hema-toma: CT appearance and natural course. Radiology 2011;258:705-713.
Timperley J, Ferguson JD, Niccoli G, Prothero AD, Banning AP. Natural history of intramural hematoma of the descending thoracic aorta. Am J Cardiol 2003;91: 777-780.
Sueyoshi E, Matsuoka Y, Imada T, Okimoto T, Sakamoto I, Hayashi K. New development of an ulcerlike projection in aortic intramural hematoma: CT evaluation. Radiology 2002;224:536-541.
Kitai T, Kaji S, Yamamuro A, Tani T, Kinoshita M, Ehara N, Kobori A, Kim K, Kita T, Furukawa Y. Detection of intimal defect by 64-row multidetector computed tomography in patients with acute aortic intramural hematoma. Circulation 2011;124: S174-S178.
Kitai T, Kaji S, Yamamuro A, Tani T, Kinoshita M, Ehara N, Kobori A, Kita T, Furukawa Y. Impact of new development of ulcer-like projection on clinical outcomes in patients with type B aortic dissection with closed and thrombosed false lumen. Circulation 2010;122:S74-S80.
Eggebrecht H, Plicht B, Kahlert P, Erbel R. Intramural hematoma and penetrating ulcers: indications to endovascular treatment. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;38: 659-665.
Nathan DP, Boonn W, Lai E, Wang GJ, Desai N, Woo EY, Fairman RM, Jackson BM. Presentation, complications, and natural history of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer disease. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:10-15.
Harris JA, Bis KG, Glover JL, Bendick PJ, Shetty A, Brown OW. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the aorta. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:90-98; discussion 98-99.
Botta L, Buttazzi K, Russo V, Parlapiano M, Gostoli V, Di Bartolomeo R, Fattori R. Endovascular repair for penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta: early and mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:987-992.
Cho KR, Stanson AW, Potter DD, Cherry KJ, Schaff HV, Sundt TM 3rd. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta and arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1393-1399.
Troxler M, Mavor AI, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the aorta. Br J Surg 2001;88:1169-1177.
Eggebrecht H, Herold U, Schmermund A, Lind AY, Kuhnt O, Martini S, Kuhl H, Kienbaum P, Peters J, Jakob H, Erbel R, Baumgart D. Endovascular stent-graft treatment of penetrating aortic ulcer: results overa median follow-up of 27 months. Am Heart J 2006;151:53053-6.
Brinster DR, Wheatley GH 3rd, Williams J, Ramaiah VG, Diethrich EB, Rodriguez-Lopez JA. Are penetrating aortic ulcers best treated using an endovas-cular approach? Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1688-1691.
Demers P, Miller DC, Mitchell RS, Kee ST, Chagonjian L, Dake MD. Stent-graft repair of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers in the descending thoracic aorta: mid-term results. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:81-86.
Demetriades D, Velmahos GC, Scalea TM, Jurkovich GJ, Karmy-Jones R, Teixeira PG, Hemmila MR, O'Connor JV, McKenney MO, Moore FO, London J, Singh MJ, Lineen E, Spaniolas K, Keel M, Sugrue M, Wahl WL, Hill J, Wall MJ, Moore EE, Margulies D, Malka V, Chan LS. Operative repair or endovascular stent graft in blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries: results of an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multicenter Study. J Trauma 2008;64:561-70; discussion 570-571.
Shrestha M, Khaladj N, Baraki H, Al Ahmad A, Koigeldiyev N, Pichlmaier M, Haverich A, Hagl C. Aortic root reoperation: a technical challenge. J Heart Valve Dis 2010;19:177-181.
Di Eusanio M, Berretta P, Bissoni L, Petridis FD, Di Marco L, Di Bartolomeo R. Re-operations on the proximal thoracic aorta: results and predictors of short-and long-term mortality in a series of 174 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 40:1072-1076.
Leontyev S, Borger MA, Davierwala P, Walther T, Lehmann S, Kempfert J, Mohr FW. Redo aortic valve surgery: early and late outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;91:1120-1126.
Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL, Mandapati D, Darr U, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:476-491.
Jonker FH, Trimarchi S, Verhagen HJ, Moll FL, Sumpio BE, Muhs BE. Meta-analysis of open versus endovascular repair for ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneur-ysm. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:1026-1032, 1032 e1-1032 e2.
Jonker FH, Verhagen HJ, Lin PH, Heijmen RH, Trimarchi S, Lee WA, Moll FL, Atamneh H, Rampoldi V, Muhs BE. Open surgery versus endovascular repair of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2011;53:1210-1216.
Gopaldas RR, Dao TK, Le Maire SA, Huh J, Coselli JS. Endovascular versus open repair of ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneurysms: a nationwide risk-adjusted study of 923 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:1010-1018.
Richens D, Kotidis K, Neale M, Oakley C, Fails A. Rupture of the aorta following road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom 1992-1999. The results of the cooperative crash injury study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:143-148.
Azizzadeh A, Keyhani K, Miller CC 3rd, Coogan SM, Safi HJ, Estrera AL. Blunt traumatic aortic injury: initial experience with endovascular repair. J Vasc Surg 2009;49: 1403-1408.
Mosquera VX, Marini M, Muniz J, Asorey-Veiga V, Adrio-Nazar B, Boix R, Lopez-Perez JM, Pradas-Montilla G, Cuenca JJ. Traumatic aortic injury score (TRAINS): an easy and simple score for early detection of traumatic aortic injuries in major trauma patients with associated blunt chest trauma. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:1487-1496.
Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S, Morris EJ, Sapin PM, Johnson SB, Kearney PA. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 1995;332:356-362.
Vignon P, Gueret P, Vedrinne JM, Lagrange P, Cornu E, Abrieu O, Gastinne H, Bensaid J, Lang RM. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of traumatic aortic disruption. Circulation 1995;92:2959-2968.
Murad MH, Rizvi AZ, Malgor R, Carey J, Alkatib AA, Erwin PJ, Lee WA, Fairman RM. Comparative effectiveness of the treatments for thoracic aortic transection [corrected]. J Vasc Surg 2011;53:p193-199 e1-e21.
Lee WA, Matsumura JS, Mitchell RS, Farber MA, Greenberg RK, Azizzadeh A, Murad MH, Fairman RM. Endovascular repair of traumatic thoracic aortic injury: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:187-192.
Fabian TC, Davis KA, Gavant ML, Croce MA, Melton SM, Patton JH Jr., Haan CK, Weiman DS, Pate JW. Prospective study ofblunt aortic injury: helical CT isdiagnos-tic and antihypertensive therapy reduces rupture. Ann Surg 1998;227:p666-676; discussion 676-677.
Fabian TC, Richardson JD, Croce MA, Smith JS Jr, Rodman G Jr, Kearney PA, Flynn W, Ney AL, Cone JB, Luchette FA, Wisner DH, Scholten DJ, Beaver BL, Conn AK, Coscia R, Hoyt DB, Morris JA Jr, Harviel JD, Peitzman AB, Bynoe RP, Diamond DL, Wall M, Gates JD, Asensio JA, McCarthy MC, Girotti MJ, Van Wijngaarden M, Cogbill TH, Levison MA, Aprahamian C, Sutton JE Jr., Allen CF, Hirsch EF, Nagy K, Bachulis BL, Bales CR, Shapiro MJ, Metzler MH, Conti VR, Baker CC, Bannon MP, Ochsner MG, Thomason MH, Hiatt JR, O'Malley K, Obeid FN, Gray P, Bankey PE, Knudson MM, Dyess DL, Enderson BL. Prospective study of blunt aortic injury: Multicenter Trial of the American Association for the Surgeryof Trauma. J Trauma 1997;42:p374-380; discussion 380-383.
Estrera AL, Gochnour DC, Azizzadeh A, Miller CC 3rd, Coogan S, Charlton-Ouw K, Holcomb JB, Safi HJ. Progress in the treatment of blunt thoracic aortic injury: 12-year single-institution experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;90:64-71.
Bhaskar J, Foo J, Sharma AK. Clamp-and-sew technique for traumatic injuries of the aorta: 20-year experience. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2010;18:161-165.
von Oppell UO, Dunne TT, De Groot MK, Zilla P. Traumatic aortic rupture: twenty-year metaanalysis of mortality and risk of paraplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:585-593.
Cardarelli MG, McLaughlin JS, Downing SW, Brown JM, Attar S, Griffith BP. Management of traumatic aortic rupture: a 30-year experience. Ann Surg 2002;236: 465-469.
Azizzadeh A, Charlton-Ouw KM, Chen Z, Rahbar MH, Estrera AL, Amer H, Coogan SM, Safi HJ. An outcome analysis of endovascular versus open repair of blunt traumatic aortic injuries. J Vasc Surg 2013;57:108-114.
Durham CA, McNally MM, Parker FM, Bogey WM, Powell CS, Goettler CE, Rotondo MF, Stoner MC. A contemporary rural trauma center experience in blunt traumatic aortic injury. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:p884-889; discussion 889-890.
Forbes TL, Harris JR, Lawlor DK, Derose G. Aortic dilatation after endovascular repair of blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:45-48.
Geisbusch P, Kotelis D, Weber TF, Hyhlik-Durr A, Bockler D. Endovascular repair of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms isassociated with high perioperative mortality and morbidity. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:299-304.
Karmy-Jones R, Ferrigno L, Teso D, Long WB 3rd, Shackford S. Endovascular repair compared with operative repair of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: a non-systematic review and a plea for trauma-specific reporting guidelines. J Trauma 2011;71:1059-1072.
Lang JL, Minei JP, Modrall JG, Clagett GP, Valentine RJ. The limitations of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in altering the natural history of blunt aortic injury. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:290-297; discussion 297.
Oberhuber A, Erhard L, Orend KH, Sunder-Plassmann L. Ten years of endovascu-lar treatmentoftraumatic aortic transection:asingle centreexperience. Thorac Car-diovasc Surg 2010;58:143-147.
Rheaume P, Chen J, Casey P. Open vs endovascular repair of blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:76376-9.
Riesenman PJ, Brooks JD, Farber MA. Acute blunt traumatic injury to the descending thoracic aorta. J Vasc Surg 2012;56:1274-1280.
Tong MZ, Koka P, Forbes TL. Economic evaluation of open vs endovascular repair of blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:p31-38 e3.
Xenos ES, Bietz GJ, Davenport DL. Endoluminal versus open repair of descending thoracic aortic rupture: a review of the National Trauma Databank. Ther Adv Cardi-ovasc Dis 2011;5:221-225.
Erbel R, Bednarczyk I, Pop T, Todt M, Henrichs KJ, Brunier A, Thelen M, Meyer J. Detection of dissection of the aortic intima and media after angioplasty of coarcta-tion of the aorta. An angiographic, computer tomographic, and echocardiographic comparative study. Circulation 1990;81:805-814.
Holzer R, Qureshi S, Ghasemi A, Vincent J, Sievert H, Gruenstein D, Weber H, Alday L, Peirone A, Zellers T, Cheatham J, Slack M, Rome J. Stenting of aortic coarc-tation: acute, intermediate, and long-term results of a prospective multi-institutional registry: Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;76:553-563.
Piffaretti G, Mariscalco G, Tozzi M, Bruno VD, Sala A, Castelli P. Acute iatrogenic type A aortic dissection following thoracic aortic endografting. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:993-999.
Gerber RT, Osborn M, Mikhail GW. Delayed mortality from aortic dissection post transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): the tip of the iceberg. Catheter Car-diovasc Interv 2010;76:202-204.
Dunning DW, Kahn JK, Hawkins ET, O'Neill WW. Iatrogenic coronary artery dis-sectionsextending into involving the aortic root. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;51: 387-393.
Gomez-Moreno S, Sabate M, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Vazquez P, Alfonso F, Angiolillo DJ, Hernandez-Antolin R, Moreno R, Banuelos C, Escaned J, Macaya C. Iatrogenic dissection of the ascending aorta following heart catheterisation: incidence, management and outcome. Euro Intervention 2006;2:197-202.
Yip HK, Wu CJ, Yeh KH, Hang CL, Fang CY, Hsieh KY, Fu M. Unusual complication of retrograde dissection to the coronary sinus of valsalva during percutaneous revascularization: a single-center experience and literature review. Chest 2001; 119:493-501.
Leontyev S, Borger MA, Legare JF, Merk D, Hahn J, Seeburger J, Lehmann S, Mohr FW. Iatrogenic type A aortic dissection during cardiac procedures: early and late outcome in 48 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;41:641-646.
Zidi M, Nallet O, Esteve JB, Michaud P, Cattan S. [Extensive iatrogenic coronary dissection during coronary angioplasty: a series of 19 consecutive patients]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2010;59:306-310.
Januzzi JL, Sabatine MS, Eagle KA, Evangelista A, Bruckman D, Fattori R, Oh JK, Moore AG, Sechtem U, Llovet A, Gilon D, Pape L, O'Gara PT, Mehta R, Cooper JV, Hagan PG, Armstrong WF, Deeb GM, Suzuki T, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM. Iatrogenic aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:623-626.
Hultgren R, Larsson E, Wahlgren CM, Swedenborg J. Female and elderly abdominal aortic aneurysm patients more commonly have concurrent thoracic aortic aneur-ysm. Ann Vasc Surg 2012;26:918-923.
Chaer RA, Vasoncelos R, Marone LK, Al-Khoury G, Rhee RY, Cho JS, Makaroun MS. Synchronous and metachronous thoracic aneurysms in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2012;56:1261-1265.
Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C, Fowkes FG, Hiatt WR, Jonsson B, Lacroix P, Marin B, McDermott MM, Norgren L, Pande RL, Preux PM, Stoffers HE, Treat-Jacobson D. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;126:2890-2909.
Lee JJ, Dimick JB, Williams DM, Henke PK, Deeb GM, Eagle KA, Stanley JC, Upchurch GR Jr. Existence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with thoracic aortic dissections. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:671-675.
Diwan A, Sarkar R, Stanley JC, Zelenock GB, Wakefield TW. Incidence of femoral and popliteal artery aneurysms in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:863-869.
Karthikesalingam A, Bahia SS, Patterson BO, Peach G, Vidal-Diez A, Ray KK, Sharma R, Hinchliffe RJ, Holt PJ, Thompson MM. The shortfall in long-term survival of patients with repaired thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysms: retrospective case-control analysis of hospital episode statistics. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 46:533-541.
Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of C, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic S, Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, Borger MA, Carrel TP, De Bonis M, Evangelista A, Falk V, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Pierard L, Price S, Schafers HJ, Schuler G, Stepinska J, Swedberg K, Takkenberg J, Von Oppell UO, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zembala M. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 2451-2496.
Schaefer BM, Lewin MB, Stout KK, Gill E, Prueitt A, Byers PH, Otto CM. The bicuspid aortic valve: an integrated phenotypic classification of leaflet morphology and aortic root shape. Heart 2008;94:1634-1638.
Albornoz G, Coady MA, Roberts M, Davies RR, Tranquilli M, Rizzo JA, Elefteriades JA. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections: incidence, modes of inheritance, and phenotypic patterns. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82: 1400-1405.
Kuzmik GA, Sang AX, Elefteriades JA. Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2012;56:565-571.
Detaint D, Michelena HI, Nkomo VT, Vahanian A, Jondeau G, Sarano ME. Aortic dilatation patterns and rates in adults with bicuspid aortic valves: a comparative study with Marfan syndrome and degenerative aortopathy. Heart 2014;100: 126-134.
Kari FA, Russe MF, Peter P, Blanke P, Rylski B, Euringer W, Beyersdorf F, Siepe M. Late complications and distal growth rates of Marfan aortas after proximal aortic repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;44:163-171.
Jondeau G, Detaint D, Tubach F, Arnoult F, Milleron O, Raoux F, Delorme G, Mimoun L, Krapf L, Hamroun D, Beroud C, Roy C, Vahanian A, Boileau C. Aortic event rate in the Marfan population: a cohort study. Circulation 2012;125:226-232.
Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, Callewaert BL, Thomas GH, Pannu H, De Backer JF, Oswald GL, Symoens S, Manouvrier S, Roberts AE, Faravelli F, Greco MA, Pyeritz RE, Milewicz DM, Coucke PJ, Cameron DE, Braverman AC, Byers PH, De Paepe AM, Dietz HC. Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations inthe TGF-beta receptor. N Engl J Med 2006;355:788-798.
Attias D, Stheneur C, Roy C, Collod-Beroud G, Detaint D, Faivre L, Delrue MA, Cohen L, Francannet C, Beroud C, Claustres M, Iserin F, Khau Van Kien P, Lacombe D, Le Merrer M, Lyonnet S, Odent S, Plauchu H, Rio M, Rossi A, Sidi D, Steg PG, Ravaud P, Boileau C, Jondeau G. Comparison of clinical presentations and outcomes between patients with TGFBR2 and FBN1 mutations in Marfan syndrome and related disorders. Circulation 2009;120:2541-2549.
Michelena HI, Khanna AD, Mahoney D, Margaryan E, Topilsky Y, Suri RM, Eidem B, Edwards WD, Sundt TM3rd, Enriquez-Sarano M. Incidenceofaortic complications in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA 2011;306:1104-1112.
Gravholt CH, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Stochholm K, Hjerrild BE, Ledet T, Djurhuus CB, Sylven L, Baandrup U, Kristensen BO, Christiansen JS. Clinical and epidemiological description of aortic dissection in Turner's syndrome. Cardiol Young 2006;16:430-436.
Chiesa R, Melissano G, Tshomba Y, Civilini E, Marone EM, Bertoglio L, Calliari FM. Ten years of endovascular aortic arch repair. J Endovasc Ther 2010;17:1-11.
Walsh SR, Tang TY, Sadat U, Naik J, Gaunt ME, Boyle JR, Hayes PD, Varty K. Endo-vascular stenting versus open surgery for thoracic aortic disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative results. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:1094-1098.
Cheng D, Martin J, Shennib H, Dunning J, Muneretto C, Schueler S, Von Segesser L, Sergeant P, Turina M. Endovascular aortic repairversusopen surgical repairfor descending thoracic aortic disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:986-1001.
Bavaria JE, Appoo JJ, Makaroun MS, Verter J, Yu ZF, Mitchell RS. Endovascular stent grafting versus open surgical repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in low-risk patients: a multicenter comparative trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133:369-377.
Makaroun MS, Dillavou ED, Wheatley GH, Cambria RP. Five-year results of endo-vascular treatment with the Gore TAG device compared with open repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:912-918.
Goodney PP, Travis L, Lucas FL, Fillinger MF, Goodman DC, Cronenwett JL, Stone DH. Survival after open versus endovascular thoracic aortic aneurysm repair in an observational study of the Medicare population. Circulation 2011;124: 2661-2669.
Shah AA, Barfield ME, Andersen ND, Williams JB, Shah JA, Hanna JM, McCann RL, Hughes GC. Results of thoracic endovascular aortic repair 6 years after United States Food and Drug Administration approval. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94: 1394-1399.
Patterson B, Holt P, Nienaber C, Cambria R, Fairman R, Thompson M. Aortic pathology determines midterm outcome after endovascular repair of the thoracic aorta: report from the Medtronic Thoracic Endovascular Registry (MOTHER) database. Circulation 2013;127:24-32.
Dumfarth J, Michel M, Schmidli J, Sodeck G, Ehrlich M, Grimm M, Carrel T, Czerny M. Mechanisms of failure and outcome of secondary surgical interventions after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Ann Thorac Surg 2011;91: 1141-1146.
Waterman AL, Feezor RJ, Lee WA, Hess PJ, Beaver TM, Martin TD, Huber TS, Beck AW. Endovascular treatmentof acute and chronicaortic pathologyinpatients with Marfan syndrome. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1234-1240; discussion 1240-1241.
Cooper DG, Walsh SR, Sadat U, Hayes PD, Boyle JR. Treating the thoracic aorta in Marfan syndrome: surgery or TEVAR? J Endovasc Ther 2009;16:60-70.
Golledge J, Muller J, Daugherty A, Norman P. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: patho-genesis and implications for management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26: 2605-2613.
Ogata T, Mac Kean GL, Cole CW, Arthur C, Andreou P, Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. The lifetime prevalenceofabdominal aortic aneurysms among siblingsofaneurysm patients iseightfold higher than among siblings of spouses: an analysis of 187 aneur-ysm families in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:891-897.
Hemminki K, Li X, Johansson SE, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Familial risks of aortic aneurysms among siblingsin anationwide Swedish study. Genet Med 2006;8:43-49.
Larsson E, Granath F, Swedenborg J, Hultgren R. A population-based case-control studyofthe familial risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:p47-50; discussion 51.
Badger SA, Jones C, McClements J, Lau LL, Young IS, Patterson CC. Surveillance strategies according to the rate of growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Med 2011;16:415-421.
Takagi H, Goto SN, Matsui M, Manabe H, Umemoto T. A further meta-analysis of population-based screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2010;52: 1103-1108.
Stather PW, Dattani N, Bown MJ, Earnshaw JJ, Lees TA. International variations in AAA screening. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013;45:231-234.
Shreibati JB, Baker LC, Hlatky MA, Mell MW. Impact of the Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Very Efficiently (SAAAVE) Act on abdominal ultrasonography use among Medicare beneficiaries. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:1456-1462.
Svensjo S, Bjorck M, Gurtelschmid M, Djavani Gidlund K, Hellberg A, Wanhainen A. Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology of the disease. Circulation 2011;124: 1118-1123.
Macdonald AJ, Faleh O, Welch G, Kettlewell S. Missed opportunities for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008;35:698-700.
Aboyans V, Kownator S, Lafitte M, Brochet E, Emmerich J, Tribouilloy C, Lafitte S, Ferrini M. Screening abdominal aorta aneurysm during echocardiography: literature review and proposal for a French nationwide study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2010;103:552-558.
Aboyans V, Bataille V, Bliscaux P, Ederhy S, Filliol D, Honton B, Kurtz B, Messas E, Mohty D, Brochet E, Kownator S; investigators of the E2T3A study. Effectiveness of Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm During Echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2014; Jul 18. (published online).
Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, Reinke DB, Littooy FN, Acher CW, Ballard DJ, Messina LM, Gordon IL, Chute EP, Krupski WC, Busuttil SJ, Barone GW, Sparks S, Graham LM, Rapp JH, Makaroun MS, Moneta GL, Cambria RA, Makhoul RG, Eton D, Ansel HJ, Freischlag JA, Bandyk D. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1437-1444.
Powell JT, Brown LC, Forbes JF, Fowkes FG, Greenhalgh RM, Ruckley CV, Thompson SG. Final 12-year follow-up of surgery versus surveillance in the UK Small Aneurysm Trial. Br J Surg 2007;94:702-708.
Ballard DJ, Filardo G, Fowkes G, Powell JT. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD001835.
Cao P, De Rango P, Verzini F, Parlani G, Romano L, Cieri E. Comparison of surveillance versus aortic endografting for small aneurysm repair (CAESAR): results from a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41:13-25.
Sweeting MJ, Thompson SG, Brown LC, Powell JT. Meta-analysis of individual patient data to examine factors affecting growth and rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg 2012;99:655-665.
Sode BF, Nordestgaard BG, Gronbaek M, Dahl M. Tobacco smoking and aortic an-eurysm: two population-based studies. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:2271-2277.
Myers J, McElrath M, Jaffe A, Smith K, Fonda H, Vu A, Hill B, Dalman R. Arandomized trial of exercise training in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46:2-9.
Guessous I, Periard D, Lorenzetti D, Cornuz J, Ghali WA. The efficacy of pharma-cotherapy for decreasing the expansion rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLo S One 2008;3:e1895.
Rughani G, Robertson L, Clarke M. Medical treatment for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD009536.
Takagi H, Matsui M, Umemoto T. A meta-analysis of clinical studies of statins for prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion. J Vasc Surg 2010;52: 1675-1681.
Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: a population-based case-control study. Lancet 2006;368:659-665.
Thompson A, Cooper JA, Fabricius M, Humphries SE, Ashton HA, Hafez H. Anana-lysis of drug modulation of abdominal aortic aneurysm growth through 25 years of surveillance. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:p55-61 e2.
Lindholt JS, Bjorck M, Michel JB. Anti-platelet treatment of middle-sized abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013;11:305-313.
Lindholt JS, Sorensen HT, Michel JB, Thomsen HF, Henneberg EW. Low-dose aspirin may prevent growth and later surgical repair of medium-sized abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2008;42:329-334.
Karlsson L, Gnarpe J, Bergqvist D, Lindback J, Parsson H. The effect of azithromycin and Chlamydophilia pneumonia infection on expansion of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. J Vasc Surg 2009;50: 23-29.
Sweeting MJ, Thompson SG, Brown LC, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Use of angio-tensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with increased growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:1-4.
Ferguson CD, Clancy P, Bourke B, Walker PJ, Dear A, Buckenham T, Norman P, Golledge J. Association of statin prescription with small abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Am Heart J 2010;159:307-313.
Bown MJ, Sweeting MJ, Brown LC, Powell JT, Thompson SG. Surveillance intervals for small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2013;309:806-813.
Thompson SG, Ashton HA, Gao L, Buxton MJ, Scott RA. Final follow-up ofthe Mul-ticentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) randomized trial of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening. Br J Surg 2012;99:1649-156.
Kishi K, Ito S, Hiasa Y. Risk factors and incidence of coronary artery lesions in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Intern Med 1997;36:384-388.
Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, De Hert S, Eeckhout E, Fowkes G, Gorenek B, Hennerici MG, Iung B, Kelm M, Kjeldsen KP, Kristensen SD, Lopez-Sendon J, Pelosi P, Philippe F, Pierard L, Ponikowski P, Schmid JP, Sellevold OF, Sicari R, Van den Berghe G, Vermassen F. Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2009;30: 2769-2812.
Boersma E, Kertai MD, Schouten O, Bax JJ, Noordzij P, Steyerberg EW, Schinkel AF, van Santen M, Simoons ML, Thomson IR, Klein J, van Urk H, Poldermans D. Peri-operative cardiovascular mortality in noncardiac surgery: validation of the Lee cardiac risk index. Am J Med 2005;118:1134-1141.
Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, Sugarbaker DJ, Donaldson MC, Poss R, Ho KK, Ludwig LE, Pedan A, Goldman L. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999;100:1043-1049.
Kristensen OS, Knuuti J et al. Guidelines for preoperative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2014;doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu282. Published online 1 August 2014.
The UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Mortality results for randomised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Lancet 1998;352:1649-1655.
Brown LC, Powell JT. Risk factors foraneurysm ruptureinpatients keptunder ultrasound surveillance. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Ann Surg 1999;230: 289-296.
Dubost C, Allary M, Oeconomos N. Resection of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: reestablishment of the continuity by a preserved human arterial graft, with result after five months. AMA Arch Surg 1952;64:405-408.
Blankensteijn JD, Lindenburg FP, Van der Graaf Y, Eikelboom BC. Influence of study design on reported mortality and morbidity rates after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 1998;85:1624-1630.
Hallin A, Bergqvist D, Holmberg L. Literature review ofsurgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001;22:197-204.
Brady AR, Fowkes FG, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT, Ruckley CV, Thompson SG. Risk factors for postoperative death following elective surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: results from the UK Small Aneurysm Trial. On behalf of the UK Small Aneurysm Trial participants. Br J Surg 2000;87:742-749.
Steyerberg EW, Kievit J, de Mol Van Otterloo JC, van Bockel JH, Eijkemans MJ, Habbema JD. Perioperative mortality of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. A clinical prediction rule based on literature and individual patient data. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1998-2004.
Bown MJ, Sutton AJ, Bell PR, Sayers RD. A meta-analysis of 50 years of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 2002;89:714-730.
Dick F, Diehm N, Opfermann P, von Allmen R, Tevaearai H, Schmidli J. Endovascu-lar suitabilityand outcome after open surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneur-ysm. Br J Surg 2012;99:940-947.
Franks SC, Sutton AJ, Bown MJ, Sayers RD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 years of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur JVasc Endovasc Surg 2007;33:154-171.
Schanzer A, Greenberg RK, Hevelone N, Robinson WP, Eslami MH, Goldberg RJ, Messina L. Predictorsofabdominal aortic aneurysm sac enlargementafterendovas-cular repair. Circulation 2011;123:2848-2855.
Wilson WR, Fishwick G, Sir Peter RFB, Thompson MM. Suitabilityof ruptured AAA for endovascular repair. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11:635-640.
Kristmundsson T, Sonesson B, Dias N, Malina M, Resch T. Anatomic suitability for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms and possible benefits of low profile delivery systems. Vascular 2013.
Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Kwong GP, Powell JT, Thompson SG. Comparison of endovascular aneurysm repair with open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1), 30-dayoperative mortality results: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:843-848.
EVAR trial participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:2179-2186.
Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Powell JT, Thompson SG, Epstein D, Sculpher MJ. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1863-1871.
Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, Cuypers PW, van Sambeek MR, Balm R, Buskens E, Grobbee DE, Blankensteijn JD. A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1607-1618.
Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SE, Prinssen M, van der Ham AC, Buth J, van Sterkenburg SM, Verhagen HJ, Buskens E, Grobbee DE. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2398-2405.
De Bruin JL, Baas AF, Buth J, Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Cuypers PW, van Sambeek MR, Balm R, Grobbee DE, Blankensteijn JD. Long-term outcome of open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1881-1889.
Lederle FA, Freischlag JA, Kyriakides TC, Padberg FT Jr., Matsumura JS, Kohler TR, Lin PH, Jean-Claude JM, Cikrit DF, Swanson KM, Peduzzi PN. Outcomes following endovascular vs open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009;302:1535-1542.
Lederle FA, Freischlag JA, Kyriakides TC, Matsumura JS, Padberg FT Jr., Kohler TR, Kougias P, Jean-Claude JM, Cikrit DF, Swanson KM, Group OVACS. Long-term comparison of endovascular and open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1988-1997.
Becquemin JP, Pillet JC, Lescalie F, Sapoval M, Goueffic Y, Lermusiaux P, Steinmetz E, Marzelle J. A randomized controlled trial of endovascular aneurysm repair versus open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms in low-to moderate-risk patients. J Vasc Surg 2011;53:p1167-1173 e1.
Soulez G, Therasse E, Monfared AA, Blair JF, Choiniere M, Elkouri S, Beaudoin N, Giroux MF, Cliche A, Lelorier J, Oliva VL. Pain and quality of life assessment after endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients at low risk. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005;16:1093-1100.
Lottman PE, Laheij RJ, Cuypers PW, Bender M, Buth J. Health-related quality of life outcomes following elective open or endovascular AAA repair: a randomized controlled trial. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11:323-329.
Dangas G, O'Connor D, Firwana B, Brar S, Ellozy S, Vouyouka A, Arnold M, Kosmas CE, Krishnan P, Wiley J, Suleman J, Olin J, Marin M, Faries P. Open versus endovascular stent graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:1071-1080.
Stather PW, Sidloff D, Dattani N, Choke E, Bown MJ, Sayers RD. Systematic review and meta-analysisofthe earlyand late outcomesofopen andendovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2013;100:863-872.
De Martino RR, Brooke BS, Robinson W, Schanzer A, Indes JE, Wallaert JB, Nolan BW, Cronenwett JL, Goodney PP. Designation as "unfit for open repair" is associated with poor outcomes after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Circ Car-diovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:575-581.
Ahmed MZ, Ling L, Ettles DF. Common and uncommon CTfindings inrupture and impending rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Radiol 2013;68:962-971.
Jones CS, Reilly MK, Dalsing MC, Glover JL. Chronic contained rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arch Surg 1986;121:542-546.
Visser JJ, van Sambeek MR, Hamza TH, Hunink MG, Bosch JL. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: endovascular repair versus open surgery: systematic review. Radiology 2007;245:122-129.
Reimerink JJ, Hoornweg LL, Vahl AC, Wisselink W, van den Broek TA, Legemate DA, Reekers JA, Balm R. Endovascular repair versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2013;258:248-256.
IMPROVE Investigators. Endovascularoropen repair strategy for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 30 day outcomes from IMPROVE randomised trial. BMJ 2014; 348:f7661.
Grootenboer N, van Sambeek MR, Arends LR, Hendriks JM, Hunink MG, Bosch JL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in outcome after intervention for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2010;97:1169-1179.
Mureebe L, Egorova N, McKinsey JF, Kent KC. Gender trends in the repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms and outcomes. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:9S-13S.
De Rango P, Lenti M, Cieri E, Simonte G, Cao P, Richards T, Manzone A. Association between sex and perioperative mortality following endovascular repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2013;57:1684-1692.
Prinssen M, Buskens E, Blankensteijn JD. Qualityoflife endovascular and open AAA repair. Results of a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;27:121-127.
Conrad MF, Crawford RS, Pedraza JD, Brewster DC, Lamuraglia GM, Corey M, Abbara S, Cambria RP. Long-term durability of open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2007;46:669-675.
Wyss TR, Brown LC, Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM. Rate and predictability of graft rupture after endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: data from the EVAR Trials. Ann Surg 2010;252:805-812.
De Rango P, Verzini F, Parlani G, Cieri E, Simonte G, Farchioni L, Isernia G, Cao P. Safety of chronic anticoagulation therapy after endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair (EVAR). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014;47:296-303.
Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Charalampidis DG, Antoniou GA, Georgakarakos EI, Trellopoulos G. Impact of long-term warfarin treatment on EVAR durability: a meta-analysis. J Endovasc Ther 2014;21:148-153.
Turtle EJ, Sule AA, Bath LE, Denvir M, Gebbie A, Mirsadraee S, Webb DJ. Assessing and addressing cardiovascular risk in adults with Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78:639-645.
Ho VB, Bakalov VK, Cooley M, Van PL, Hood MN, Burklow TR, Bondy CA. Major vascularanomaliesinTurner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angio-graphic features. Circulation 2004;110:1694-1700.
Matura LA, Ho VB, Rosing DR, Bondy CA. Aortic dilatation and dissectioninTurner syndrome. Circulation 2007;116:1663-1670.
Rappold GA, Fukami M, Niesler B, Schiller S, Zumkeller W, Bettendorf M, Heinrich U, Vlachopapadoupoulou E, Reinehr T, Onigata K, Ogata T. Deletions of the homeobox gene SHOX (short stature homeobox) are an important cause of growth failure in children with short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1402-1406.
Robinson PN, Arteaga-Solis E, Baldock C, Collod-Beroud G, Booms P, De Paepe A, Dietz HC, Guo G, Handford PA, Judge DP, Kielty CM, Loeys B, Milewicz DM, Ney A, Ramirez F, Reinhardt DP, Tiedemann K, Whiteman P, Godfrey M. The molecular genetics of Marfan syndrome and related disorders. J Med Genet 2006;43:769-787.
Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM, Cohn RD, Loeys BL, Cooper TK, Myers L, Klein EC, Liu G, Calvi C, Podowski M, Neptune ER, Halushka MK, Bedja D, Gabrielson K, Rifkin DB, Carta L, Ramirez F, Huso DL, Dietz HC. Losartan, anAT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science 2006;312: 117-121.
Lacro RV, Dietz HC, Wruck LM, Bradley TJ, Colan SD, Devereux RB, Klein GL, Li JS, Minich LL, Paridon SM, Pearson GD, Printz BF, Pyeritz RE, Radojewski E, Roman MJ, Saul JP, Stylianou MP, Mahony L. Rationale and designofarandomized clinical trial of beta-blocker therapy (atenolol) versus angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy (losartan) in individuals with Marfan syndrome. Am Heart J 2007;154:624-631.
Lacro RV, Guey LT, Dietz HC, Pearson GD, Yetman AT, Gelb BD, Loeys BL, Benson DW, Bradley TJ, De Backer J, Forbus GA, Klein GL, Lai WW, Levine JC, Lewin MB, Markham LW, Paridon SM, Pierpont ME, Radojewski E, Selamet Tierney ES, Sharkey AM, Wechsler SB, Mahony L. Characteristics of children and young adults with Marfan syndrome and aortic root dilation in a randomized trial comparing atenolol and losartan therapy. Am Heart J 2013;165:p828-835 e3.
Detaint D, Aegerter P, Tubach F, Hoffman I, Plauchu H, Dulac Y, Faivre LO, Delrue MA, Collignon P, Odent S, Tchitchinadze M, Bouffard C, Arnoult F, Gautier M, Boileau C, Jondeau G. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial (Marfan Sartan) of angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy versus placebo in individuals with Marfan syndrome. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2010;103:317-325.
Pees C, Laccone F, Hagl M, Debrauwer V, Moser E, Michel-Behnke I. Usefulness of losartanon the size ofthe ascending aortain an unselected cohort of children, adolescents, and young adults with Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2013;112: 1477-1483.
Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N, Gatzoulis MA, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Kaemmerer H, Kilner P, Meijboom F, Mulder BJ, Oechslin E, Oliver JM, Serraf A, Szatmari A, Thaulow E, Vouhe PR, Walma E. ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2915-2957.
Germain DP. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:32.
Gdynia HJ, Kuhnlein P, Ludolph AC, Huber R. Connectivetissue disordersindissec-tions of the carotid or vertebral arteries. J Clin Neurosci 2008;15:489-494.
Ong KT, Perdu J, De Backer J, Bozec E, Collignon P, Fauret AL, Fiessinger JN, Germain DP, Georgesco G, Hulot JS, De Paepe A, Plauchu H, Jeunemaitre X, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Effects of celiprolol on prevention of cardiovascular events in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a prospective randomised, open, blinded-endpoints trial. Lancet 2010;376:1476-84.
Oderich GS, Panneton JM, Bower TC, Lindor NM, Cherry KJ, Noel AA, Kalra M, Sullivan T, Gloviczki P. The spectrum, management and clinical outcome of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: a 30-year experience. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:98-106.
Singh KK, Rommel K, Mishra A, Karck M, Haverich A, Schmidtke J, Arslan-Kirchner M. TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 mutations in patients with features of Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Hum Mutat 2006;27:770-777.
Morris SA, Orbach DB, Geva T, Singh MN, Gauvreau K, Lacro RV. Increased vertebral artery tortuosity index is associated with adverse outcomes in children and young adults with connective tissue disorders. Circulation 2011;124:388-396.
Williams JA, Loeys BL, Nwakanma LU, Dietz HC, Spevak PJ, Patel ND, Francois K, De Backer J, Gott VL, Vricella LA, Cameron DE. Early surgical experience with Loeys-Dietz: a new syndrome of aggressive thoracic aortic aneurysm disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:S757-63; discussion S785-S790.
Stheneur C, Collod-Beroud G, Faivre L, Gouya L, Sultan G, Le Parc JM, Moura B, Attias D, Muti C, Sznajder M, Claustres M, Junien C, Baumann C, Cormier-Daire V, Rio M, Lyonnet S, Plauchu H, Lacombe D, Chevallier B, Jondeau G, Boileau C. Identification of 23 TGFBR2 and 6 TGFBR1 gene mutations and genotype-phenotype investigations in457 patients with Marfan syndrome type I and II, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and related disorders. Hum Mutat 2008;29:E284-E295.
Wessels M, Willems PJ. Arterial anomalies in arterial tortuosity syndrome: a sour-sweet pathology? Clin Genet 2012;82:30-32.
Callewaert BL, Willaert A, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, De Backer J, Devriendt K, Albrecht B, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Doco-Fenzy M, Hennekam RC, Pyeritz RE, Krogmann ON, Gillessen-kaesbach G, Wakeling EL, Nik-zainal S, Francannet C, Mauran P, Booth C, Barrow M, Dekens R, Loeys BL, Coucke PJ, De Paepe AM. Arterial tortuosity syndrome: clinical and molecular findings in 12 newly identified families. Hum Mutat 2008;29:150-158.
Coucke PJ, Willaert A, Wessels MW, Callewaert B, Zoppi N, De Backer J, Fox JE, Mancini GM, Kambouris M, Gardella R, Facchetti F, Willems PJ, Forsyth R, Dietz HC, Barlati S, Colombi M, Loeys B, De Paepe A. Mutations in the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10 alter angiogenesis and cause arterial tortuosity syndrome. Nat Genet 2006;38:452-457.
van de Laar IM, van der Linde D, Oei EH, Bos PK, Bessems JH, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Meer BL, Pals G, Oldenburg RA, Bekkers JA, Moelker A, de Graaf BM, Matyas G, Frohn-Mulder IM, Timmermans J, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Cobben JM, Bruggenwirth HT, van Laer L, Loeys B, De Backer J, Coucke PJ, Dietz HC, Willems PJ, Oostra BA, De Paepe A, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bertoli-Avella AM, Wessels MW. Phenotypic spectrum of the SMAD3-related aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome. J Med Genet 2012;49:47-57.
Wischmeijer A, Van Laer L, Tortora G, Bolar NA, Van Camp G, Fransen E, Peeters N, di Bartolomeo R, Pacini D, Gargiulo G, Turci S, Bonvicini M, Mariucci E, Lovato L, Brusori S, Ritelli M, Colombi M, Garavelli L, Seri M, Loeys BL. Thoracic aortic aneurysm in infancy in aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome due to a novel SMAD3 mutation: further delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013;161A:1028-1035.
van de Laar IM, Oldenburg RA, Pals G, Roos-Hesselink JW, de Graaf BM, Verhagen JM, Hoedemaekers YM, Willemsen R, Severijnen LA, Venselaar H, Vriend G, Pattynama PM, Collee M, Majoor-Krakauer D, Poldermans D, Frohn-Mulder IM, Micha D, Timmermans J, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Willems PJ, Kros JM, Oei EH, Oostra BA, Wessels MW, Bertoli-Avella AM. Mutations in SMAD3 cause a syndromic form of aortic aneurysms and dissections with early-onset osteoarthritis. Nat Genet 2011;43: 121-126.
van der Linde D, Bekkers JA, Mattace-Raso FU, van de Laar IM, Moelker A, van den Bosch AE, van Dalen BM, Timmermans J, Bertoli-Avella AM, Wessels MW, Bogers AJ, Roos-Hesselink JW. Progression rate and early surgical experience in the new aggressive aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;95: 563-569.
Coady MA, Davies RR, Roberts M, Goldstein LJ, Rogalski MJ, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. Familial patterns of thoracic aortic aneur-ysms. Arch Surg 1999;134:361-367.
Nicod P, Bloor C, Godfrey M, Hollister D, Pyeritz RE, Dittrich H, Polikar R, Peterson KL. Familial aortic dissecting aneurysm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13: 811-819.
Milewicz DM, Chen H, Park ES, Petty EM, Zaghi H, Shashidhar G, Willing M, Patel V. Reducedpenetrance and variable expressivityoffamilial thoracicaortic aneurysms/dissections. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:474-479.
Faivre L, Collod-Beroud G, Loeys BL, Child A, Binquet C, Gautier E, Callewaert B, Arbustini E, Mayer K, Arslan-Kirchner M, Kiotsekoglou A, Comeglio P, Marziliano N, Dietz HC, Halliday D, Beroud C, Bonithon-Kopp C, Claustres M, Muti C, Plauchu H, Robinson PN, Ades LC, Biggin A, Benetts B, Brett M, Holman KJ, De Backer J, Coucke P, Francke U, De Paepe A, Jondeau G, Boileau C. Effect of mutation type and location on clinical outcome in 1, 013 pro-bands with Marfan syndrome or related phenotypes and FBN1 mutations: an international study. Am J Hum Genet 2007;81:454-466.
Zhu L, Vranckx R, Khau Van Kien P, Lalande A, Boisset N, Mathieu F, Wegman M, Glancy L, Gasc JM, Brunotte F, Bruneval P, Wolf JE, Michel JB, Jeunemaitre X. Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneur-ysm/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus. Nat Genet 2006;38:343-349.
Guo DC, Papke CL, Tran-Fadulu V, Regalado ES, Avidan N, Johnson RJ, Kim DH, Pannu H, Willing MC, Sparks E, Pyeritz RE, Singh MN, Dalman RL, Grotta JC, Marian AJ, Boerwinkle EA, Frazier LQ, Le Maire SA, Coselli JS, Estrera AL, Safi HJ, Veeraraghavan S, Muzny DM, Wheeler DA, Willerson JT, Yu RK, Shete SS, Scherer SE, Raman CS, Buja LM, Milewicz DM. Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) cause coronary artery disease, stroke, and Moyamoya disease, along with thoracic aortic disease. Am J Hum Genet 2009;84:617-627.
Wang L, Guo DC, Cao J, Gong L, Kamm KE, Regalado E, Li L, Shete S, He WQ, Zhu MS, Offermanns S, Gilchrist D, Elefteriades J, Stull JT, Milewicz DM. Mutations in myosin light chain kinase cause familial aortic dissections. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:701-707.
Sandford RM, Bown MJ, London NJ, Sayers RD. The genetic basis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;33:381-390.
Wahlgren CM, Larsson E, Magnusson PK, Hultgren R, Swedenborg J. Genetic and environmental contributions to abdominal aortic aneurysm development in a twin population. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:3-7; discussion 7.
Bjorck M, Wanhainen A. Pathophysiology of AAA: heredity vs environment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2013;56:2-6.
Majumder PP, St Jean PL, Ferrell RE, Webster MW, Steed DL. On the inheritance of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:164-170.
Verloes A, Sakalihasan N, Koulischer L, Limet R. Aneurysmsofthe abdominal aorta: familial and genetic aspectsinthree hundred thirteen pedigrees. JVasc Surg 1995;21: 646-655.
Huntington K, Hunter AG, Chan KL. A prospective studytoassess the frequency of familial clustering of congenital bicuspid aortic valve. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: 1809-1812.
Clementi M, Notari L, Borghi A, Tenconi R. Familial congenital bicuspid aortic valve: a disorder of uncertain inheritance. Am J Med Genet 1996;62:336-338.
Tutar E, Ekici F, Atalay S, Nacar N. The prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in new-borns by echocardiographic screening. Am Heart J 2005;150:513-515.
Nistri S, Basso C, Marzari C, Mormino P, Thiene G. Frequency of bicuspid aortic valve in young male conscripts by echocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:718-721.
Sievers HH, Schmidtke C. A classification system for the bicuspid aortic valve from 304 surgical specimens. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:1226-1233.
Reed CM, Richey PA, Pulliam DA, Somes GW, Alpert BS. Aortic dimensions in tall men and women. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:608-610.
Kinoshita N, Mimura J, Obayashi C, Katsukawa F, Onishi S, Yamazaki H. Aortic root dilatation among young competitive athletes: echocardiographic screening of 1929 athletes between 15 and 34 years of age. Am Heart J 2000;139:723-728.
van Kimmenade RR, Kempers M, de Boer MJ, Loeys BL, Timmermans J. A clinical appraisalofdifferent Z-score equations for aortic root assessmentinthe diagnostic evaluation of Marfan syndrome. Genet Med 2013;15:528-532.
Chandra S, Lang RM, Nicolarsen J, Gayat E, Spencer KT, Mor-Avi V, Hofmann Bowman MA. Bicuspid aortic valve: inter-racial difference in frequency and aortic dimensions. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:981-989.
Della Corte A, Romano G, Tizzano F, Amarelli C, De Santo LS, De Feo M, Scardone M, Dialetto G, Covino FE, Cotrufo M. Echocardiographic anatomy of ascending aorta dilatation: correlations with aortic valve morphology and function. Int J Cardiol 2006;113:320-326.
Fernandes SM, Sanders SP, Khairy P, Jenkins KJ, Gauvreau K, Lang P, Simonds H, Colan SD. Morphology of bicuspid aortic valve in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1648-1651.
Fazel SS, Mallidi HR, Lee RS, Sheehan MP, Liang D, Fleischman D, Herfkens R, Mitchell RS, Miller DC. The aortopathyofbicuspidaortic valve disease has distinctive patterns and usually involves the transverse aortic arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;135:901-907, 907 e1-e2.
Davies RR, Kaple RK, Mandapati D, Gallo A, Botta DM Jr., Elefteriades JA, Coady MA. Natural history of ascending aortic aneurysms in the setting of an unre-placed bicuspid aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1338-1344.
Michelena HI, Desjardins VA, Avierinos JF, Russo A, Nkomo VT, Sundt TM, Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Enriquez-Sarano M. Natural history of asymptomatic patients with normally functioning or minimally dysfunctional bicuspid aortic valve in the community. Circulation 2008;117:2776-2784.
Etz CD, Zoli S, Brenner R, Roder F, Bischoff M, Bodian CA, Di Luozzo G, Griepp RB. When to operate on the bicuspid valve patient with a modestly dilated ascending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;90:1884-1890; discussion 1891-1892.
Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, Thanassoulis G, Tremblay S, Jamorski MT, Webb GD, Siu SC. Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA 2008;300: 1317-1325.
Borger MA, Preston M, Ivanov J, Fedak PW, Davierwala P, Armstrong S, David TE. Should the ascending aorta be replaced more frequently in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:677-683.
Girdauskas E, Disha K, Borger MA, Kuntze T. Long-term prognosis of ascending aortic aneurysm after aortic valve replacement for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;147:276-282.
Ando M, Okita Y, Morota T, Takamoto S. Thoracic aortic aneurysm associated with congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Cardiovasc Surg 1998;6:629-634.
Ciotti GR, Vlahos AP, Silverman NH. Morphology and function of the bicuspid aortic valve with and without coarctation of the aorta in the young. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1096-1102.
Fernandes S, Khairy P, Graham DA, Colan SD, Galvin TC, Sanders SP, Singh MN, Bhatt A, Lacro RV. Bicuspid aortic valve and associated aortic dilation in the young. Heart 2012;98:1014-1019.
Oliver JM, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Gonzalez AE, Gallego P, Sanchez-Recalde A, Cuesta E, Aroca A, Lopez-Sendon JL. Risk of aortic root or ascending aorta complications in patients with bicuspid aortic valve with and without coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1001-1006.
Beaton AZ, Nguyen T, Lai WW, Chatterjee S, Ramaswamy P, Lytrivi ID, Parness IA, Srivastava S. Relation of coarctation of the aorta to the occurrence of ascending aortic dilation in children and young adults with bicuspid aortic valves. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:266-270.
Novaro GM, Tiong IY, Pearce GL, Grimm RA, Smedira N, Griffin BP. Features and predictors of ascending aortic dilatation in association with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:99-101.
Keane MG, Wiegers SE, Plappert T, Pochettino A, Bavaria JE, Sutton MG. Bicuspid aortic valves are associated with aortic dilatation out of proportion to coexistent valvular lesions. Circulation 2000;102:III35-III39.
Nistri S, Sorbo MD, Marin M, Palisi M, Scognamiglio R, Thiene G. Aortic root dilatation in young men with normally functioning bicuspid aortic valves. Heart 1999; 82:19-22.
Andrus BW, O'Rourke DJ, Dacey LJ, Palac RT. Stabilityofascending aortic dilatation following aortic valve replacement. Circulation 2003;108 Suppl 1:II295-II299.
Garg V, Muth AN, Ransom JF, Schluterman MK, Barnes R, King IN, Grossfeld PD, Srivastava D. Mutations in NOTCH1 cause aortic valve disease. Nature 2005; 437:270-274.
Fernandez B, Duran AC, Fernandez-Gallego T, Fernandez MC, Such M, Arque JM, Sans-Coma V. Bicuspidaortic valves with different spatial orientationsofthe leaflets are distinct etiological entities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2312-2318.
Loscalzo ML, Goh DL, Loeys B, Kent KC, Spevak PJ, Dietz HC. Familial thoracic aortic dilation and bicommissural aortic valve: a prospective analysis of natural history and inheritance. Am J Med Genet A 2007;143A:1960-1967.
Bonow RO. Bicuspid aortic valves and dilated aortas: a critical review of the ACC/AHA practice guidelines recommendations. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:111-114.
Girdauskas E, Borger MA, Secknus MA, Girdauskas G, Kuntze T. Is aortopathy in bicuspid aortic valve disease a congenital defect or a result of abnormal hemo-dynamics? A critical reappraisal of a one-sided argument. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;39:809-814.
Hope MD, Meadows AK, Hope TA, Ordovas KG, Reddy GP, Alley MT, Higgins CB. Evaluation of bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation with 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2008;117:2818-2819.
Cotrufo M, Della Corte A, De Santo LS, Quarto C, De Feo M, Romano G, Amarelli C, Scardone M, Di Meglio F, Guerra G, Scarano M, Vitale S, Castaldo C, Montagnani S. Different patterns of extracellular matrix protein expression in the convexity and the concavityof the dilated aorta with bicuspid aortic valve: preliminary results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:504-511.
Biner S, Rafique AM, Ray I, Cuk O, Siegel RJ, Tolstrup K. Aortopathy is prevalent in relatives of bicuspid aortic valve patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:2288-2295.
van der Linde D, Rossi A, Yap SC, McGhie JS, van den Bosch AE, Kirschbaum SW, Russo B, van Dijk AP, Moelker A, Krestin GP, van Geuns RJ, Roos-Hesselink JW. Ascending aortic diameters in congenital aortic stenosis: cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography. Echocardiography 2013;30:497-504.
Hager A, Kanz S, Kaemmerer H, Schreiber C, Hess J. Coarctation Long-term Assessment (COALA): significanceofarterial hypertensioninacohortof404 patients up to 27 years after surgical repair of isolated coarctation of the aorta, even in the absence of restenosis and prosthetic material. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134: 738-745.
Saric M, Kronzon I. Aortic atherosclerosis and embolic events. Curr Cardiol Rep 2012;14:342-349.
Oyama N, Gona P, Salton CJ, Chuang ML, Jhaveri RR, Blease SJ, Manning AR, Lahiri M, Botnar RM, Levy D, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Manning WJ. Differential impact of age, sex, and hypertension on aortic atherosclerosis: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:155-159.
Amarenco P, Duyckaerts C, Tzourio C, Henin D, Bousser MG, Hauw JJ. The prevalence of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1992;326:221-225.
Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Hommel M, Besson G, Chauvel C, Touboul PJ, Bousser MG. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1474-1479.
Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, Wareing TH, Murphy SF, Kouchoukos NT. Intrao-perative ultrasonographic evaluation of the ascending aorta in 100 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation 1991;84:III47-III53.
Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B, Wareing TH, Murphy SF, Schechtman KB, Kouchoukos NT. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta. Prevalence and role as an independent predictor of cerebrovascular events in cardiac patients. Stroke 1994;25:2010-2016.
The Stroke Preventionin Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Committee onEchocardi-ography. Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 1998;128: 639-647.
The French Studyof Aortic Plaquesin Stroke Group. Atherosclerotic disease ofthe aortic arch as a risk factor for recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1996;334: 1216-1221.
Zavala JA, Amarrenco P, Davis SM, Jones EF, Young D, Macleod MR, Horky LL, Donnan GA. Aortic arch atheroma. Int J Stroke 2006;1:74-80.
Russo C, Jin Z, Rundek T, Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Atherosclerotic disease of the proximal aorta and the risk of vascular events in a population-based cohort: the Aortic Plaques and Risk of Ischemic Stroke (APRIS) study. Stroke 2009; 40:2313-2318.
Jolly SS, Amlani S, Hamon M, Yusuf S, Mehta SR. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography or intervention and the impact on major bleeding and ische-mic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am Heart J 2009;157:132-140.
van der Linden J, Hadjinikolaou L, Bergman P, Lindblom D. Postoperative stroke in cardiacsurgeryisrelatedtothe location and extentofatherosclerotic diseaseinthe ascending aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:131-135.
Bergman P, van der Linden J. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta as a major determinant of the outcome of cardiac surgery. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005;2: p246-251; quiz 269.
Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, Voigtlander T, Kahlert P, Erbel R, Mehta RH. Risk of stroke after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): a meta-analysis of 10, 037 published patients. Euro Intervention 2012;8:129-138.
Ribakove GH, Katz ES, Galloway AC, Grossi EA, Esposito RA, Baumann FG, Kronzon I, Spencer FC. Surgical implications of transesophageal echocardiography to grade the atheromatous aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:758-761; discussion 762-763.
Nienaber CA, Akin I, Erbel R, Haverich A. Diseases of the aorta and trauma to the aorta and the heart. In: Camm AJ LT, Serruys PW, (ed). The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.; 2009. p1173-1214.
Zaidat OO, Suarez JI, Hedrick D, Redline S, Schluchter M, Landis DM, Hoit B. Re-producibilityof transesophageal echocardiographyinevaluating aortic atheroma in stroke patients. Echocardiography 2005;22:326-330.
Bainbridge D. 3-D imaging for aortic plaque assessment. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005;9:163-165.
Ferrari E, Vidal R, Chevallier T, Baudouy M. Atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta and aortic debris as a marker of poor prognosis: benefit of oral anticoagulants. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1317-1322.
Blackshear JL, Zabalgoitia M, Pennock G, Fenster P, Strauss R, Halperin J, Asinger R, Pearce LA. Warfarin safety and efficacy in patients with thoracic aortic plaque and atrial fibrillation. SPAF TEE Investigators. Stroke Prevention and Atrial Fibrillation. Transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:453-455, A9.
Dressler FA, Craig WR, Castello R, Labovitz AJ. Mobile aortic atheroma and systemic emboli: efficacy of anticoagulation and influence of plaque morphology on recurrent stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:134-138.
Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, Mirchandani S, Francescone S, Rosenzweig BP, Freedberg RS, Katz ES, Applebaum RM, Kronzon I. Effect of treatment on the incidence ofstroke and other emboliin519 patients with severethoracic aortic plaque. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1320-1325.
Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Homma S. Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation 2009;119:2376-2382.
Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA, Blackshear JL, Asinger RW, Hart RG. Trans-esophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrialfibrillation. Stroke Prevention inAtrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1622-1626.
Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010;31: 2369-2429.
Pitsavos CE, Aggeli KI, Barbetseas JD, Skoumas IN, Lambrou SG, Frogoudaki AA, Stefanadis CI, Toutouzas PK. Effects of pravastatin on thoracic aortic atherosclerosis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82:1484-1488.
Lima JA, Desai MY, Steen H, Warren WP, Gautam S, Lai S. Statin-induced cholesterol lowering and plaque regression after 6 months of magnetic resonance imaging-monitored therapy. Circulation 2004;110:2336-2341.
Tahara N, Kai H, Ishibashi M, Nakaura H, Kaida H, Baba K, Hayabuchi N, Imaizumi T. Simvastatin attenuates plaque inflammation: evaluation by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1825-1831.
Stern A, Tunick PA, Culliford AT, Lachmann J, Baumann FG, Kanchuger MS, Marschall K, Shah A, Grossi E, Kronzon I. Protruding aortic arch atheromas: risk of stroke during heart surgery with and without aortic arch endarterectomy. Am Heart J 1999;138:746-752.
Laperche T, Laurian C, Roudaut R, Steg PG. Mobile thromboses of the aortic arch without aortic debris. A transesophageal echocardiographic finding associated with unexplained arterial embolism. The Filiale Echocardiographie de la Societe Francaise de Cardiologie. Circulation 1997;96:288-294.
Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, Tuzcu EM, Webb JG, Fontana GP, Makkar RR, Brown DL, Block PC, Guyton RA, Pichard AD, Bavaria JE, Herrmann HC, Douglas PS, Petersen JL, Akin JJ, Anderson WN, Wang D, Pocock S. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med 2010;363: 1597-1607.
Sagban AT, Grotemeyer D, Rehbein H, Sandmann W, Duran M, Balzer KM, Grabitz K. [Occlusive aortic disease as coral reef aorta: experience in 80 cases]. Zentralbl Chir 2010;135:438-444.
Holfeld J, Gottardi R, Zimpfer D, Dorfmeister M, Dumfarth J, Funovics M, Schoder M, Weigang E, Lammer J, Wolner E, Czerny M, Grimm M. Treatment of symptomatic coral reef aorta by endovascular stent-graft placement. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85:1817-1819.
Evans JM, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:502-507.
Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr., Masi AT, McShane DJ, Mills JA, Stevens MB, Wallace SL, Zvaifler NJ. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33: 1129-1134.
The International Study Group for Behcet's disease. Evaluation of diagnostic ('classification') criteria in Behcet's disease: towards internationally agreed criteria. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31:299-308.
Goie The HS, Steven MM, van der Linden SM, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: acomparisonofthe Rome, New York and modified New York criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for an-kylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol 1985;24:242-249.
Pipitone N, Versari A, Salvarani C. Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and follow-up of large-vessel vasculitis: an update. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47: 403-408.
Restrepo CS, Ocazionez D, Suri R, Vargas D. Aortitis: imaging spectrum of the infectious and inflammatory conditionsof the aorta. Radiographics 2011;31:435-451.
James OG, Christensen JD, Wong TZ, Borges-Neto S, Koweek LM. Utility of FDG PET/CT in inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Radiographics 2011;31:1271-1286.
Gravanis MB. Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu aortitis: morphologic, pathogenetic and etiologic factors. Int J Cardiol 2000;75 Suppl 1:S21-S33; discussion S35-S36.
Lane SE, Watts R, Scott DG. Epidemiologyofsystemic vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2005;7:270-275.
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:261-271.
Maksimowicz-Mc Kinnon K, Clark TM, Hoffman GS. Limitations of therapy and a guarded prognosis in an American cohort of Takayasu arteritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1000-1009.
Fava MP, Foradori GB, Garcia CB, Cruz FO, Aguilar JG, Kramer AS, Valdes FE. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with Takayasu arteritis: five-year experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993;4:649-652.
Fernandez Guerrero ML, Aguado JM, Arribas A, Lumbreras C, de Gorgolas M. The spectrum of cardiovascular infections duetoSalmonella enterica: a review ofclinical features and factors determining outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83:123-138.
Both M, Aries PM, Muller-Hulsbeck S, Jahnke T, Schafer PJ, Gross WL, Heller M, Reuter M. Balloon angioplasty of arteries of the upper extremities in patients with extracranial giant-cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1124-1130.
Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Stevens MB, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr., Masi AT, McShane DJ, Mills JA, Wallace SL, Zvaifler NJ. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1122-1128.
Thalheimer A, Fein M, Geissinger E, Franke S. Intimal angiosarcoma of the aorta: report of a case and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:548-553.
Rusthoven C, Shames ML, Bui MM, Gonzalez RJ. High-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the aortic arch: a case of endovascular therapy for embolic prophylaxis and review of the literature. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010; 44:385-391.
Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, Graves K, Seifert B, Turina M. Chronic beta-blocker therapy improves outcome and reduces treatment costs in chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:606-610.
Suzuki T, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Pyeritz RE, Eagle KA, Tsai TT, Cooper JV, Januzzi JL Jr., Braverman AC, Montgomery DG, Fattori R, Pape L, Harris KM, Booher A, Oh JK, Peterson M, Ramanath VS, Froehlich JB. Type-selective benefits of medicationsintreatmentofacute aortic dissection(from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection [IRAD]). Am J Cardiol 2012;109:122-127.
Brooke BS, Habashi JP, Judge DP, Patel N, Loeys B, Dietz HC 3rd. Angiotensin II blockade and aortic-root dilation in Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med 2008;358: 2787-2795.
Jia X, Guo W, Li TX, Guan S, Yang RM, Liu XP, Zhang MH, Xiong J. The results of stent graft versus medication therapy for chronic type B dissection. J Vasc Surg 2013;57:406-414.
Czerny M, Zimpfer D, Rodler S, Funovics M, Dorfmeister M, Schoder M, Marta G, Weigang E, Gottardi R, Lammer J, Wolner E, Grimm M. Endovascular stent-graft placement of aneurysms involving the descending aorta originating from chronic type B dissections. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1635-1639.
Thrumurthy SG, Karthikesalingam A, Patterson BO, Holt PJ, Hinchliffe RJ, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Asystematic review of mid-term outcomesofthoracic endovas-cular repair (TEVAR) of chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42:632-647.
Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, von Birgelen C, Naber CK, Bartel T, Wenzel RR, Erbel R. Resistant hypertension in patients with chronic aortic dissection. J Hum Hypertens 2005;19:227-231.
Eggebrecht H, Zenge M, Ladd ME, Erbel R, Quick HH. In vitro evaluation of current thoracic aortic stent-grafts for real-time MR-guided placement. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:62-71.
