Paleohydrological and paleoenvironmental changes recorded in terrestrial sediments of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (Normandy, France)

Garel, S.; Schnyder, J.; Jacob, J.; Dupuis, C.; Boussafir, M.; Le Milbeau, C.; Storme, Jean-Yves; Iakovleva, A. I.; Yans, J.; Baudin, F.; Fléhoc, C.; Quesnel, F.

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.02.035

Article (Scientific journals)

Paleohydrological and paleoenvironmental changes recorded in terrestrial sediments of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (Normandy, France)

Garel, S.; Schnyder, J.; Jacob, J. et al.

2013 • In Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 376, p. 184-199

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/172071

DOI
10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.02.035

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Garel et al., 2013.pdf

Publisher postprint (2.02 MB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Carbon isotopes; Continental ecosystems; Dieppe-Hampshire Basin; Hydrogen isotopes; Paleoenvironments; Paleohydrology; PETM; Hypsithermal; Paleocene-Eocene boundary; France; Normandy; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta

Abstract :

[en] The Paleocene-Eocene boundary (55.8. Ma) is associated with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which is characterized by a negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE), reflecting a major perturbation of the carbon cycle, and by an extreme and rapid global warming. The Cap d'Ailly area (Upper Normandy, France), in which previous studies have revealed the Paleocene-Eocene transition, is a reference locality for organic-rich terrestrial and lagoonal deposits of the "Sparnacian" stage, widespread in Northwestern Europe. In this study, we focus on the organic matter content of the Vasterival section. Organic data (Rock-Eval, palynofacies, biomarker analyses and compound specific isotope analyses) were acquired in order to constrain the paleoenvironmental and paleohydrological changes that occurred at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Stable carbon isotope compositions of higher plant leaf wax n-alkanes reveal a CIE of - 4.5‰, extending throughout the second half of the studied section. Palynofacies observations reveal: (i) an abrupt shift from a closed, quiescent marsh pond to an open eutrophic swamp subjected to algal blooms, concomitant with the onset of the CIE; and (ii) the evolution from a swamp to a tidal flat due to the marine transgression that occurred during the PETM. Higher plant biomarkers and their hydrogen isotopic composition compared to nitrogen analyses suggest: (i) dry episodes just before the PETM that may help to understand the triggering of this hyperthermal event; and (ii) a moister climate associated with a stronger seasonality during the early PETM.© 2013 ElsevierB.V.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Garel, S.; UPMC Université Paris 06/CNRS, UMR 7193 ISTeP, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France, Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France, BRGM GéoRessources/GAT, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France

Schnyder, J.; UPMC Université Paris 06/CNRS, UMR 7193 ISTeP, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France

Jacob, J.; Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France

Dupuis, C.; Laboratoire de Géologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, rue de Houdain 9, B-7000 Mons, Belgium

Boussafir, M.; Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France

Le Milbeau, C.; Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France

Storme, Jean-Yves ; Université de Liège - ULiège

Iakovleva, A. I.; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109017 Moscow, Russian Federation

Yans, J.; FUNDP, Namur, Department of Geology, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium

Baudin, F.; UPMC Université Paris 06/CNRS, UMR 7193 ISTeP, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France

Fléhoc, C.; BRGM LAB/ISO, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France

Quesnel, F.; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France, BRGM GéoRessources/GAT, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France

Language :

English

Title :

Paleohydrological and paleoenvironmental changes recorded in terrestrial sediments of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (Normandy, France)

Publication date :

2013

Journal title :

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

ISSN :

0031-0182

eISSN :

1872-616X

Publisher :

Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Volume :

376

Pages :

184-199

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 18 September 2014

Statistics

Number of views

52 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Amundson R., Austin A.T., Schuur E.A.G., Yoo K., Matzek V., Kendall C., Uebersax A., Brenner D., Baisden W.T. Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2003, 17. (10 pp.).
Aranibar J.N., Otter L., Macko S.A., Feral C.J.W., Epstein H.E., Dowty P.R., Eckardt F., Shugart H.H., Swap R.J. Nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system along a precipitation gradient in the Kalahari sands. Global Change Biology 2004, 10:359-373.
Aubry M.-P., Thiry M., Dupuis C., Berggren W.A. The Sparnacian deposits of the Paris Basin: a lithostratigraphic classification. Stratigraphy 2005, 2:65-100.
Aubry M.-P., Ouda K., Dupuis C., Berggren W.A., Van Couvering J.A., Ali J., Brinkhuis H., Gingerich P.R., Heilmann-Clausen C., Hooker J., Kent D.V., King C., Knox R.W.O.B., Laga P., Molina E., Schmitz B., Steurbaut E., Ward D.R. The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt). Episodes 2007, 30:271-286.
Austin A.T., Vitousek P.M. Nutrient dynamics on a precipitation gradient in Hawai'i. Oecologia 1998, 113:519-529.
Aziz H.A., Hilgen F.J., Van Luijk G.M., Sluijs A., Kraus M.J., Pares J.M., Gingerich P.D. Astronomical climate control on paleosol stacking patterns in the upper Paleocene-lower Eocene Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Geology 2008, 36:531-534.
Bains S., Norris R.D., Corfield R.M., Bowen G.J., Gingerich P.D., Koch P.L. Marine terrestrial linkages at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 2003, 369:1-9.
Batten D.J. Chapter 26A. Palynofacies and paleoenvironmental interpretation. Palynology: Principles and Applications 1996, 1011-1064. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation. J. Jansonius, D.C. McGregor (Eds.).
Behar F., Beaumont V., Penteado H.L.De B. Rock-Eval 6 technology: performances and developments. Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 2001, 56:111-134.
Bennett A.J.R. Origin and formation of coal seams. Coal Research in C.S.I.R.O. 1964, 22:9-18.
Bignot G. Le gisement éocène du Cap d'Ailly (près de Dieppe Seine-Maritime). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 1965, 7:273-283.
Bignot G. Le calcrète de la base des faciès sparnaciens de la région de Reims est également présent au Cap d'Ailly (76-Haute Normandie). Bulletin d'Information des Géologues du Bassin de Paris 1984, 21:3-8.
Bossard N., Jacob J., Le Milbeau C., Lallier-Vergès E., Terwilliger V.J., Boscardin R. Variation in δD values of a single, species-specific molecular biomarker: a study of miliacin throughout a field of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2011, 25:2732-2740.
Bowen G.J., Revenaugh J. Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation. Water Resources Research 2003, 39. (13 pp.).
Bray E.E., Evans E.D. Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1961, 22:2-15.
Breyer J.A. Tide-dominated delta model for coal-bearing Wilcox strata in south Texas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 1984, 68:457-484.
Bujak J.P., Brinkhuis H. Global warming and dinocyst changes across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records 1998, 277-295. Columbia University Press, New York, (Chapter 14). M.-P. Aubry (Ed.).
Burky A.J. Physiological ecology of freshwater bivalves. The Mollusca Ecology 1983, Academic Press, New York. Russell-Hunter (Ed.).
Carvajal-Ortiz H., Mora G., Jaramillo C. A molecular evaluation of bulk organic carbon-isotope chemostratigraphy for terrestrial correlations: an example from two Paleocene-Eocene tropical sequences. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 277:173-183.
Cavagnetto C. La palynoflore d'un gisement d'ambre de l'Eocène basal du Bassin Parisien(Le Quesnoy, France). Palaeontographica Abteilung B 2000, 255:147-171.
Cerling T.E. The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1984, 71:229-240.
Cerling T.E., Quade J. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In Climate change in continental isotopic records. Geophysical Monograph Series 1993, 78:217-231.
Chaffee A.L., Hoover D.S., Johns R.B., Schweighardt F.K. Biological markers extractable from coal. Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record 1986, 311-347. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.B. Johns (Ed.).
Chikaraishi Y., Naraoka H. Compound-specific δD-δ13C analyses of n-alkanes extracted from terrestrial and aquatic plants. Phytochemistry 2003, 63:361-371.
Chikaraishi Y., Naraoka H. δ13C and δD relationships among three n-alkyl compound classes (n-alkanoic acid, n-alkane and n-alkanol) of terrestrial higher plants. Organic Geochemistry 2007, 38:198-215.
Cline J.D., Kaplan I.R. Isotopic fractionation of dissolved nitrate during denitrification in the eastern tropical north pacific ocean. Marine Chemistry 1975, 3:271-299.
Cohen A.D. An allochthonous peat deposit from Southern Florida. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1970, 81:2477-2482.
Coleman M., Raiswell R. Carbon, oxygen and sulphur isotope variations in concretions from the Upper Lias of N.E. England. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1981, 45:329-340.
Collinson M.E., Steart D.C., Scott A.C., Glasspool I.J., Hooker J.J. Episodic fire, runoff and deposition at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Journal of the Geological Society 2007, 164:87.
Collinson M.E., Steart D.C., Harrington G.J., Hooker J.J., Scott A.C., Allen L.O., Glasspool I.J., Gibbons S.J. Palynological evidence of vegetation dynamics in response to palaeoenvironmental change across the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum at Cobham, Southern England. Grana 2009, 48:38-66.
Crouch E.M., Dickens G.R., Brinkhuis H., Aubry M.-P., Hollis C.J., Rogers K.M., Visscher H. The Apectodinium acme and terrestrial discharge during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: new palynological, geochemical and calcareous nannoplankton observations at Tawanui, New Zealand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2003, 194:387-403.
Dansgaard W. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 1964, 16:436-468.
Dickens G.R., Oneil J., Rea D., Owen R. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon-isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 1995, 10:965-971.
Dickens G.R., Castillo M.M., Walker J.C.G. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate. Geology 1997, 25:259.
Diefendorf A.F., Mueller K.E., Wing S.L., Koch P.L., Freeman K.H. Global patterns in leaf 13C discrimination and implications for studies of past and future climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:5738-5743.
Diessel C.F.K. Coal-Bearing Depositional Systems 1992, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Dupuis C., Steurbaut E. Altérites, sables marins (NP8, NP9) et fluviatiles, silicification et stromatolites dans le Paléocène supérieur entre Criel et le Cap d'Ailly (Haute-Normandie). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord CV 1987, 233-242.
Dupuis C., Steurbaut E., De Coninck J., Riveline J. The Western Argiles à Lignites facies. ENSMP Mém. Sc. De la Terre 1998, 34:60-71. M. Thiry, C. Dupuis (Eds.).
Eglinton G., Hamilton R.J. Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 1967, 156:1322-1335.
Eglinton G., Gonzalez A.G., Hamilton R.J., Raphael R.A. Hydrocarbon constituents of the wax coatings of plant leaves: a taxonomic survey. Phytochemistry 1962, 1:89-102.
Epstein S., Yapp C.J. Climatic implications of the D/H ratio of hydrogen in C-H groups in tree cellulose. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1976, 30:252-261.
Espitalié J., Deroo G., Marquis F. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications, première partie. Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 1985, 40:563-579.
Espitalié J., Deroo G., Marquis F. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications, deuxième partie. Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 1985, 40:755-784.
Feakins S.J., Sessions A.L. Controls on the D/H ratios of plant leaf waxes in an arid ecosystem. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:2128-2141.
Ficken K.J., Li B., Swain D.L., Eglinton G. An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry 2000, 31:745-749.
Foreman B.Z., Heller P.L., Clementz M.T. Fluvial response to abrupt global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 2012, 491:92-95.
Gavrilov Y.O., Kodina L.A., Lubchenko I.Y., Muzylev N.G. The late Paleocene anoxic event in epicontinental seas of Peri-Tethys and formation of the sapropelite unit; sedimentology and geochemistry. Lithology and Mineral Resources 1997, 32:427-450.
Gingerich P.D. New Earliest Wasatchian Mammalian Fauna From the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: Composition and Diversity in a Rarely Sampled High-Floodplain Assemblage 1989, Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan.
Gingerich P.D. Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2006, 21:246-253.
Good S.C. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic significance of freshwater bivalves in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Western Interior, USA. Sedimentary Geology 2004, 167:163-176.
Guy-Ohlson D. Chapter 7B. Prasinophycean algae. Palynology: Principles and Applications 1996, 181-189. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation. J. Jansonius, D.C. McGregor (Eds.).
Handley L.L., Austin A.T., Stewart G.R., Robinson D., Scrimgeour C.M., Raven J.A., Heaton T.H.E., Schmidt S. The 15N natural abundance (δ15N) of ecosystem samples reflects measures of water availability. Functional Plant Biology 1999, 26:185-199.
Handley L., Crouch E.M., Pancost R.D. A New Zealand record of sea level rise and environmental change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2011, 305:185-200.
Handley L., O'Halloran A., Pearson P.N., Hawkins E., Nicholas C.J., Schouten S., McMillan I.K., Pancost R.D. Changes in the hydrological cycle in tropical East Africa during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2012, 329-330:10-21.
Higgins J.A., Schrag D.P. Beyond methane: towards a theory for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 245:523-537.
Jacob J., Disnar J.-R., Boussafir M., Ledru M.-P., Spadano Albuquerque A.L., Sifeddine A., Turcq B. Onocerane attests to dry climatic events during the Quaternary in the tropics. Organic Geochemistry 2004, 35:289-297.
Jacob J., Disnar J.-R., Boussafir M., Spadano Albuquerque A.L., Sifeddine A., Turcq B. Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers in recent lacustrine sediments (Lagoa do Caço, Brazil). Organic Geochemistry 2005, 36:449-461.
John C.M., Banerjee N.R., Longstaffe F.J., Sica C., Law K.R., Zachos J.C. Clay assemblage and oxygen isotopic constraints on the weathering response to the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, east coast of North America. Geology 2012, 40:591-594.
Karamanos R.E., Voroney R.P., Rennie D.A. Variation in natural N-15 abundance of Central Saskatchewan soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1981, 45:826-828.
Kennett J., Stott L. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Paleocene. Nature 1991, 353:225-229.
Kimble B.J., Maxwell J.R., Philp R.P., Eglinton G. Identification of steranes and tritepanes in geolipid extracts by high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chemical Geology 1974, 14:173-198.
Koch P.L., Zachos J.C., Gingerich P.D. Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 1992, 358:319-322.
Kramer M.G., Sollins P., Sletten R.S., Swart P.K. N isotope fractionation and measures of organic matter alteration during decomposition. Ecology 2003, 84:2021-2025.
Kraus M.J., Riggins S. Transient drying during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM): analysis of paleosols in the bighorn basin, Wyoming. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 245:444-461.
Lavrieux M., Jacob J., LeMilbeau C., Zocatelli R., Masuda K., Bréheret J.-G., Disnar J.-R. Occurrence of triterpenyl acetates in soil and their potential as chemotaxonomical markers of Asteraceae. Organic Geochemistry 2011, 42:1315-1323.
Leavitt S.W., Newberry T. Systematics of stable-carbon isotopic differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. Plant Physiology (Life Science Advances) 1992, 11:257-262.
Liu W., Wang Z. Nitrogen isotopic composition of plant-soil in the Loess Plateau and its responding to environmental change. Chinese Science Bulletin 2008, 54:272-279.
Liu X., Wang G. Measurements of nitrogen isotope composition of plants and surface soils along the altitudinal transect of the eastern slope of Mount Gongga in southwest China. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2010, 24:3063-3071.
Magioncalda R., Dupuis C., Blamart D., Fairon-Demaret M., Perreau M., Renard M., Riveline J., Roche M., Keppens E. L'excursion isotopique du carbone organique (delta 13 C org) dans les paleoenvironnements continentaux de l'intervalle Paleocene/Eocene de Varangeville (Haute-Normandie). Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 2001, 172:349-358.
Magioncalda R., Dupuis C., Smith T., Steurbaut E., Gingerich P.D. Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion in organic carbon and pedogenic carbonate: direct comparison in a continental stratigraphic section. Geology 2004, 32:553.
McInerney F.A., Wing S.L. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2011, 39:489-516.
Meyers P.A. Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Organic Geochemistry 1997, 27:213-250.
Moore E.A., Kurtz A.C. Black carbon in Paleocene-Eocene boundary sediments: a test of biomass combustion as the PETM trigger. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 267:147-152.
Murphy B.H., Farley K.A., Zachos J.C. An extraterrestrial 3He-based timescale for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) from Walvis Ridge, IODP Site 1266. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:5098-5108.
Nielsen H., Sørensen I. Taxonomy and stratigraphy of late-glacial Pediastrum taxa from Lysmosen, Denmark-a preliminary study. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1992, 74:55-75.
Pacton M., Gorin G.E., Vasconcelos C. Amorphous organic matter-experimental data on formation and the role of microbes. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2011, 166:253-267.
Pagani M., Pedentchouk N., Huber M., Sluijs A., Schouten S., Brinkhuis H., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Dickens G.R., Expedition 302 Scientists, Backman J., Clemens S., Cronin T., Eynaud F., Gattacceca J., Jakobsson M., Jordan R., Kaminski M., King J., Koc N., Martinez N.C., McInroy D., Moore T.C., O'Regan M., Onodera J., Pälike H., Rea B., Rio D., Sakamoto T., Smith D.C., St John K.E.K., Suto I., Suzuki N., Takahashi K., Watanabe M., Yamamoto M. Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 2006, 442:671-675.
Pearson M.J., Obaje N.G. Onocerane and other triterpenoids in Late Cretaceous sediments from the Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria: tectonic and palaeoenvironmental implications. Organic Geochemistry 1999, 30:583-592.
Pelet R. Sédimentation et évolution géologique de la matière organique. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 1985, 8:1075-1086.
Peters, K., Walters, C., Moldowan, M., 2005. The biomarker guide, Cambridge university press. ed. New York.
Raiswell R. Chemical model for the origin of minor limestone-shale cycles by anaerobic methane oxidation. Geology 1988, 16:641-644.
Retallack G.J. Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. Geology 2005, 33:333.
Röhl U., Westerhold T., Bralower T.J., Zachos J.C. On the duration of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2007, 8:Q12002.
Rommerskirchen F., Eglinton G., Dupont L., Güntner U., Wenzel C., Rullkötter J. A north to south transect of Holocene southeast Atlantic continental margin sediments: relationship between aerosol transport and compound-specific δ13C land plant biomarker and pollen records. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2003, 4:1101.
Sachse D., Radke J., Gleixner G. Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68:4877-4889.
Sachse D., Kahmen A., Gleixner G. Significant seasonal variation in the hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf-wax lipids for two deciduous tree ecosystems (Fagus sylvativa and Acer pseudoplatanus). Organic Geochemistry 2009, 40:732-742.
Sachse D., Billault I., Bowen G.J., Chikaraishi Y., Dawson T.E., Feakins S.J., Freeman K.H., Magill C.R., McInerney F.A., van der Meer M.T.J., Polissar P., Robins R.J., Sachs J.P., Schmidt H.-L., Sessions A.L., White J.W.C., West J.B., Kahmen A. Molecular paleohydrology: interpreting the hydrogen-isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers from photosynthesizing organisms. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2012, 40:221-249.
Sarmaja-Korjonen K., Seppänen A., Bennike O. Pediastrum algae from the classic late glacial Bølling S\o site, Denmark: response of aquatic biota to climate change. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2006, 138:95-107.
Sass E., Bein A., Almogi-Labin A. Oxygen-isotope composition of diagenetic calcite in organic-rich rocks: evidence for 18O depletion in marine anaerobic pore water. Geology 1991, 19:839-842.
Sauer P.E., Eglinton T.I., Hayes J.M., Schimmelmann A., Sessions A.L. Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions 1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65:213-222.
Schmitz B., Pujalte V. Sea-level, humidity, and land-erosion records across the initial Eocene thermal maximum from a continental-marine transect in northern Spain. Geology 2003, 31:689.
Schmitz B., Pujalte V. Abrupt increase in seasonal extreme precipitation at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Geology 2007, 35:215-218.
Schobert, H.H., 1995. Lignites of North America, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. ed. Amsterdam.
Schouten S., Woltering M., Rijpstra W.I.C., Sluijs A., Brinkhuis H., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. The Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion in higher plant organic matter: differential fractionation of angiosperms and conifers in the Arctic. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 258:581-592.
Schwark L., Zink K., Lechterbeck J. Reconstruction of postglacial to early Holocene vegetation history in terrestrial Central Europe via cuticular lipid biomarkers and pollen records from lake sediments. Geology 2002, 30:463-466.
Secord R., Gingerich P.D., Lohmann K.C., MacLeod K.G. Continental warming preceding the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 2010, 467:955-958.
Shearer G., Kohl D. N2-Fixation in Field Settings: estimations based on natural 15N abundance. Functional Plant Biology 1986, 13:699-756.
Shearer G., Kohl D.H. 15N method of estimating N2 fixation. Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research 1988, 342-374. Springer-Verlag, New York. Rundel, Ehleringer, Nagy (Eds.).
Shearer G., Kohl D.H. Natural abundance of 15N: fractional contribution of two sources to a common sink and use of isotope discrimination. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques 1993, 89. Knowles, Blackburn (Eds.).
Sinha, A., 1997. Systematics of carbon isotopic exchange among the ocean, atmosphere, and terrestrial biosphere: implications for global stratigraphic correlations. PhD thesis, U.S.C University of Southern California. (211pp.).
Sluijs A., Schouten S., Pagani M., Woltering M., Brinkhuis H., Damsté J.S.S., Dickens G.R., Huber M., Reichart G.-J., Stein R., Matthiessen J., Lourens L.J., Pedentchouk N., Backman J., Moran K., the Expedition 302 Scientists Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 2006, 441:610-613.
Sluijs A., Brinkhuis H., Schouten S., Bohaty S.M., John C.M., Zachos J.C., Reichart G.-J., Sinninghe Damste J.S., Crouch E.M., Dickens G.R. Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 2007, 450:1218-1222.
Smith F.A., Freeman K.H. Influence of physiology and climate on δD of leaf wax n-alkanes from C3 and C4 grasses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2006, 70:1172-1187.
Smith T., Rose K.D., Gingerich P.D. Rapid Asia-Europe-North America geographic dispersal of earliest Eocene primate Teilhardina during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:11223.
Smith F.A., Wing S.L., Freeman K.H. Magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: the role of plant community change. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 262:50-65.
Smith J.J., Hasiotis S.T., Kraus M.J., Woody D.T. Naktodemasis Bowni: New Ichnogenus and Ichnospecies for Adhesive Meniscate Burrows (AMB), and paleoenvironmental implications, Paleogene Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 2008, 82:267-278.
Smith T., Dupuis C., Folie A., Quesnel F., Storme J.-Y., Iacumin P., Riveline J., Missiaen P., Ladevèze S., Yans J. A new terrestrial vertebrate site just after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Mortemer Formation of Upper Normandy, France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2011, 10:11-20.
Stefanova M., Magnier C., Velinova D. Biomarker assemblage of some Miocene-aged Bulgarian lignite lithotypes. Organic Geochemistry 1995, 23:1067-1084.
Steurbaut E., Magioncalda R., Dupuis C., van Simaeys S., Roche E., Roche M. Palynology, paleoenvironments, and organic carbon isotope evolution in lagoonal Paleocene-Eocene boundary settings in North Belgium. Geological Society of America Special Papers 2003, 369:291-317.
Storme J.-Y., Devlesschouwer X., Schnyder J., Cambier G., Baceta J.I., Pujalte V., Di Matteo A., Iacumin P., Yans J. The Palaeocene/Eocene boundary section at Zumaia (Basque-Cantabric Basin) revisited: new insights from high resolution magnetic susceptibility and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy on organic matter (δ13Corg). Terra Nova 2012, 24:310-317.
Storme J.-Y., Dupuis C., Schnyder J., Quesnel F., Garel S., Iakovleva A.I., Iacumin P., Di Matteo A., Sebilo M., Yans J. Cycles of humid-dry climate conditions around the P/E boundary: new stable isotope data from terrestrial organic matter in Vasterival section (NW France). Terra Nova 2012, 24:114-122.
Svensen H., Planke S., Malthe-Sørenssen A., Jamtveit B., Myklebust R., Rasmussen Eidem T., Rey S.S. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 2004, 429:542-545.
Svensen H., Planke S., Corfu F. Zircon dating ties NE Atlantic sill emplacement to initial Eocene global warming. Journal of the Geological Society 2010, 167:433-436.
Swap R.J., Annegarn H.J., Suttles J.T., King M.D., Platnick S., Privette J.L., Scholes R.J. Africa burning: a thematic analysis of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:8465.
Thiry M., Dupuis C. Chemostratigraphy of the Sparnacian deposits and correlation to deep-sea record. E. N. S. M. P. Mèm. Sc. de la Terre 1998, 34:39-47. Thiry, Dupuis (Eds.).
Thiry M., Aubry M.-P., Dupuis C., Sinha A., Stott L.D., Berggren W.A. The Sparnacian deposits of the Paris Basin: d13C isotope stratigraphy. Stratigraphy 2006, 3:119-138.
Tipple B.J., Pagani M., Krishnan S., Dirghangi S.S., Galeotti S., Agnini C., Giusberti L., Rio D. Coupled high-resolution marine and terrestrial records of carbon and hydrologic cycles variations during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 311:82-92.
Tyson R.V. Sedimentary organic matter. Organic Facies and Palynofacies 1995, Chapman and Hall.
Van Dongen B.E., Talbot H.M., Schouten S., Pearson P.N., Pancost R.D. Well preserved Palaeogene and Cretaceous biomarkers from the Kilwa area, Tanzania. Organic Geochemistry 2006, 37:539-557.
Visser J.M., Sasser C.E. The effect of environmental factors on floating fresh marsh end-of-season biomass. Aquatic Botany 2009, 91:205-212.
Westerhold T., Röhl U., Raffi I., Fornaciari E., Monechi S., Reale V., Bowles J., Evans H.F. Astronomical calibration of the Paleocene time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 257:377-403.
Whelan T., Roberts H.H. Carbon isotope composition of diagenetic carbonate nodules from freshwater swamp sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1973, 43:54-58.
Wing S.L., Harrington G.J., Smith F.A., Bloch J.I., Boyer D.M., Freeman K.H. Transient floral change and rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Science 2005, 310:993-996. (New Series).
Yans J., Strait S.G., Smith T., Dupuis C., Steurbaut E., Gingerich P.D. High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy and mammalian faunal change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Honeycombs area of the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. American Journal of Science 2006, 306:712.
Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65Ma to present. Science 2001, 292:686-693. (New Series).
Zachos J.C., Wara M.W., Bohaty S., Delaney M.L., Petrizzo M.R., Brill A., Bralower T.J., Premoli-Silva I. A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 2003, 302:1551-1554. (New Series).
Zachos J.C., Röhl U., Schellenberg S.A., Sluijs A., Hodell D.A., Kelly D.C., Thomas E., Nicolo M., Raffi I., Lourens L.J., McCarren H., Kroon D. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 2005, 308:1611-1615. (New Series).