Development of a new hydrocarbon index for oil-in-water

[en] A new robust method for determination of hydrocarbons in water without use of Freon(TM) or other halogenated solvents has been validated and subjected to an interlaboratory exercise. The method is based on extraction with a light hydrocarbon (boiling point in the 39-69 degrees C range), followed by cleanup for removal of polar components and detection by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation (FID) detection. The performance characteristics of the method are comparable with that of the previous Freon-IR method with recoveries in the 60-80% range and reproducibility (between laboratory variations) of about 30%. A screening method for hydrocarbons in the range 5 ppm and above based on infrared spectroscopy (IR), and a promising method for detection of low levels based on solid phase extraction (SPE) has been tested and validated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Disciplines :

Chemistry

Author, co-author :

Kvernheim, A. L.

Lund, H. S.

Berg, B.

De Pauw, Edwin ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de chimie (sciences) > GIGA-R : Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.)

Eppe, Gauthier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Centre interfac. d'analyse des résidus en traces (CART)

Chtaib, M.

Language :

English

Title :

Development of a new hydrocarbon index for oil-in-water

Publication date :

1999

Journal title :

Chemosphere

ISSN :

0045-6535

eISSN :

1879-1298

Publisher :

Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

2707-2722

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 14 July 2009

Statistics

Number of views

203 (2 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

1 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

API (American Petroleum Institute), Task Group on Analytical Methods, Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Oil and Grease in Produced Water from Oil and Gas Industry Operations, Prepared for the API Committee on Environmental Conservation, Division of Protection., (July 1975)
CONCAWE, Determination of Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Effluents from the Oil Industry by Infrared Analysis, Prepared by CONCAWE's Special Task Force on Guidelines on Tests and Standard Methods (1984)
G.F. Oldham, Methods of Analysis and Sampling of Oil in Water, Report prepared by BP International Ltd., Presented at the Seminar on Aspects of the Prevention of Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea, Organised by CONCAWE and E & P Forum in association with the Co-ordinating Unit for the Mediterranean Action Plan, UNEP, Athens, 11-13 (February 1985)
K. Simms, A. Zaidi and O. Bhargava, A Protocol for Determining Oil and Grease in Produced Water, in: Produced Water, Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions, Proceedings of the 1992 International Produced water Symposium, San Diego, CA'', ISBN 0-306-44358-9, eds. J.P. Ray, F.R. Engelhardt, (1992)
E. Nyström, Analyses of oil contaminated effluents'', Report 3319 from The Swedish Environmental protection Agency, ISBN 91-620-3319-O (1987)
C. Westerberg, Extracts from Swedish Reports Concerning the Work to Find ODS-Free Methods for Determination of Oil, Note from The Swedish Environmental protection Agency dated 1994-11-24 (1994)
W. Hintze, The Analysis of Grease and Fat, Report 3665 from The Swedish Environmental protection Agency 3665 (1989)
Development of new analytical methods for determination of oil, Report 4080 from The Swedish Environmental protection Agency, ISBN 91-620-4080-4 (1991)
L. Jenssen, Development of a Nordic standard for the analysis of oil and grease in water based on supercritical fluid extraction, SINTEF Report STF27 F3095 part 1 (1993)
L. Jenssen, Development of a Nordic standard for the analysis of oil and grease in water based on supercritical fluid extraction, SINTEF Report STF27 F94033 part 2 (1994)
L. Jenssen, A. L. Kvernheim and B. E. Berg, Supercritical fluid extraction method for oil-in-water analysis. Testing and selection of solid phase adsorbents, SINTEF Report STF66 F96507 (1996)
Determination of oil in water by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography, Method OLF\WG-OIW, Rev 0\0896 from The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) (1996)
EPA Method 1664, N-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) and Silica Gel Treated N-Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM) by Extraction and Gravimetry (Oil and Grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons), EPA-821-B-94-004b (April 1995)
EPA-821-R-93-011, Preliminary Report of EPA Efforts to Replace Freon for the Determination of Oil and Grease (September 1993)
EPA-820-R-95-003, Report of EPA to Replace Freon for the Determination of Oil and Grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Phase II (April 1995)
EPA draft Method 3560, Supercritical fluid extraction of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons from soils, sediments, fly ash and other solid materials. Revision draft 1 (1992)
EPA draft Method 8440, Total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons extracted by the EPA draft Method 3560 and quantified by infrared spectroscopy. Revision draft 1″, 1992
J.C. Nelson, "Replacement of Ozone-Depleting CFC-113 in Oil and Grease Protocol, Experiments and Recommendations, Report PB 6541 0301 from Klohn-Crippen, Environment Canada (1995)
Determination of the oil content of effluent water - Extraction and infra-red spectrophotometric method, IP proposed Method No. PMBW 95 (1995)
Report of Trials using Terpene Hydrocarbon as an Alternative Solvent for Oil in Water Test Method, Amerada Hess Ltd project conducted by Rhomax Engineering, Rhomax Ref.: 945116, (1994)
Towards standardised Australian Methods for Analysis of Hydrocarbon Contaminants (TPH and "oil and grease"). A Review of Current Research and Methods. Proceeding of a National Workshop, November (1996)
Determination after extraction with petroleum ether and GC analysis, from NNI the Netherlands based on work by P.C.M. Frintorp, RIZA
Horiba OCMA 350, oil content analyzer, Horiba Instruments Inc. (1996)
P. Wilks, Portable infrared analyzers for repetitive analysis, International laboratory, 11A-11B (May 1996)
N.C. Shanta, Thin Layer chromatography-flame ionization detection Iatroscan system, J. Chromatogr. 624, 21 (1992)
J. Vela, V. L. Cebolla, L. Membrad and J. M. Andres, Quantitative hydrocarbon group type analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons products using an improved TLC-FID system, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 33, 417 (1995)
D.A. Karlsen and S.R. Larter, Analysis of petroleum fractions by TLC-FID: Applications to petroleum reservoir description, Org. Geochem. 17, 603 (1991)
G. Michor, J. Carron, S. Bruce and D. A. Cancilla, Analysis of 23 polynuclear aromatics hydrocarbons from natural water at the sub-ng/1 level using solid phase disk extraction and mass selective detection, J. Chromatogr. A 732, 85 (1996)
M. Wells, D. Ferguson and J. Green, Determination of oil and grease in waste water by solid phase extraction, Analyst 120, 1715 (1995)
M. Mayer and C. Poole, Identification of the procedural steps that affect recovery of semi-volatile compounds by solid phase extraction using cartridge and particle-loaded membrane (disk) devices, Analytica Chimica Acta 294,113 (1994)
R. Lucke, J. Campbell, G. Ross, S. Goheen and E. Hoppe, Closed system, solid phase extraction cleanup method for removal of normal paraffin hydrocarbon from samples prior to purge and trap volatile analysis, Anal. Chem. 65, 2229 (1993)
D. Louch, S. Motlagh and J. Pawliszyn, Dynamics of organic compound extraction from water using liquid-coated fused silica fibers, Anal. Chem. 64, 1187 (1992)
M. Chai, C. Arthur and J. Pawliszyn, Determination of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in air and water with solid-phase microextraction, Analyst 118, 1501 (1993)
C. Arthur, K. Pratt, S. Moltagh and J. Pawliszyn, Environmental analysis of organic compounds in water using solid-phase microextraction, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 15, 741 (1992)
R. Eisert and K. Levsen, Solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography: a new method for analysis of organics in water, J. Chromatogr. A 733, 143 (1996)
C.P. Tonseth and J. Dohl, Guidelines for validation of analytical methods, NYCOMED IMAGING, (1993)
Personal communication Jørn Paus - The Norwegian Oil Industry Association/Norsk Hydro AS
J. Stone, U.S EPA Method 1664: Waiting for Godot, International Laboratory, November, 20 (1996)