Kinematic analysis of swimming ontogeny in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

Swimming has been investigated in multiple species, but few studies consider the establishment of swimming through ontogeny. This study describes the establishment of cyclical swimming in Dicentrachus labrax, a marine fish from cold, temperate waters. The data were compared with results from previous studies on two subtropical freshwater catfish species (Clarias gariepinus and Corydoras aeneus). The three species have different modes of locomotion during their adult stage (anguilliform, subacarangiform and carangiform). The swimming of Dicentrarchus labrax was recorded with a high-speed video camera (500 fps) from 0 to 288 hours and from 960 to 2496 hours post-hatching. Three indices, i.e. coefficient of determination (r²), coefficient of variation (CV), and Strouhal number (St), were used to investigate the establishment and efficiency of swimming. Important differences in the timing of swimming establishment were observed between the seabass and the two catfish species. The two catfish species display a sine-shape swimming mode immediately or soon after hatching, and the efficiency of movement substantially improves during the first days of life. For seabass, however, establishment of swimming is slower during the same developmental period. These differences may be related to a faster developmental rate in the catfishes that allows them to swim rapidly in an intermediate regime flow and to develop the required morphology to establish efficient movements earlier.