[en] In 3 experiments younger and older participants took part in a group generation task prior to a delayed recall task. In each, participants were required to recall the ideas that they had generated, avoiding plagiarism errors. All studies showed the same pattern: older adults did not plagiarise their partners any more than younger adults did. However, older adults were more likely than younger adults to intrude with entirely novel items not previously generated by anyone. These findings stand in opposition to the single previous demonstration of age-related increases in plagiarism during recall.
Disciplines :
Theoretical & cognitive psychology
Author, co-author :
Perfect, Timothy J.; University of Plymouth, UK
Defeldre, Anne-Catherine; University of Louvain-la-Neuve
Elliman, Rachel; University of Plymouth
Dehon, Hedwige ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie : cognition et comportement > Psychologie cognitive
Language :
English
Title :
No evidence of age-related increases in unconscious plagiarism during free recall.
Balota, D. A., Dolan, P. A., & Duchek, J. M. (2000). Memory changes in health older adults. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 395-425). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bredart, S., Lampinen, J. M., & Defeldre, A.-C., (2003). Phenomenal characteristics of cryptomnesia. Memory, 11, 1-11.
Brown, A. S., & Halliday, H. E. (1991). Cryptomnesia and source memory difficulties. American Journal of Psychology, 104, 475-490.
Brown, A. S., & Murphy, D. R. (1989). Cryptomnesia: Delineating unconscious plagiarism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 432-442.
Bruno, D., Higham, P., & Perfect, T. J. (2009). Global subjective memorability and the strength-based mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 37, 807-818.
Chalfonte, B. L., & Johnson, M. K. (1996). Feature memory and binding in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 24, 403-416.
Clarys, D., Isingrini, M., & Gana, K. (2002). Mediators of age-related differences in recollective experience in recognition memory. Acta Psychologica, 109, 315-329.
Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1989). Age differences in source forgetting: Effects of reality monitoring on eyewitness testimony. Psychology & Aging, 4, 10-17.
Dehon, H., & Bré dart, S. (2004). False memories: Young and older adults think of semantic associates at the same rate, but young adults are more successful at source monitoring. Psychology & Aging, 19, 191-197.
Deltour, J. J. (1993). Echelle de vocabulaire de Mill Hill de J. C. Raven. Adaptation française et norms comparées du Mill Hill et du Standard Progressive Matrices (PM 38): Manuel. Braine-le-Château: Editions L'Application des Techniques Modernes.
Ferguson, S. A., Hashtroudi, S., & Johnson, M. K. (1992). Age differences in using source-relevant cues. Psychology & Aging, 7, 443-452.
Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Henkel, L. A., Johnson, M. K., & De Leonardis, D. M. (1998). Ageing and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 1-18.
Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Deceiving the elderly: Effects of accessibility bias in cued-recall performance. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16, 417-436.
Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., & Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 371-376.
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114 3-28.
Kahana, M. J., Dolan, E. D., Sauder, C. L.,Wingfield, A. (2005). Intrusions in episodic recall: Age differences in editing of overt responses. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences, 60, 92-97.
Kausler, D. H., Lichty, W., & Davis, R. T. (1985). Temporal memory for performed activities: Intentional and adult age differences. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1132-1138.
Kausler, D. H., & Puckett, J. M. (1981a). Adult age differences in memory for modality attributes. Experimental Aging Research, 7, 117-125.
Kausler, D. H., & Puckett, J. M. (1981b). Modality memory and frequency of occurrence memory for young and middle-aged adults. Experimental Aging Research, 7, 235-243.
Kelley, C. M., & Sahakyan, L. (2003). Memory, monitoring and control in the attainment of memory accuracy. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 704-721.
Koriat, A., & Goldsmith, M. (1996). Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychological Review, 103, 490-517.
Lampinen, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., & Payne, D. G. (1998). Memory illusions and consciousness: Examining the phonomenology of true and false memories. Current Psychology, 16, 188-223.
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Calvini, G. (1999). Contexts of cryptomnesia: May the source be with you. Social Cognition, 17, 273-297.
Marsh, R. L., & Bower, G. H. (1993). Eliciting cryptomnesia: Unconscious plagiarism in a puzzle task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 19, 673-688.
Marsh, R. L., & Landau, J. D. (1995). Item availability in cryptomnesia: Assessing its role in 2 paradigms of unconscious plagiarism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 21, 1568-1582.
Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 23, 886-897.
McCabe, D. P., & Smith, A. D. (2002). The effects of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1065-1077.
McCabe, D. P., Smith, A. D., & Parks, C. M. (2007). Inadvertent plagiarism in young and older adults: The role of working memory capacity in reducing memory errors. Memory & Cognition, 35, 231-241.
McIntyre, J. S., & Craik, F. I. M. (1987). Age differences in memory for item and source information. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41, 175-192.
Norman, K. A., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories. Memory & Cognition, 25, 838-848.
Parkin, A. J., & Walter, B. M. (1992). Recollective experience, normal ageing and frontal dysfunction.Psychology & Aging, 7, 290-298.
Perfect, T. J., & Dasgupta, Z. R. R. (1997). What underlies the deficit in reported recollective experience in old age? Memory & Cognition, 25, 849-858.
Perfect, T. J., Field, I., & Jones, R. (2009). Source credibility and idea improvement have independent effects on unconscious plagiarism errors in recall and generate-new tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 35, 267-274.
Perfect, T. J., & Harris, L. (2003). Unconscious transference and false identification in younger and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 31, 570-580.
Perfect, T. J., & Stark, L.-J. (2008a). Tales from the Crypt.omnesia. In J. Dunlosky & R. Bjork (Eds.), A handbook of memory and metamemory (pp. 285-314). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Aassociates Inc.
Perfect, T. J., & Stark, L.-J. (2008b). Why do I always have the best ideas? The role of idea quality in unconscious plagiarism. Memory, 16, 386-394.
Perfect, T. J., Williams, R. B., & Anderton-Brown, C. (1995). Age differences in recollective experience are due to encoding differences, not response bias. Memory, 3, 169-186.
Rahhal, T. A., May, C. P., & Hasher, L. (2002). Truth and character: Sources that older adults can remember. Psychological Science, 13, 101-105.
Roediger, H. L., & Geraci, L. (2007). Older adults' susceptibility to misinformation: A neuropsychological perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 321-334.
Schacter, D. L., Kaszniak, A. W., Kihlstrom, J. F., & Valdiserri, M. (1991). The relation between source memory and ageing. Psychology & Aging, 6, 559-611.
Schacter, D. L., Osowiecki, D., Kaszniak, A. W., Kihlstrom, J. F., Valdiserri., M., (1994). Source memory: Extending the boundaries of age-related deficits. Psychology & Aging, 9, 81-89.
Schmidt, R., Freidl, W., Fazekas, F., Reinhart, B., Grieshofer, P., Koch, M., et al. (1994). The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale: Normative data from 1,001 healthy volunteers. Neurology, 44, 964-966.
Simons, J. S., Dodson, C. S., Bell, D., & Schacter, D. L. (2004). Specific and partial source memory: Effects of ageing. Psychology & Aging, 19, 689-694.
Souchay, C., & Isingrini, M. (2004). Age-related differences in the relation between monitoring and control of learning. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 179-183.
Stark, L.-J., & Perfect, T. J. (2006). Elaboration inflation: how your ideas become mine. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 641-648.
Stark, L.-J., & Perfect, T. J. (2007). Whose idea was that? Source monitoring for idea-ownership following elaboration. Memory, 15, 776-783.
Stark, L.-J., & Perfect, T. J. (2008). The effects of repeated idea elaboration on unconscious plagiarism. Memory & Cognition, 36, 65-73.
Stark, L.-J., Perfect, T. J., Newstead, S., (2005). When elaboration leads to appropriation: Unconscious plagiarism in a creative task. Memory, 13, 561-573.
Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Human Memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of ageing and cognition, 2nd edition (pp. 293-358). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
