[en] The effect of growth rate and protein supplementation on muscle metabolism of eight bulls from the Belgian Blue breed, double-muscled type, was investigated by the arterio-venous difference technique. A low growth (LG) group was maintained at a low growth rate over 36 d, and a rapid growth (RG) group for 28 d before receiving a fattening diet allowing for a rapid growth. At the end of the RG period the RG bulls received a supplement of protected soybean meal. Animals were fitted with an aortic ultrasonic blood flow probe and with catheters in the aorta and the vena cava. The blood flow in the hindlimbs of bulls varied greatly by time of the day but was higher in the RG group. The RG group had a higher arterio-venous difference (AVD) and uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen while AVD in essential amino acids was four times higher and uptake eight times higher. Significant higher AVD or uptake was observed in individual amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and lysine. The supplementation with protected soybean meal had significant negative effect on the uptake of several amino acids. It was concluded that caution should be exercised when measuring punctually blood flow in muscle tissue, for example by dilution techniques. At high growth rate, the requirements for amino acids are larger than for glucose. Excess protein provides no additional benefit.
Disciplines :
Animal production & animal husbandry
Author, co-author :
Hornick, Jean-Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Nutrition des animaux domestiques
Ahmed, B. M., Bergen, W. G. and Ames, N. K. 1983. Effect of nutritional state and insulin on hind-limb amino acid metabolism in steers. J. Nutr. 113: 1529-1543.
Armstrong, D. G. and Annison, E. F. 1973. Amino acid requirements and amino acid supply in the sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 32: 107-113.
Ballard, F. J., Filsell, O. H. and Jarrett, I. G. 1976. Amino acid uptake and output by the sheep hind limb. Metabolism 4: 415-418.
Baracos, V. E., Brun-Bellut, J. and Marie M. 1991. Tissue protein synthesis in lactating and dry goats. Br. J. Nutr. 66: 451-465.
Bell, A. W., Gardner, J. W., Manson, W. and Thompson, G. E. 1975. Acute cold exposure and the metabolism of blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and the plasma amino acids in the hind leg of the fed and fasted young ox. Br. J. Nutr. 33: 207-217.
Bell, A. W., Hilditch, T. E. and Thompson, G. E. 1976. The distribution of blood flow between individual muscles and non-muscular tissues in the hindlimb of the young ox Bos taurus, values at thermoneutrality and during exposure to cold. J. Physiol. 257(1): 229-243.
Bergen, W. G. 1979. Free amino acids in blood of ruminants physiological and nutritional regulation. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 1577-1589.
Bergman, E. N. and Heitmann, R. N. 1978. Metabolism of amino acids by the gut, liver, kidneys, and peripheral tissues. Fed. Proc. 37: 1228-1232.
Boisclair, Y. R., Bell, A. W. and Bauman, D. E. 1993a. Chronic catheterisation of external iliac vessels in growing cattle. J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 444-149.
Boisclair, Y. R., Bell, A. W., Dunshea F. R., Harkins, M. and Bauman, D. E. 1993b. Evaluation of the arteriovenous difference technique to simultaneously estimate protein synthesis and degradation in the hindlimb of fed and chronically underfed steers. J. Nutr. 123: 1076-1088.
Brockman, R. P. and Bergman, E. N. 1975. Effect of glucagon on plasma alanine and glutamine metabolism and hepatic gluconeogenesis in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1627-1633.
Burrin, D. G., Ferrell, C. L., Eisemann, J. H. and Britton, R. A. 1991. Level of nutrition and splanchnic metabolite flux in young lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 1082-1091.
Buttery, P. J. and Annison, E. F. 1973. The biological efficiency of protein production. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. p. 148.
Chalmers, M. I., Grant, I. and White, F. 1977. Free amino-nitrogen levels across the hindquarters of sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 36: 123A.
Clark, V. L. and Kruse, J. A. 1992. Arterial catheterisation. Crit. Care Clin. 8: 687-697.
Coward, B. J. and Buttery, P. J. 1982. Metabolism of perfused ruminant muscle. J. Agric. Sci. 98: 307-316.
Cronje, P. B., Nolan, J. V. and Leng, R. A. 1992. Amino acid metabolism and whole-body protein turnover in lambs fed roughage-based diets. 1. Lysine and leucine metabolism. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 22: 194-200.
Danilson, D. A., Webb, K. E., Jr. and Herbein, J. H. 1987. Transport and hind limb exchange of plasma and blood-cell amino acids in calves fed soy- or urea-based purified diets. J. Anim. Sci. 64: 1842-1851.
Degrès, J., Boisson, D. and Padieu, P. 1979. Gas-liquid chromatography of isobutyl ester, NO-heptafluorobutyrate derivatives of amino acids on a glass capillary column for quantitative separation in clinical biology. J. Chromatogra. Biomed. Apl. 162: 133-152.
Eisemann, J. H., Huntington, G. B. and Ferrell, C. L. 1988. Effects of dietary clenbuterol on metabolism of the hindquarters in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 66: 342-353.
Felig, P. 1975. Amino acid metabolism in man. Annu.Rev. Biochem. 44: 933-955.
Ferraris, R. P., Diamond, J. and Kwan, W. W. 1988. Dietary regulation of intestinal transport of the dipeptide carnosine. Am. J. Physiol. 255: G143-G150.
Goldbert, A. L. and Chang, T. W. 1978. Regulation and significance of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Fed. Proc. 37: 2301-2307.
Guerino, F., Huntington, G. B. and Erdman, R. A. 1991. The net portal and hepatic flux of metabolites and oxygen consumption in growing beef steers given postruminal casein. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 387-395.
Harris, P. M., Skene, P. A., Buchan, V., Milne, E., Calder, A. G., Anderson, S. E., Connell, A. and Lobley, G. E. 1992. Effect of food intake on hind-limb and whole-body protein metabolism in young growing sheep - chronic studies based on arteriovenous techniques. Br. J. Nutr 68: 389-407.
Heitmann, R. N. and Bergman, E. N. 1980. Transport of amino acids in whole blood and plasma of sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 239: E242-E247.
Henry, R. J., Cannon, D. C. and Winkelman, J. M. 1974. Clinical chemistry, principles and technics. Harper and Row, New York, NY. pp. 1289-1292.
Hirst, B. H. 1993. Dietary regulation of intestinal nutrient carriers. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 52: 315-324.
Jones, S. J., Starkey, D. L., Calkins, C. R. and Crouse, D. J. 1990. Myofibrillar protein turnover in feed-restricted and realimented beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 2707-2715.
Keery, C. M., Amos, H. E. and Froetschel, M. A. 1993. Effects of supplemental protein source on intraruminal fermentation, protein degradation, and amino acid absorption. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 514-524.
Koeln, L. L., Schlagheck, T. G. and Webb, K. E. 1993. Amino acid flux across the gastrointestinal tract and liver of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 2275-2285.
McCormick, M. E. and Webb, K. E. 1982. Plasma free, erythrocyte free and plasma peptide amino acid exchange of calves steady state and fasting metabolism. J. Nutr. 112: 276-282.
Millward, D. J. and Garlick, P. J. 1976. The energy cost of growth. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35: 339-349.
Morgan, J. B., Wheeler, T. L., Koohmaraie, M., Crouse, J. D. and Savell, J. W. 1993. Effect of castration on myofibrillar protein turnover, endogenous proteinase activities, and muscle growth in bovine skeletal muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 408-414.
Odessey, R. and Goldberg, A. L. 1979. Leucine degradation in cell-free extracts of skeletal muscle. Biochem. J. 178: 475-489.
Palmer, D. W. and Peters, J. T. 1969. Automated determination of free amino groups in serum and plasma using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Clin. Chem. 19: 891-901.
Purser, D. B. 1970. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen, microorganisms as a source of protein for the ruminant animal. J. Anim. Sci. 30:988-1001.
Spears, J. W., Clark, J. H. and Hatfield, E. E. 1985. Nitrogen utilisation and ruminai fermentation in steers fed soybean meal treated with formaldehyde. J. Anim. Sci. 60: 1072-1080.
Tagari, H. and Bergman, E. N. 1978. Intestinal disappearance and portal blood appearance of amino acids in sheep. J. Nutr. 108: 790-803.
Van Eenaeme, C., Istasse, L., Baldwin, P., Gabriel, A., de Haan, V. and Bienfait, J. M. 1989. Muscle protein turnover in young bulls in relation to breed and hormonal status. As. Austr. J. Anim. Sci. 2: 200-201.
Van Eenaeme, C., Clinquart, A., Baldwin, P., Hornick, J. L. and Istasse, L. 1992. Compensatory growth, muscle protein turnover and hormonal status in Belgian Blue Bulls. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 57: 1963-1971.
Van Eenaeme, C., Clinquart, A., Uytterhaegen, L., Hornick, J. L., Demeyer, D. and Istasse, L. 1994. Post mortem protease activity in relation to muscle protein turnover in Belgian blue bulls from different growth rates. Sci. Alim. 14: 477-485.
Varvikko, T. 1987. Performance of and amino acid utilisation by growing bulls fed isonitrogenous diets supplemented with untreated or formaldehyde treated soyabean meal, rapeseed meal or urea. Acta Agric. Scand. 37: 437-448.
Webster, A. J. F., Lobley, G. E., Reeds, P. J. and Pullar, J. D. 1978. Protein mass, protein synthesis and heat loss in the Zucker rat. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 37: 21A.
Wilkerson, V. A., Klopfenstein, T. J., Britton, R. A., Stock, R. A. and Miller, P. S. 1993. Metabolizable protein and amino acid requirements of growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 2777-2784.
