European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

[en] Guidance is provided in a European setting on the assessment and treatment of postmenopausal women at risk of fractures due to osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: The International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis published guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in 2008. This manuscript updates these in a European setting. METHODS: Systematic literature reviews. RESULTS: The following areas are reviewed: the role of bone mineral density measurement for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk, general and pharmacological management of osteoporosis, monitoring of treatment, assessment of fracture risk, case finding strategies, investigation of patients and health economics of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A platform is provided on which specific guidelines can be developed for national use.

Disciplines :

General & internal medicine

Author, co-author :

Kanis, J. A.

McCloskey, E. V.

Johansson, H.

Cooper, C.

Rizzoli, R.

Reginster, Jean-Yves ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la santé publique > Santé publique, Epidémiologie et Economie de la santé

Language :

English

Title :

European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Publication date :

2013

Journal title :

Osteoporosis International

ISSN :

0937-941X

eISSN :

1433-2965

Publisher :

Springer, Germany

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

23-57

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 09 April 2013

Statistics

Number of views

78 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

1085

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

963

OpenCitations

886

Bibliography

Kanis JA, Delmas P, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Torgerson D (1997) Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. The European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease. Osteoporos Int 7:390-406
Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster JY, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R (2008) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 19:399-428
Elliot-Gibson V, Bogoch ER, Jamal SA, Beaton DE (2004) Practice patterns in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis after a fragility fracture: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int 15:767-778
Giangregorio L, Papaioannou A, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Adachi JD (2006) Fragility fractures and the osteoporosis care gap: an international phenomenon. Semin Arthritis Rheum 35:293-305
Haaland DA, Cohen DR, Kennedy CC, Khalidi NA, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A (2009) Closing the osteoporosis care gap: increased osteoporosis awareness among geriatrics and rehabilitation teams. BMC Geriatr 9:28
Consensus Development Conference (1993) Diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646-650
World Health Organisation (1994) Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 843:1-129
Kanis JA, on behalf of the WHO Scientific Group (2008) Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
Nguyen T, Sambrook P, Kelly P, Jones G, Lord S, Freund J, Eisman J (1993) Prediction of osteoporotic fractures by postural instability and bone density. BMJ 307:1111-1115
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Sembo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Dawson A, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2000) Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo. Osteoporos Int 11:669-674
Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 17:1726-1733
Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, Johansson H, Johnell O, Jonsson B, Oden A, Zethraeus N, Pfleger B, Khaltaev N (2005) Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 16:581-589
Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Compston JE, Cooper C, McCloskey E, Jonsson B (2011) Osteoporosis: burden, health care provision and opportunities in the EU. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos doi: 10.1007/s11657-011-0060-1
Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C et al (2012) The burden of fractures in the European Union in 2010. Osteoporos Int 23(Suppl 2):S57
Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd (1993) Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 137:1001-1005
Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oglesby AK (2003) The components of excess mortality after hip fracture. Bone 32:468-473
Blake GM, Fogelman I (2007) Role of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom 10:102-110
Engelke K, Gluer CC (2006) Quality and performance measures in bone densitometry: part 1: errors and diagnosis. Osteoporos Int 17:1283-1292
Gluer CC, Lu Y, Engelke K (2006) Quality and performance measures in bone densitometry. Part 2: fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 17:1449-1458
Ranjanomennahary P, Ghalila SS, Malouche D, Marchadier A, Rachidi M, Benhamou C, Chappard C (2011) Comparison of radiograph-based texture analysis and bone mineral density with three-dimensional microarchitecture of trabecular bone. Med Phys 38:420-428
Fouque-Aubert A, Boutroy S, Marotte H, Vilayphiou N, Lespessailles E, Benhamou CL, Miossec P, Chapurlat R (2011) Assessment of hand trabecular bone texture with high resolution direct digital radiograph in rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Joint Bone Spine 79:379-383
Hans D, Goertzen AL, Krieg MA, Leslie WD (2011) Bone microarchitecture assessed by TBS predicts osteoporotic fractures independent of bone density: the Manitoba study. J Bone Miner Res 26:2762-2769
Hans D, Barthe N, Boutroy S, Pothuaud L, Winzenrieth R, Krieg MA (2011) Correlations between trabecular bone score, measured using anteroposterior dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry acquisition, and 3-dimensional parameters of bone microarchitecture: an experimental study on human cadaver vertebrae. J Clin Densitom 14:302-312
Genant HK, Lang TF, Engelke K, Fuerst T, Gluer C, Majumdar S, Jergas M (1996) Advances in the noninvasive assessment of bone density, quality, and structure. Calcif Tissue Int 59(Suppl 1):S10-S15
Mazess RB, Collick B, Trempe J, Barden H, Hanson J (1998) Performance evaluation of a dual energy x-ray bone densitometer. Calcif Tissue Int 44:228-232
Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Nyman JA, Kane RL, Melton LJ 3rd (2005) Potential cost-effective use of spine radiographs to detect vertebral deformity and select osteopenic post-menopausal women for amino-bisphosphonate therapy. Osteoporos Int 16:1883-1893
Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Nyman JA, Kane RL, Melton LJ 3rd (2006) Cost-effectiveness of vertebral fracture assessment to detect prevalent vertebral deformity and select postmenopausal women with a femoral neck T-score >-2.5 for alendronate therapy: a modeling study. J Clin Densitom 9:133-143
Vokes T, Bachman D, Baim S, Binkley N, Broy S, Ferrar L, Lewiecki EM, Richmond B, Schousboe J (2006) Vertebral fracture assessment: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 9:37-46
Ferrar L, Jiang G, Schousboe JT, DeBold CR, Eastell R (2008) Algorithm-based qualitative and semiquantitative identification of prevalent vertebral fracture: agreement between different readers, imaging modalities, and diagnostic approaches. J Bone Miner Res 23:417-424
McCloskey EV, Vasireddy S, Threlkeld J, Eastaugh J, Parry A, Bonnet N, Beneton M, Kanis JA, Charlesworth D (2008) Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) with a densitometer predicts future fractures in elderly women unselected for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 23:1561-1568
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312:1254-1259
Gluer CC (1997) Quantitative ultrasound techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis: expert agreement on current status. The International Quantitative Ultrasound Consensus Group. J Bone Miner Res 12:1280-1288
Watts NB (2004) Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int 15:847-854
Kanis JA, Melton LJ 3rd, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 9:1137-1141
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ 3rd, Khaltaev N (2008) A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone 42:467-475
Kanis JA, Gluer CC (2000) An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11:192-202
Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Calvo MS, Harris TB, Heyse SP, Johnston CC Jr, Lindsay R (1998) Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int 8:468-489
Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A et al (2005) Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res 20:1185-1194
De Laet CEDH, Van Hout BA, Burger H, Hofman A, Weel AE, Pols H (1998) Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res 13:1587-1593
Kanis JA, Bianchi G, Bilezikian JP, Kaufman JM, Khosla S, Orwoll E, Seeman E (2011) Towards a diagnostic and therapeutic consensus in male osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:2789-2798
Lewiecki EM, Watts NB, McClung MR, Petak SM, Bachrach LK, Shepherd JA, Downs RW Jr (2004) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3651-3655
Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, Kendler DL, Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Petak SM (2006) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and Executive Summary of the 2005 Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom 9:4-14
Blake GM, Patel R, Knapp KM, Fogelman I (2003) Does the combination of two BMD measurements improve fracture discrimination? J Bone Miner Res 18:1955-1963
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A et al (2006) The use of multiple sites for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17:527-534
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Tsang JF, Caetano PA (2007) Single-site vs multisite bone density measurement for fracture prediction. Arch Intern Med 167:1641-1647
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A (2000) Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone 27:585-590
Royal College of Physicians (1999) Osteoporosis: clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment. RCP, London
Royal College of Physicians (2002) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Guidelines on prevention and treatment. Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain, National Osteoporosis Society and Royal College of Physicians. RCP, London
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. NOF, Washington
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) NICE technology appraisal guidance 161 (amended). Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (amended). NICE, London
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) NICE technology appraisal guidance 160 (amended). Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and strontium ranelate for the primary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women (amended). NICE, London
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Dawson A, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2001) Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int 12:989-995
Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM (1993) Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 341:72-75
Moayyeri A, Adams JE, Adler RA, Krieg MA, Hans D, Compston J, Lewiecki EM (2012) Quantitative ultrasound of the heel and fracture risk assessment: an updated meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 23:143-153
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Black D, Vogt TM (1995) Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 332:767-773
Ribot C, Pouilles JM, Bonneu M, Tremollieres F (1992) Assessment of the risk of post-menopausal osteoporosis using clinical factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 36:225-228
Poor G, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd (1995) Predictors of hip fractures in elderly men. J Bone Miner Res 10:1900-1907
Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929-1936
Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston C (1998) Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. J Clin Invest 81:1804-1809
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A et al (2004) A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Bone 35:1029-1037
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A et al (2004) A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 19:893-899
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Pols H, Tenenhouse A (2005) Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:737-742
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman J (2006) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155-162
De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A et al (2005) Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:1330-1338
Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PD, Abbott TA, Berger M (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:721-739
Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Johansson H, Oden A, Leslie WD (2012) FRAX® with and without bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 90:1-13
Schwartz AV, Vittinghoff E, Bauer DC et al (2011) Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 305:2184-2192
Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 27:301-308
Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV (2008) Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporos Int 19:1431-1444
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2009) Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores. BMJ 339:b4229
McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD et al (2001) Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med 344:333-340
Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, Seibel MJ, Stepan J (2000) The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11(Suppl 6):S2-S17
Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Garnero P, Delmas PD, Kanis JA (2002) Biochemical indices of bone turnover and the assessment of fracture probability. Osteoporos Int 13:523-526
Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyere O et al (2011) Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int 22:391-420
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:385-397
WHO (2007) Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health care level. WHO, Geneva. At: www.who.int/chp/topics/rheumatic/en/index.html. Accessed May 2012
Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O et al (2007) The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 18:1033-1046
Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oden A, Ogelsby AK (2002) International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res 17:1237-1244
Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C et al (2011) Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 22:2395-2411
Hans DB, Kanis JA, Baim S et al (2011) Joint official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX(®). Executive summary of the 2010 Position Development Conference on Interpretation and use of FRAX® in clinical practice. J Clin Densitom 14:171-180
Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C (2000) Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 15:993-1000
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A et al (2005) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155-162
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV (2011) Guidance for the adjustment of FRAX according to the dose of glucocorticoids. Osteoporos Int 22:809-816
Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM et al (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ 182:1864-1873
Orimo H, Nakamura T, Fukunaga M (2006) Japanese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (Translated Abridged Edition)
Baim S, Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, Kendler DL, Hans DB, Lewiecki EM, Silverman S (2008) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom 11:75-91
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2011) Spine-hip discordance and fracture risk assessment: a physician-friendly FRAX enhancement. Osteoporos Int 22:839-847
Leslie WD, Kovacs CS, Olszynski WP, Towheed T, Kaiser SM, Prior JC, Josse RG, Jamal SA, Kreiger N, Goltzman D (2011) Spine-hip T-score difference predicts major osteoporotic fracture risk independent of FRAX®: a population-based report from CAMOS. J Clin Densitom 14:286-293
Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Strom O, Borgstrom F, Oden A (2008) Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX - assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:1395-1408
Kanis JA, Reginster JY (2008) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women - what is the current message for clinical practice? Pol Arch Med Wewn 118:538-540
NOF (2003) Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. NOF, Washington DC
EC (1998) Report on osteoporosis in the European Community. EC, Strasbourg
Brixen K (2002) Consensus report on osteoporosis. Ugeskr Laeger Suppl. 10
Hellenic Foundation for Osteoporosis (2004) Kateufunthries gpammes gia th diagnwsh kai antimetwpisnh ths Osteopowshs sthn Ellada (Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Greece). Athens
Collegio dei Reumatologi Ospedalieri, Società Italiana dell'Osteoporosi e delle Malattie del Metabolismo Minerale e Scheletrico, Società Italiana di Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa, Società Italiana di Medicina Interna, Società Italiana di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica, Società Italiana di Reumatologia (2006) Linee guida per la diagnosi, prevenzione e terapia dell'osteoporosi (Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis). SINOSSI. EDIMES., Pavia
Pols HA, Wittenberg J (2002) CBO guideline 'Osteoporosis' (second revision]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 146:1359-1363
SEIOMM (2003) Guía de Práctica: osteoporosis posmenopáusica (Practice guidelines: postmenopausal osteoporosis). Revista Clinica Española. pp 496-506
SIGN (2003) Management of osteoporosis. SIGN, Edinburgh
Dawson-Hughes B (2008) A revised clinician's guide to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2463-2465
Kanis JA, Johnell O (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int 16:229-238
Association Suisse contre l'Ostéoporose (2010) Ostéoporose: Recommandations 2010. ASCO. http://www.svgo.ch/content/documents/SVGO- Empfehlungen2010-V19April2010.pdf. Accessed May 2012
Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Francis R, Kanis JA, Marsh D, McCloskey EV, Reid DM, Selby P, Wilkins M (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas 62:105-108
Czerwinski E, Kanis JA, Trybulec B, Johansson H, Borowy P, Osieleniec J (2009) The incidence and risk of hip fracture in Poland. Osteoporos Int 20:1363-1367
Badurski JE, Kanis JA, Johansson H, Dobrenko A, Nowak NA, Daniluk S, Jezienicka E (2011) The application of FRAX® to determine intervention thresholds in osteoporosis treatment in Poland. Pol Arch Med Wewn 121:148-155
Dawson-Hughes B, Tosteson AN, Melton LJ 3rd, Baim S, Favus MJ, Khosla S, Lindsay RL (2008) Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos Int 19:449-458
Fujiwara S, Nakamura T, Orimo H, Hosoi T, Gorai I, Oden A, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2008) Development and application of a Japanese model of the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). Osteoporos Int 19:429-435
Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, American College of Rheumatology et al (2010) Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62:1515-1526
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Oglesby A, Jonsson B (2002) Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis. Bone 31:26-31
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Borgstrom F, Johansson H, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2005) Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in men and women: a study based on data from Sweden. Osteoporos Int 16:6-14
Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, Zethraeus N, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B (2005) Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in the UK. Bone 36:22-32
Lekawasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian J, Boonen S, Borgstrom F (2012) A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int (in press)
Lippuner K, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R (2010) FRAX assessment of osteoporotic fracture probability in Switzerland. Osteoporos Int 21:381-389
NOF (2008) Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. NOF, Washington DC
Neuprez A, Johansson H, Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Oden A, Bruyere O, Hiligsmann M, Devogelaer JP, Kaufman JM, Reginster JY (2009) A FRAX model for the assessment of fracture probability in Belgium. Rev Med Liege 64:612-619
Socialstyrelsen (2010) Nationella riktlinjer för rörelseorganens sjukdomar 2010 - stöd för styrning och ledning. Preliminär version. Artikelnr 2010-11-15. Publicerad www.socialstyrelsen. se. Accessed June 2012
Briot K, Cortet B, Thomas T et al (2012) 2012 update of French guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 79:304-313
Tosteson AN, Melton LJ 3rd, Dawson-Hughes B, Baim S, Favus MJ, Khosla S, Lindsay RL (2008) Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int 19:437-447
Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M (2007) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess 11:1-256
Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Oglesby A, McCloskey EV, Kayan K, Jalava T, Kanis JA (2004) Optimization of BMD measurements to identify high risk groups for treatment - a test analysis. J Bone Miner Res 19:906-913
Johansson H, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, McCloskey E (2009) BMD, clinical risk factors and their combination for hip fracture prevention. Osteoporos Int 20:1675-1682
Johansson H, Kanis JA, Oden A, Compston J, McCloskey E (2012) A comparison of case-finding strategies in the UK for the management of hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 23:907-915
Kanis JA, Adams J, Borgstrom F, Cooper C, Jonsson B, Preedy D, Selby P, Compston J (2008) The cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 42:4-15
Leslie WD, Morin S, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) Fracture risk assessment without bone density measurement in routine clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 23:75-85
Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2012) High fracture probability with FRAX usually indicates densitometric osteoporosis: implications for clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 23:391-397
Dachverband Osteologie e.V (2011) DVO guideline 2009 for prevention, diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis in adults. Osteologie 20:55-74
Collins GS, Mallett S, Altman DG (2011) Predicting risk of osteoporotic and hip fracture in the United Kingdom: prospective independent and external validation of QFractureScores. BMJ 342:d3651
Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2012) Pitfalls in the external validation of FRAX. Osteoporos Int 23:423-431
Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, Negrini S, Robinson V, Kemper HC, Wells G, Tugwell P, Cranney A (2002) Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000333
Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, Skelton DA, Ballinger C (2011) Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD004963
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G (2011) Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000333
Myers AH, Young Y, Langlois JA (1996) Prevention of falls in the elderly. Bone 18:87S-101S
Michael YL, Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Fu R, O'Connor EA, Gold R (2010) Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 153:815-825
Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC (2008) Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:2234-2243
Kannus P, Sievanen H, Palvanen M, Jarvinen T, Parkkari J (2005) Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people. Lancet 366:1885-1893
Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, Shaw FE, Whitehead A, Genc Y, Vanoli A, Martin FC, Gosney MA (2007) Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334:82
Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, Parker MJ (2010) Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001255
Sawka AM, Boulos P, Beattie K, Thabane L, Papaioannou A, Gafni A, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Hanley DA, Adachi JD (2005) Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional and community-dwelling elderly? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 16:1461-1474
Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD (2006) Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ 332:571-574
Kiel DP, Magaziner J, Zimmerman S, Ball L, Barton BA, Brown KM, Stone JP, Dewkett D, Birge SJ (2007) Efficacy of a hip protector to prevent hip fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:413-422
Rizzoli R (2008) Nutrition: its role in bone health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:813-829
Bonjour JP, Guéguen L, Palacios C, Shearer MJ, Weaver CM (2009) Minerals and vitamins in bone health: the potential value of dietary enhancement. Br J Nutr 101:1581-1596
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (2001) Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Bangkok, Thailand. Washington, DC
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A (2007) Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 370:657-666
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, Henschkowski J (2009) Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339:b3692
Smith H, Anderson F, Raphael H, Maslin P, Crozier S, Cooper C (2007) Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women - a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:1852-1857
Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, Nicholson GC (2010) Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303:1815-1822
Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD (2010) Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med 152:315-323
Autier P, Gandini S (2007) Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 167:1730-1737
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (2011) Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 342:d2040
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Reid IR (2012) Misclassification does not explain increased cardiovascular risks of calcium supplements. J Bone Miner Res 27:959, Author reply, 960-951
Grey A, Bolland M, Reid R (2011) Calcium supplements and cardiovascular disease - picking the spin. Int J Clin Pract 65:226-227, Author reply, 227-228
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Reid IR (2011) Re: the calcium scare: what would Austin Bradford Hill have thought? Osteoporos Int 22:3079-3080, Author reply, 3081-3073
Lewis JR, Zhu K, Prince RL (2012) Response to: misclassification does not explain increased cardiovascular risks of calcium supplements. J Bone Miner Res 27:960-961
Lewis JR, Zhu K, Prince RL (2012) Adverse events from calcium supplementation: relationship to errors in myocardial infarction self-reporting in randomized controlled trials of calcium supplementation. J Bone Miner Res 27:719-722
Nordin BE, Lewis JR, Daly RM, Horowitz J, Metcalfe A, Lange K, Prince RL (2011) The calcium scare - what would Austin Bradford Hill have thought? Osteoporos Int 22:3073-3077
Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, Flicker L, Prince RL (2011) Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res 26:35-41
Rizzoli R, Burlet N, Cahall D et al (2008) Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone 42:841-847
Delmas PD (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 359:2018-2026
Boonen S, Body JJ, Boutsen Y, Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY (2005) Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int 16:239-254
Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, Stock JL, Wong M, Siris E, Adachi JD (2003) Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone 33:522-532
Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH et al (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. Jama 282:637-645
Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA et al (1999) The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. Jama 281:2189-2197
Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL et al (2006) Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. Jama 295:2727-2741
Mosca L, Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK et al (2001) Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study. AmJ Cardiol 88:392-395
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, Geiger MJ, Grady D, Kornitzer M, McNabb MA, Wenger NK (2006) Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 355:125-137
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Black DM, Downs RW Jr, Sarkar S, Fuerst T, Secrest RJ, Pavo I (2003) Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Bone 33:293-300
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV (2010) A meta-analysis of the efficacy of raloxifene on all clinical and vertebral fractures and its dependency on FRAX. Bone 47:729-735
Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, Vukicevic S, Zanchetta JR, de Villiers TJ, Constantine GD, Chines AA (2008) Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res 23:1923-1934
Silverman SL, Chines AA, Kendler DL, Kung AW, Teglbjaerg CS, Felsenberg D, Mairon N, Constantine GD, Adachi JD (2012) Sustained efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in preventing fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Osteoporos Int 23:351-363
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV (2009) Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX. Bone 44:1049-1054
de Villiers TJ, Chines AA, Palacios S, Lips P, Sawicki AZ, Levine AB, Codreanu C, Kelepouris N, Brown JP (2011) Safety and tolerability of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of a 5-year, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Osteoporos Int 22:567-576
Khan SA, Kanis JA, Vasikaran S et al (1997) Elimination and biochemical responses to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 12:1700-1707
Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB et al (1996) Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet 348:1535-1541
Stevenson M, Jones ML, De Nigris E, Brewer N, Davis S, Oakley J (2005) A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health Technol Assess 9:1-160
Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, Wells G, Tugwell P, Rosen C (2002) Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 23:570-578
Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE et al (1998) Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. Jama 280:2077-2082
Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK et al (1999) Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA 282:1344-1352
Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH et al (2000) Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11:83-91
Chesnut IC, Skag A, Christiansen C et al (2004) Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 19:1241-1249
Delmas PD, Recker RR, Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Stakkestad JA, Emkey R, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, Christiansen C (2004) Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int 15:792-798
Harris ST, Blumentals WA, Miller PD (2008) Ibandronate and the risk of non-vertebral and clinical fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of a meta-analysis of phase III studies. Curr Med Res Opin 24:237-245
Reginster JY, Adami S, Lakatos P et al (2006) Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2 year results from the MOBILE study. Ann Rheum Dis 65:654-661
Delmas PD, Adami S, Strugala C et al (2006) Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study. Arthritis Rheum 54:1838-1846
Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P et al (2002) Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 346:653-661
Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA et al (2007) Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 356:1809-1822
Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS et al (2007) Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. New Engl J Med 357:1-11
Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Boonen S, Breart G, Diez-Perez A, Felsenberg D, Kaufman JM, Kanis JA, Cooper C (2011) Adverse reactions and drug-drug interactions in the management of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 89:91-104
Pazianas M, Compston J, Huang CL (2010) Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res 25:2-10
Cardwell CR, Abnet CC, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ (2010) Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of esophageal cancer. JAMA 304:657-663
Green J, Czanner G, Reeves G, Watson J, Wise L, Beral V (2010) Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus, stomach, and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary care cohort. BMJ 341:c4444
Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR et al (2010) Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 25:2267-2294
Pazianas M, Abrahamsen B, Eiken PA, Eastell R, Russell RG (2012) Reduced colon cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women treated with an oral bisphosphonate - Danish National Register Based Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int (in press)
Hartle JE, Tang X, Kirchner HL, Bucaloiu ID, Sartorius JA, Pogrebnaya ZV, Akers GA, Carnero GE, Perkins RM (2012) Bisphosphonate therapy, death, and cardiovascular events among female patients with CKD: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 59:636-644
Bondo L, Eiken P, Abrahamsen B (2012) Analysis of the association between bisphosphonate treatment survival in Danish hip fracture patients-a nationwide register-based open cohort study. Osteoporos Int (in press)
Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Cauley JA et al (2010) Oral bisphosphonate use and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 28:3582-3590
Rizzoli R, Akesson K, Bouxsein M, Kanis JA, Napoli N, Papapoulos S, Reginster JY, Cooper C (2011) Subtrochanteric fractures after long-term treatment with bisphosphonates: a European Society on Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, and International Osteoporosis Foundation Working Group Report. Osteoporos Int 22:373-390
Kanis JA, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, Ringe JD, Adachi JD, Hiligsmann M, Rizzoli R, Cooper C (2012) A reappraisal of generic bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:213-221
Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR et al (2001) Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 344:1434-1441
Shrader SP, Ragucci KR (2005) Parathyroid hormone (1-84) and treatment of osteoporosis. Ann Pharmacother 39:1511-1516
Prince R, Sipos A, Hossain A, Syversen U, Ish-Shalom S, Marcinowska E, Halse J, Lindsay R, Dalsky GP, Mitlak BH (2005) Sustained nonvertebral fragility fracture risk reduction after discontinuation of teriparatide treatment. J Bone Miner Res 20:1507-1513
Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, Ortolani S, Badurski JE, Spector TD et al (2004) The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 350:459-468
Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC et al (2005) Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2816-2822
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV (2011) A meta-analysis of the effect of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the interaction with FRAX®. Osteoporos Int 22:2347-2355
Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S et al (2012) Maintenance of antifracture efficacy over 10 years with strontium ranelate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 23:1115-1122
Stevenson M, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M, Beverley C (2007) The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate for the prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Health Technol Assess 11:1-134
EMEA (2007) Questions and answers on the safety of Protelos/Osseor (strontium ranelate). European Medicines Agency. Accessed 24th January 2012
Musette P, Brandi ML, Cacoub P, Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY (2010) Treatment of osteoporosis: recognizing and managing cutaneous adverse reactions and drug-induced hypersensitivity. Osteoporos Int 21:723-732
Tas S, Simonart T (2003) Management of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome): an update. Dermatology 206:353-356
Lecart MP, Reginster JY (2011) Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 12:2533-2552
Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR et al (2009) Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 361:756-765
Papapoulos S, Chapurlat R, Libanati C et al (2012) Five years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the first two years of the FREEDOM extension. J Bone Miner Res 27:694-701
McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Austin M, Siris E, Wang A, Lewiecki EM, Lorenc R, Libanati C, Kanis JA (2012) Denosumab reduces the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, particularly in those with moderate to high fracture risk as assessed with FRAX(R). J Bone Miner Res Published online on Mar 19, 2012. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1606
von Keyserlingk C, Hopkins R, Anastasilakis A, Toulis K, Goeree R, Tarride JE, Xie F (2011) Clinical efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41:178-186
Black DM, Bilezikian JP, Ensrud KE, Greenspan SL, Palermo L, Hue T, Lang TF, McGowan JA, Rosen CJ (2005) One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 353:555-565
Eastell R, Nickelsen T, Marin F et al (2009) Sequential treatment of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis after teriparatide: final results of the randomized, controlled European Study of Forsteo (EUROFORS). J Bone Miner Res 24:726-736
McClung M, Recker R, Miller P, Fiske D, Minkoff J, Kriegman A, Zhou W, Adera M, Davis J (2007) Intravenous zoledronic acid 5 mg in the treatment of postmenopausal women with low bone density previously treated with alendronate. Bone 41:122-128
Boonen S, Marin F, Obermayer-Pietsch B et al (2008) Effects of prior antiresorptive therapy on the bone mineral density response to two years of teriparatide treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:852-860
Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, McGowan JA, Lang TF, Garnero P, Bouxsein ML, Bilezikian JP, Rosen CJ (2003) The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 349:1207-1215
Miller PD, Delmas PD, Lindsay R et al (2008) Early responsiveness of women with osteoporosis to teriparatide after therapy with alendronate or risedronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3785-3793
Kendler DL, Roux C, Benhamou CL, Brown JP, Lillestol M, Siddhanti S, Man HS, San Martin J, Bone HG (2010) Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women transitioning from alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Res 25:72-81
Middleton ET, Steel SA, Aye M, Doherty SM (2012) The effect of prior bisphosphonate therapy on the subsequent therapeutic effects of strontium ranelate over 2 years. Osteoporos Int 23:295-303
Middleton ET, Steel SA, Aye M, Doherty SM (2010) The effect of prior bisphosphonate therapy on the subsequent BMD and bone turnover response to strontium ranelate. J Bone Miner Res 25:455-462
Reginster JY (1991) Effect of calcitonin on bone mass and fracture rates. Am J Med 91:19S-22S
Plosker GL, McTavish D (1996) Intranasal salcatonin (salmon calcitonin). A review of its pharmacological properties and role in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Aging 8:378-400
Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Weaver B, Shea B, Wells G, Adachi J, Waldegger L, Guyatt G (2002) Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VI. Meta-analysis of calcitonin for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 23:540-551
Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K et al (2000) A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med 109:267-276
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Gullberg B et al (1992) Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. BMJ 305:1124-1128
Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE (2001) Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 285:2891-2897
Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z et al (2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. Jama 290:1729-1738
Sornay-Rendu E, Garnero P, Munoz F, Duboeuf F, Delmas PD (2003) Effect of withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass and bone turnover: the OFELY study. Bone 33:159-166
Bagger YZ, Tanko LB, Alexandersen P, Hansen HB, Mollgaard A, Ravn P, Qvist P, Kanis JA, Christiansen C (2004) Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 34:728-735
Roussow JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix A, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321-333
Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M et al (2003) Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. Jama 289:2673-2684
Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al (2003) Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA 289:3243-3253
Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR et al (2003) Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289:2651-2662
Hays J, Ockene JK, Brunner RL et al (2003) Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 348:1839-1854
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al (2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:1701-1712
Fenton A, Panay N (2012) The Women's Health Initiative - a decade of progress. Climacteric 15:205
Langer RD, Manson JE, Allison MA (2012) Have we come full circle - or moved forward? The Women's Health Initiative 10 years on. Climacteric 15:206-212
Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK et al (1990) Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 323:73-79
Richy F, Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Reginster JY (2004) Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int 15:301-310
Richy F, Schacht E, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Gourlay M, Reginster JY (2005) Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 76:176-186
Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, Dovey S (1992) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med 326:357-362
Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Smith LM (2007) An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:51-58
McCloskey E, Selby P, Davies M et al (2004) Clodronate reduces vertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal or secondary osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-year study. J Bone Miner Res 19:728-736
McCloskey EV, Beneton M, Charlesworth D et al (2007) Clodronate reduces the incidence of fractures in community-dwelling elderly women unselected for osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. J Bone Miner Res 22:135-141
Boonen S, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Cummings SR, Ranstam J, Tillman JB, Eastell R, Talmadge K, Wardlaw D (2011) Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of acute vertebral compression fractures: 2-year results from a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res 26:1627-1637
Lekkerkerker F, Kanis JA, Alsayed N et al (2007) Adherence to treatment of osteoporosis: a need for study. Osteoporos Int 18:1311-1317
Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Arnold M, Polinski JM, Brookhart MA (2005) Compliance with osteoporosis medications. Arch Intern Med 165:2414-2419
Hiligsmann M, Gathon HJ, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Rabenda V, Reginster JY (2010) Cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis screening followed by treatment: the impact of medication adherence. Value Health 13:394-401
Rabenda V, Mertens R, Fabri V, Vanoverloop J, Sumkay F, Vannecke C, Deswaef A, Verpooten GA, Reginster JY (2008) Adherence to bisphosphonates therapy and hip fracture risk in osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 19:811-818
Ross S, Samuels E, Gairy K, Iqbal S, Badamgarav E, Siris E (2011) A meta-analysis of osteoporotic fracture risk with medication nonadherence. Value Health 14:571-581
Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2009) Incorporating adherence into health economic modelling of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 20:23-34
Kanis JA, Cooper C, Hiligsmann M, Rabenda V, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R (2011) Partial adherence: a new perspective on health economic assessment in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:2565-2573
Caro JJ, Ishak KJ, Huybrechts KF, Raggio G, Naujoks C (2004) The impact of compliance with osteoporosis therapy on fracture rates in actual practice. Osteoporos Int 15:1003-1008
Rabenda V, Reginster JY (2010) Overcoming problems with adherence to osteoporosis medication. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 10:677-689
Carr AJ, Thompson PW, Cooper C (2006) Factors associated with adherence and persistence to bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporosis: a cross-sectional survey. Osteoporos Int 17:1638-1644
Rabenda V, Bruyere O, Reginster JY (2011) Relationship between bone mineral density changes and risk of fractures among patients receiving calcium with or without vitamin D supplementation: a meta-regression. Osteoporos Int 22:893-901
Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD (2002) Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1586-1592
Delmas PD, Li Z, Cooper C (2004) Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J Bone Miner Res 19:330-337
Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, Genant HK, Ensrud K, LaCroix AZ, Black DM (2002) Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med 112:281-289
Watts NB, Geusens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D (2005) Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD. J Bone Miner Res 20:2097-2104
Sarkar S, Mitlak BH, Wong M, Stock JL, Black DM, Harper KD (2002) Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res 17:1-10
Austin M, Yang YC, Vittinghoff E et al (2012) Relationship between bone mineral density changes with denosumab treatment and risk reduction for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 27:687-693
Chen P, Miller PD, Delmas PD, Misurski DA, Krege JH (2006) Change in lumbar spine BMD and vertebral fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 21:1785-1790
Bruyere O, Roux C, Detilleux J et al (2007) Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3076-3081
Bruyere O, Roux C, Badurski J, Isaia G, de Vernejoul MC, Cannata J, Ortolani S, Slosman D, Detilleux J, Reginster JY (2007) Relationship between change in femoral neck bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence during treatment with strontium ranelate. Curr Med Res Opin 23:3041-3045
Baim S, Wilson CR, Lewiecki EM, Luckey MM, Downs RW Jr, Lentle BC (2005) Precision assessment and radiation safety for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: position paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 8:371-378
Garnero P, Delmas PD (2001) Biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. In: Marcus M, Feldman D, Kelsey J (eds) Osteoporosis, vol 2. Academic, San Diego, pp 459-477
Ravn P, Hosking D, Thompson D, Cizza G, Wasnich RD, McClung M, Yates AJ, Bjarnason NH, Christiansen C (1999) Monitoring of alendronate treatment and prediction of effect on bone mass by biochemical markers in the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2363-2368
Eastell R, Christiansen C, Grauer A et al (2011) Effects of denosumab on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 26:530-537
Bjarnason NH, Sarkar S, Duong T, Mitlak B, Delmas PD, Christiansen C (2001) Six and twelve month changes in bone turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 12:922-930
Eastell R, Barton I, Hannon RA, Chines A, Garnero P, Delmas PD (2003) Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res 18:1051-1056
Eastell R, Krege JH, Chen P, Glass EV, Reginster JY (2006) Development of an algorithm for using PINP to monitor treatment of patients with teriparatide. Curr Med Res Opin 22:61-66
Bauer DC, Black DM, Garnero P, Hochberg M, Ott S, Orloff J, Thompson DE, Ewing SK, Delmas PD (2004) Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res 19:1250-1258
Reginster JY, Collette J, Neuprez A, Zegels B, Deroisy R, Bruyere O (2008) Role of biochemical markers of bone turnover as prognostic indicator of successful osteoporosis therapy. Bone 42:832-836
Persson U, Hjelmgren J (2003) Health services need knowledge of how the public values health. Lakartidningen 100:3436-3437
Eichler HG, Kong SX, Gerth WC, Mavros P, Jonsson B (2004) Use of cost-effectiveness analysis in health-care resource allocation decision-making: how are cost-effectiveness thresholds expected to emerge? Value Health 7:518-528
WHO (2001) Macroeconomics and health: investing in health for economic development: report of the Comission on Macroeconomics and Health. WHO, Geneva
Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2002) Economic evaluation of interventions for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 13:765-767
Fleurence RL, Iglesias CP, Torgerson DJ (2006) Economic evaluations of interventions for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: a structured review of the literature. Osteoporos Int 17:29-40
Zethraeus N, Borgstrom F, Strom O, Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2007) Cost-effectiveness of the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis - a review of the literature and a reference model. Osteoporos Int 18:9-23
Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Jonsson B, Cooper C, Strom B, Borgstrom F (2010) An evaluation of the NICE guidance for the prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Arch Osteoporos 5:19-48
Strom O, Borgstrom F, Sen SS, Boonen S, Haentjens P, Johnell O, Kanis JA (2007) Cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the treatment of postmenopausal women in 9 European countries - an economic evaluation based on the fracture intervention trial. Osteoporos Int 18:1047-1061
Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Dawson A (2001) The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int 12:417-427
Borgstrom F, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Jonsson B, Rehnberg C (2006) At what hip fracture risk is it cost-effective to treat? International intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17:1459-1471
Borgstrom F, Strom O, Coelho J, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2010) The cost-effectiveness of risedronate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis using the FRAX. Osteoporos Int 21:495-505
Borgstrom F, Strom O, Coelho J, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA (2010) The cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate in the UK for the management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 21:339-349
Jonsson B, Strom O, Eisman JA, Papaioannou A, Siris ES, Tosteson A, Kanis JA (2011) Cost-effectiveness of denosumab for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 22:967-982
Royal College of Physicians and Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain (2000) Update on pharmacological interventions and an algorithm for management. RCP, London
Delmas PD, Recker RR, Chesnut CH, 3rd, Skag A, Stakkestad JA, Emkey R et al (2004) Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int 15:792-798