[en] Wildlife meat is an important source of animal protein for rural and urban populations in Congo. Quantitative and qualitative surveys on the consumption of bushmeat were undertaken in Brazzaville in 2006, in about 1,050 urban households. The main objective was to establish the profiles of consumers and of species concerned. The results showed that 88.3% of the surveyed households consumed bushmeat. Their average size was 5.7 ± 3.2 persons. The average monthly income of an urban consumer with a permanent job was 98,334 (US$197) ± 84,306 (US$169) FCFA. It appeared that households preferred to consume bushmeat for two major reasons: the taste or flavor (67.8%) and food habits (14.7%). Meat from mammals was preferred, the top three orders of this class being artiodactyls (48.3%), rodents (28.3%), and primates (13.0%). Some of them are listed as threatened in Congo Brazzaville and are included in the IUCN Red List. The results showed that in Brazzaville, bushmeat consumption remains important and is determined by socio-economic parameters. The promotion of game farming, and breeding of domestic species such as poultry and fish, in the Brazzaville suburbs could help to meet Congolese demand for bushmeat.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Mbete, Roger Albert
Banga-Mboko, Henri
Racey, Paul
Mfoukou-Ntsakala, André
Nganga, Innocent
Vermeulen, Cédric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Forêts, Nature et Paysage > Laboratoire de Foresterie des régions trop. et subtropicales
Doucet, Jean-Louis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Forêts, Nature et Paysage > Laboratoire de Foresterie des régions trop. et subtropicales
Hornick, Jean-Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Nutrition des animaux domestiques
Leroy, Pascal ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sciences agronomiques > Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive
Language :
English
Title :
Household bushmeat consumption in Brazzaville, the Republic of the Congo.
Vermeulen, C. and Doucet, J.L. 2006. Stratégies nouvelles et recomposition sociale autour de la faune dans le Bassin du Congo. Base 10(3): 251-257.
Poulsen, J.R., Clark, C.J., Mavah, G. and Elkan, P.W. 2009. Bushmeat Supply and Consumption in a Tropical Logging Concession in Northern Congo. Conservation Biology 23(6): 1597-1608.
East, T., Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J. and Marcus Rowcliffe, J. 2005. Determinants of urban bushmeat consumption in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology 126(2): 206-215.
Albrechtsen, L., Fa, J.E., Barry, B. and Macdonald, D.W. 2005. Contrasts in availability and consumption of animal protein in Bioko Island, West Africa: the role of bushmeat. Environmental Conservation 32(4): 340-348.
Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. and Rowcliffe, J.M. 2010. Incentives for Hunting: The Role of Bushmeat in the Household Economy in Rural Equatorial Guinea. Human Ecology 38(2): 251-264.
Edderai, D. and Dame, M. 2006. A Census of the commercial bushmeat market in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Oryx 40: 472-475.
Mickleburgh, S., Waylen, K. and Racey, P. 2009. Bats as bushmeat: a global review. Oryx 43(2): 217-234.
Wilkie, D.S., Shaw, E., Rotberg, F., Morelli, G. and Auzel, P. 2000. Roads, development, and conservation in the Congo basin. Conservation Biology 14: 1614-1622.
Koné, I., Lambert, J.E., Refisch, J. and Bakayoko, A. 2008. Primate seed dispersal and its potential role in maintaining useful tree species in the Taï region, Côte-d'Ivoire: Implications for the conservation of forests fragments. Tropical Conservation Science 3(1): 293-306.
Morra, W., Hearn, G. and Buck, A.J. 2009. The market for bushmeat: Colobus satanas on Bioko Island. Ecological Economics 68(10): 2619-2626.
Kuehl, H. S., Nzeingui, C., Yeno, S. L-D., Huijbregts, B., Boesch, C. and Walsh, P.D. 2009. Discriminating between village and commercial hunting of apes. Biological Conservation 142(7): 1500-1506.
Kümpel, N. F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. 2008. Impact of Gun-Hunting on Diurnal Primates in Continental Equatorial Guinea. International Journal of Primatology 29(4): 1065-1082.
Mbeté, R.A., Banga-Mboko, H., Njikam Nsangou, I., Joiris Daou, V. and Leroy, P. 2007. Gestion participative du sanctuaire de gorilles de plaine de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) de Lossi en République du Congo-Brazzaville. Première analyse des résultats et des contraintes. Tropicultura 25(1): 44-50.
Blake, S., Strindberg, S., Boudjan, P., Makombo, C., Bila-Isia, I., Ilambu, O., Grossmann, F., Bene-Bene, L., De Semboli, B., Mbenzo, V., S'hwa, D., Bayogo, R., Williamson, L., Fay, M., Hart, J. and Maisels, F. 2007. Forest Elephant Crisis in the Congo Basin. Plos Biology 4(5): 945-953.
Bouche, P., Renaud, P.C., Lejeune, P., Vermeulen, C., Froment, J.M., Bangara, A., Fiongai, O., Abdoulaye, A., Abakar, R. and Fay, M. 2010. Has the final countdown to wildlife extinction in Northern Central African Republic begun? African Journal of Ecology. Blackwell publishing (Eds.), pp. 1-10
Laurance, W. F., Croes, B. M., Tchignoumba, L., Lahm, S. A., Alonso, A., Lee, M. E., Campbell, P. and Ondzeano, C. 2006. Impacts of roads and hunting on Central African rainforest mammals. Conservation Biology 20(4): 1251-1261.
Fargeot, C. 2004. Chasse commerciale et le négoce de la venaison en Afrique Centrale forestière. Game and Wildlife Science. 21(4): 817-833.
Cowlishaw, G., Mendelson, S. and Rowcliffe, J. M. 2005. Evidence for post-depletion sustainability in a mature bushmeat market. Journal of Applied Ecology (42): 460-468.
Kümpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. and Rowcliffe, J.M. 2010. Assessing sustainability at multiple scales in a rotational bushmeat hunting system. Conservation Biology 24(3): 861-71.
Mbemba, F., Mabiala-Babela, J.R., Massamba, A. and Senga, P. 2006. Profil alimentaire de l'écolier à Brazzaville, Congo. Archives de Pédiatrie 13(7): 1022-1028.
ECOM, 2006. Enquête congolaise auprès des ménages pour l'évaluation de la pauvreté. Profil de la pauvreté au Congo. Rapport Final d'analyse. Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. Ministère du Plan, de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Intégration Economique.119p.
Ofouémé-Berton, Y. 1993. Identification des comportements alimentaires des ménages congolais de Brazzaville: Stratégie autour des plats. In Muchnick, Alimentation, techniques et innovations dans les régions chaudes. Paris: l'Harmattan 167-174.
Anonyme, 2010. Carte d'Afrique avec pays, capitales d'Afrique. www.afriqueindex.com/.../carte-afrique.htm-. Consulté le 16/07/2010.
CNIAF, 2010. Carte des grandes formations végétales du Congo. Base de données du Centre National d'Inventaire et d'Aménagement des Ressources Forestières et Fauniques. Ministère du Développement Durable, de l'Economie Forestière et de l'Environnement. Brazzaville, Congo.
Samba-Kimbata, J. M. 2002. Rythme bioclimatique et comportement phénologique de la végétation en République du Congo. Annales de l'Université Marien Ngouabi 3: 81-92.
Ossebi, H. 1996. Périurbanisation et Ethnicité à Brazzaville: Cas de Kinsoundi et de Mikalou. Rapport de synthèse. Union pour l'Etude de la Population Africaine 22: 1-26.
Nzoho, J. 2001. Une Grande Diversité Ethnique au Congo. Mbongui. TotalFinaElf E & P Congo 12: 8-9.
Wikipedia. 2008. Declaration of Helsinki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeclarationofHelsinki#Principles. Accessed on April13, 2011.
Simard, G. 1989. Animer, Planifier et Evaluer l'Action: La méthode du ''focus group''. Mondia (Editeurs), Laval, Canada, 102 p.
SPSS. Inc. 1999. SPSS Base 10.0 for windows user's guide. SPSS Inc., Chicago IL.
Chardonnet, P. 1995. Faune sauvage africaine. La ressource oubliée. Luxembourg: Commission européenne 1: 416p.
Willcox, A.S. and Nambu, D.M. 2007. Wildlife hunting practices and bushmeat dynamics of the Banyangi and Mbo people of Southwestern Cameroon. Biological Conservation 134(2): 251-261.
Schenck, M., Effa-Nsame, E., Starkey, M., Wilkie, D., Abernethy, K., Telfer, P., Godoy, R. and Treves, A. 2006. Why People Eat Bushmeat: Results From Two-Choice, Taste Tests in Gabon, Central Africa. Human Ecology 34(3): 433-445.
Noumonvi Cossi, G.R. 2003. Enquêtes sur la consommation de viande de brousse dans les ménages de Libreville (Gabon). Mémoire de DES en gestion des ressources animales et végétales en milieux tropicaux, orientation gestion de la faune. Université de Liège, Belgique. 50p.
Wilkie, D.S., Starkey, M., Abernethy, K., Effa, E.N., Telfer, P. and Godoy, R. 2005. Role of prices and wealth in consumer demand for bushmeat in Gabon, Central Africa. Conservation biology 19(1): 268-274.
Fa, J.E., Albrechtsen, L., Johnson, P.J. and Macdonald, D.W. 2009. Linkages between household wealth, bushmeat and other animal protein consumption are not invariant: evidence from Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea. Animal Conservation (12): 599-610.
De Merode, E., Homewood, K. and Cowlishaw, G. 2004. The value of bushmeat and other wild foods to rural households living in extreme poverty in Democratic Republic of Congo. Biological Conservation 118(5): 573-581.
Leroy, E.M., Rouquet, P., Formenty, P., Souquière, S., Kilbourne, A., Froment, J.M., Bermejo, M., Smit, S., Karesh, W., Swanepoel, R., Zaki, S.R., Rollin, P.E. 2004. Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of Central African wildlife. Science 303(5656): 387-390.
Bahuchet, S. 2000. La filière viande de brousse. In: Bahuchet S. (eds), Les peuples des forêts tropicales d'aujourd'hui: Approche thématique du programme Avenir des Peuples des Forêts Tropicales (APFT). Layout et production: Bruxelles, vol. II, 331-363.
Rizkalla, C., Blanco-Silva, F. and Gruver, S. 2007. Modeling the Impact of Ebola and Bushmeat Hunting on Western Lowland Gorillas. EcoHealth 4(2): 151-155.
Le Gouar, P.J., Vallet, D., David, L., Bermejo, M., Gatti, S., Levrero, F., Petit, E. J. and Ménard, N. 2009. How Ebola Impacts Genetics of Western Lowland Gorilla Populations. PLoS One 12(4): e8375.
Wolfe, N.D., Switzer, W.M., Carr, J.K., Bhullar, V.B., Shanmugam, V., Tamoufe, U., Prosser, A.T., Torimiro, J.N., Wright, A., Mpoudi-Ngole, E., McCutchan, F.E., Birx, D.L., Burke, D.S., Heneine, W. 2004. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infection in Central African hunters. Lancet British edition 363(9413): 932-937
Randrianandrianina, F.H., Racey, P.A. and Jenkins, R.K.B. 2010. Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western Madagascar. Oryx 44: 411-415.
Vermeulen, C. 2000. Le facteur humain dans l'aménagement des espaces ressources en Afrique centrale forestière. Application aux Badjoué de l'Est-Cameroun (PhD Thesis). Faculté Universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux. Belgique. 385p.
Anonyme, 2010. Liste rouge de l'UICN (L'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature). http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_rouge_de_l'UICN. Consulté le 09/11/2010
Wright, J.H. and Priston, N.E.C. 2010. Hunting and trapping in Lebialem Division, Cameroon: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance. Endangered Species Research 11: 1-12.
De Merode, E., Smith, K.H., Homewood, K., Pettifor, R., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Cowlishaw, G. 2007. The impact of armed conflict on protected-area efficacy in Central Africa. Biology Letters 3(3): 299-301.
Bennett, E.L., Blencowe, E., Brandon, K., Brown, D., Burn, R.W., Cowlishaw, G., Davies, G., Dublin, H., Fa, J.E., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Robinson, J.G., Rowcliffe, J.M., Underwood, F.M. and Wilkie, D.S. 2007. Hunting for consensus: reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation, and development policy in West and Central Africa. Conservation Biology 21(3): 884-7.
Rist, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Cowlishaw, G. and Rowcliffe, J.M. 2010. Hunter Reporting of Catch per Unit Effort as a Monitoring Tool in a Bushmeat-Harvesting System. Conservation Biology 24(2): 489-499.
Mbete, P., Ngokaka, C., Akouango, F., Bonazebi, N. and Vouidibio, J. 2010. Evaluation des quantités de gibiers prélevées autour du Parc National d'Odzala-Kokoua et leurs impacts sur la dégradation de la biodiversité. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 8(3): 1061-1069.