S.J. Ahlers, A.M. van der Veen, M. van Dijk, D. Tibboel, and C.A. Knibbe The use of the Behavioral Pain Scale to assess pain in conscious sedated patients Anesth Analg 110 2010 127 133
L. Anquinet, J.A. Rietjens, C. Seale, J. Seymour, L. Deliens, and A. van der Heide The practice of continuous deep sedation until death in Flanders (Belgium), the Netherlands, and the UK: a comparative study J Pain Symptom Manage 44 2012 33 43
J.J. Arevalo, T. Brinkkemper, A. van der Heide, J.A. Rietjens, M. Ribbe, L. Deliens, S.A. Loer, W.W. Zuurmond, and R.S. Perez Palliative sedation: reliability and validity of sedation scales J Pain Symptom Manage 44 2012 704 714
M. Arif-Rahu, and M.J. Grap Facial expression and pain in the critically ill non-communicative patient: state of science review Intensive Crit Care Nurs 26 2010 343 352
J. Bilsen, J. Cohen, K. Chambaere, G. Pousset, B.D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, F. Mortier, and L. Deliens Medical end-of-life practices under the euthanasia law in Belgium N Engl J Med 361 2009 1119 1121
L.M. Breau, P.J. McGrath, B. Stevens, J. Beyene, C. Camfield, G.A. Finley, L. Franck, S. Gibbins, A. Howlett, P. McKeever, K. O'Brien, and A. Ohlsson Judgments of pain in the neonatal intensive care setting: a survey of direct care staffs' perceptions of pain in infants at risk for neurological impairment Clin J Pain 22 2006 122 129
T. Brinkkemper, M. Klinkenberg, L. Deliens, M. Eliel, J.A. Rietjens, W.W. Zuurmond, and R.S. Perez Palliative sedation at home in the Netherlands: a nationwide survey among nurses J Adv Nurs 67 2011 1719 1728
T. Brinkkemper, A.M. van Norel, K.M. Szadek, S.A. Loer, W.W. Zuurmond, and R.S. Perez The use of observational scales to monitor symptom control and depth of sedation in patients requiring palliative sedation: a systematic review Palliat Med 27 2013 54 67
Broeckaert B, Mullie A, Gielen J, Desmet M, Declerck D, Vanden Berghe P Stuurgroep Ethiek FPZV. [Guideline palliative sedation sedation (Dutch)]. Available from: < http://www.pallialine.be/template.asp?f=rl-sedatie.htm >; 2012 [accessed 20.04.2013].
J.E. Brown, N. Chatterjee, J. Younger, and S. Mackey Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation PLoS One 6 2011 e24124
N.I. Cherny, and L. Radbruch European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) recommended framework for the use of sedation in palliative care Palliat Med 23 2009 581 593
P. Claessens, J. Menten, P. Schotsmans, and B. Broeckaert Palliative sedation: a review of the research literature J Pain Symptom Manage 36 2008 310 333
P. Claessens, J. Menten, P. Schotsmans, and B. Broeckaert Level of consciousness in dying patients. The role of palliative sedation: a longitudinal prospective study Am J Hosp Palliat Care 29 2012 195 200
D. Cruse, S. Chennu, C. Chatelle, T.A. Bekinschtein, D. Fernandez-Espejo, J.D. Pickard, S. Laureys, and A.M. Owen Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study Lancet 378 2011 2088 2094
A. de Graeff, and M. Dean Palliative sedation therapy in the last weeks of life: a literature review and recommendations for standards J Palliat Med 10 2007 67 85
M.M. Dean, V. Cellarius, B. Henry, and D. Oneschuk Librach Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians Taskforce SL. Framework for continuous palliative sedation therapy in Canada J Palliat Med 15 2012 870 879
A. Demertzi, C. Schnakers, D. Ledoux, C. Chatelle, M.A. Bruno, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, M. Boly, G. Moonen, and S. Laureys Different beliefs about pain perception in the vegetative and minimally conscious states: a European survey of medical and paramedical professionals Prog Brain Res 177 2009 329 338
C. Gelinas, Y. Tousignant-Laflamme, A. Tanguay, and P. Bourgault Exploring the validity of the bispectral index, the critical-care pain observation tool and vital signs for the detection of pain in sedated and mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a pilot study Intensive Crit Care Nurs 27 2011 46 52
M.M. Ghoneim, R.I. Block, M. Haffarnan, and M.J. Mathews Awareness during anesthesia: risk factors, causes and sequelae: a review of reported cases in the literature Anesth Analg 108 2009 527 535
G.D. Iannetti, and A. Mouraux From the neuromatrix to the pain matrix (and back) Exp Brain Res 205 2010 1 12
D.L. Jackson, C.W. Proudfoot, K.F. Cann, and T.S. Walsh The incidence of sub-optimal sedation in the ICU: a systematic review Crit Care 13 2009 R204
J. Kappesser, and A.C. Williams Pain estimation: asking the right questions PAIN® 148 2010 184 187
T.W. Kirk, and M.M. Mahon National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) position statement and commentary on the use of palliative sedation in imminently dying terminally ill patients J Pain Symptom Manage 39 2010 914 923
KNMG. Guideline for palliative sedation. Available at: < http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Publicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Guideline-for-palliative- sedation-2009.htm >; 2009. [accessed 20.04.2013].
S. Laureys, and N.D. Schiff Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging Neuroimage 61 2012 478 491
J. Leon-Carrion, E.P. Van, M.R. Dominguez-Morales, and F.J. Perez-Santamaria The locked-in syndrome: a syndrome looking for a therapy Brain Inj 16 2002 571 582
M. Maltoni, E. Scarpi, M. Rosati, S. Derni, L. Fabbri, F. Martini, D. Amadori, and O. Nanni Palliative sedation in end-of-life care and survival: a systematic review J Clin Oncol 30 2012 1378 1383
M.M. Monti, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, M.R. Coleman, M. Boly, J.D. Pickard, L. Tshibanda, A.M. Owen, and S. Laureys Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness N Engl J Med 362 2010 579 589
T. Morita, Y. Chinone, M. Ikenaga, M. Miyoshi, T. Nakaho, K. Nishitateno, M. Sakonji, Y. Shima, K. Suenaga, C. Takigawa, H. Kohara, K. Tani, Y. Kawamura, T. Matsubara, A. Watanabe, Y. Yagi, T. Sasaki, A. Higuchi, H. Kimura, H. Abo, T. Ozawa, Y. Kizawa, and Y. Uchitomi Efficacy and safety of palliative sedation therapy: a multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted on specialized palliative care units in Japan J Pain Symptom Manage 30 2005 320 328
W.H. Oldenmenger, P.A. Sillevis Smitt, D.S. van, G. Stoter, and C.C. van der Rijt A systematic review on barriers hindering adequate cancer pain management and interventions to reduce them: a critical appraisal Eur J Cancer 45 2009 1370 1380
S.M. Pudas-Tahka, A. Axelin, R. Aantaa, V. Lund, and S. Salantera Pain assessment tools for unconscious or sedated intensive care patients: a systematic review J Adv Nurs 65 2009 946 956
S. Rys, F. Mortier, L. Deliens, R. Deschepper, M.P. Battin, and J. Bilsen Continuous sedation until death: moral justifications of physicians and nurses-a content analysis of opinion pieces Med Health Care Philos 2012 [Epub ahead of print]
R.D. Sanders, G. Tononi, S. Laureys, and J.W. Sleigh Unresponsiveness not equal unconsciousness Anesthesiology 116 2012 946 959
C. Schnakers, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, J. Giacino, M. Ventura, M. Boly, S. Majerus, G. Moonen, and S. Laureys Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment BMC Neurol 9 2009 35
M. Verkerk, W.E. Van, J. Legemaate, and G.A. de A national guideline for palliative sedation in the Netherlands J Pain Symptom Manage 34 2007 666 670