Eurasian perch; European seabass; size variation; abiotic factors; biotic factors
Abstract :
[en] Growth heterogeneity is a central problem in larviculture and especially in predatory species. It can be influenced by a wide range of intrinsic and environmental factors, of which the respective influences are largely unknown. The role of non-interactive (temperature, day length, light intensity, food availability and composition) and interactive factors (stocking density, initial size heterogeneity, hatching time) on growth, survival and size heterogeneity was measured in larvae and post-larvae of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax and Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis. Embryos hatching later than others were found less competitive than those hatching earlier in both species, but to a greater extent in perch. By contrast, the final size heterogeneity in both species was independent from the initial size heterogeneity or recurrent size sorting. High stocking density had a positive effect on perch larvae, no effect on seabass larvae and a negative impact on the post-larvae of both species, owing principally to density-dependent access to food. Day length and light intensity produced contrasting results in larvae and post-larvae. Larvae of both species performed better under bright light and continuous day length. Post-larvae of seabass performed equally well at different light levels but did better under short day lengths, whereas post-larvae of perch were unaffected by day length but performed better under reduced light levels. Increasing food availability resulted in increasing performance of perch larvae, although cannibalism was higher for submaximal than for maintenance rations. The similarity between the two species at the larval stage, and differences at the post-larval stage can be accounted for by the increasing specialisation towards specific environments and niches. Regarding the impact of rearing factors on growth, survival and size heterogeneity, interactive variables impacted essentially on growth and survival, whereas size heterogeneity was chiefly influenced by non-interactive variables, either directly or indirectly via interactive mechanisms such as cannibalism and size-dependent mortality. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Disciplines :
Aquatic sciences & oceanology
Author, co-author :
Kestemont, P.
Jourdan, S.
Houbart, M.
Mélard, Charles ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Centre de formation et de recherche en aquaculture (CEFRA)
Paspatis, M.
Fontaine, Patrick
Cuvier, A.
Kentouri, M.
Baras, E.
Language :
English
Title :
Size heterogeneity, cannibalism and competition in cultured predatory fish larvae: biotic and abiotic influences
Ali, M.A., Les réponses rétino-motrices: Caractères et mécanismes (1971) Vision Res., 11, pp. 1225-1288
Barahona-Femandes, M.H., Some effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the seabass larvae Dicentrarchus labrax L. reared at the Centre Océanologique de Bretagne (1979) Aquaculture, 17, pp. 311-321
Baras, E., Bases biologiques du cannibalisme chez les poissons (1998) Cah. Ethol., 18, pp. 53-98
Baras, E., Sibling cannibalism among juvenile vundu under controlled conditions: 1. Cannibalistic behaviour, prey selection and prey size selectivity (1999) J. Fish Biol., 54, pp. 82-105
Baras, E., D'Almeida, A.F., Size heterogeneity prevails over kinship in shaping cannibalism among larvae of sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (2001) Aquat. Living Resour., 14, pp. 251-256
Baras, E., Tissier, F., Philippart, J.C., Mélard, C., Sibling cannibalism among juvenile vundu under controlled conditions: II. Effect of body weight and environmental variables on the periodicity and intensity of type II cannibalism (1999) J. Fish Biol., 54, pp. 106-118
Baras, E., Maxi, M.Y.J., Ndao, M., Mélard, C., Sibling cannibalism in dorada under experimental conditions: II. Effect of initial size heterogeneity, diet and light regime on early cannibalism (2000) J. Fish Biol., 57, pp. 1021-1036
Battaglene, S.C., Mc Bride, S., Talbot, R.B., Swimbladder inflation in larvae of cultured sand whiting Sillago ciliata, Cuvier (Sillaginidae) (1994) Aquaculture, 128, pp. 177-192
Braband, A., Intra-cohort cannibalism among larval stages of perch (Perca fluviatilis) (1995) Ecol. Freshw. Fish, 4, pp. 70-76
Bristow, B.T., Summerfelt, R.C., Performance of larval walleye cultured intensively in clear and turbid water (1994) J. World Aquac. Soc., 25, pp. 454-464
Colesante, R.T., Youmans, N.B., Ziolkoski, B., Intensive culture of walleye fry with live food and formulated diets (1986) Prog. Fish-Cult., 45, pp. 126-127
Cuff, W.R., Behavioral aspects of cannibalism in larval walleye, Stizostedion vitreum (1980) Can. J. Zool., 58, pp. 1504-1507
Dabrowski, K., The influence of light intensity on feeding of fish larvae and fry: II. Rutilus rutilus L. and Perca fluviatilis L. (1982) Zool. Jb. Physiol., 86, pp. 353-360
Davis, M.W., Olla, B.L., Aggression and variation in growth of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) juveniles in seawater: Effects of limited rations (1987) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, pp. 192-197
DeAngelis, D.L., Cox, D.K., Coutant, C.C., Cannibalism and size dispersal in young-of-the-year large-mouth bass: Experiment and model (1979) Ecol. Model., 8, pp. 133-148
DeAngelis, D.L., Hackney, P.A., Webb, J.C., A partial differential equation model of changing sizes and numbers in a cohort of juvenile fish (1980) Environ. Biol. Fishes, 5, pp. 261-266
Divanach, P., Papandroulakis, M., Kentouri, M., Bases techniques de l'élevage larvaire de la daurade (Sparus aurata) (1998) Piscic. Fr., 134, pp. 61-69
Duray, M., Khono, H., Effects of continuous lighting on growth and survival of first-feeding larval rabbitfish Siganus guttatus (1988) Aquaculture, 72, pp. 73-79
Fermin, A.C., Seronay, G.A., Effects of different illumination levels on zooplankton abundance, feeding periodicity, growth and survival of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) fry in illuminated floating nursery cages (1997) Aquaculture, 157, pp. 227-237
Folkvord, A., Otterå, H., Effects of initial size distribution, day length, and feeding frequency on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) (1993) Aquaculture, 114, pp. 243-260
Fontaine, P., Gardeur, J.N., Kestemont, P., Georges, A., Influence of feeding level on growth, intraspecific weight variability and sexual growth dimorphism of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) reared in a recirculation system (1997) Aquaculture, 157, pp. 1-9
Francis, A.W., Bengston, D.A., Partitioning of fish and diet selection as methods for reduction of cannibalism in Paralichthys dentatus larviculture (1999) J. World Aquac. Soc., 30 (3), pp. 302-310
Gisbert, E., Williot, P., Larval behaviour and effect of the timing of initial feeding on growth and survival of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) larvae under small scale hatchery production (1997) Aquaculture, 156, pp. 63-76
Goldan, O., Poper, D., Karplus, I., Management of size variation in juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): I. Particle size and frequency of feeding dry and live food (1997) Aquaculture, 152, pp. 181-190
Goldan, O., Poper, D., Kolkovski, S., Karplus, I., Management of size variation in juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): II. Dry food type and live/dry food ratio (1998) Aquaculture, 165, pp. 313-320
Guma'a, S.A., Retinal development and retinomotor responses in perch Perca fluviatilis L. (1982) J. Fish Biol., 20, pp. 611-618
Hara, T., A stochastic model and the moment dynamics of the growth and size distribution in plant populations (1984) J. Theor. Biol., 109, pp. 173-190
Hecht, T., Appelbaum, S., Observations on intraspecific aggression and coeval sibling cannibalism by larva and juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae: Pisces) under controlled conditions (1988) J. Zool., Lond., 214, pp. 21-44
Hecht, T., Pienaar, A.G., A review of cannibalism and its implications in fish larviculture (1993) J. World Aquac. Soc., 24, pp. 246-261
Hecht, T., Uys, W., Effect of density on the feeding and aggressive behaviour in juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (1997) S. Afr. J. Sci., 93, pp. 537-541
Hinshaw, J.M., Effects of illumination and prey contrast on survival and growth of larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (1985) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 114, pp. 540-545
Hinshaw, J.M., (1986) Factors Affecting Feeding, Survival and Growth of Larval and Early Juvenile Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill), 80p. , PhD Thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
Huse, I., Feeding at different illumination levels in larvae of three marine teleosts species: Cod Gadus morhua L., plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. (1994) Aquac. Fish. Manage., 25, pp. 687-695
Huston, M.A., Size bimodality in plant populations: An alternative hypothesis (1986) Ecology, 67, pp. 265-269
Huston, M.A., DeAngelis, D.L., Size bimodality in monospecific populations: A critical review of potential mechanisms (1987) Am. Nat., 129, pp. 678-707
Jobling, M., Baardvik, B.M., The influence of environmental manipulations on inter-and intra-individual variation in food acquisition and growth performance of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (1994) J. Fish Biol., 44, pp. 1069-1087
Johnston, R.F., Fleischer, R.C., Overwinter mortality and sexual size dimorphism in the house sparrow (1981) Auk, 98, pp. 503-511
Karlsen, O., Skiftesvik, A.B., Helvik, J.V., The effect of light on activity and growth of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. yolk sac larvae (1998) Aquac. Res., 29, pp. 899-911
Katavic, I., Jug-Dujakovic, J., Glamuzina, B., Cannibalism as a factor affecting the survival of intensively cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fingerlings (1989) Aquaculture, 77, pp. 135-143
Kestemont, P., Influence of feed supply, temperature and body size on the growth of goldfish Carassius auratus larvae (1995) Aquaculture, 136, pp. 341-349
Kestemont, P., Mélard, C., Fiogbé, E., Vlavaonou, R., Masson, G., Nutritional and animal husbandry aspects of rearing early life stages of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis (1996) J. Appl. Ichthyol., 12, pp. 157-165
Kestemont, P., Baras, E., Jourdan, S., Anthouard, M., Boujard, T., Paspatis, M., Cuvier, A., Kentouri, M., (2000) An Integrated Study of Interindividual Competition and its Relationships with Feeding Physiology and Behaviour in Cultured Predatory Fish, 118p. , EC-Fair 96-1572, Final Report
Loadman, N.L., Moodie, G.E.E., Mathias, J.A., Significance of cannibalism in larval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) (1986) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43, pp. 613-618
Loew, E.R., Wahl, C.M., A short wavelength sensitive cone mechanism in juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens (1991) Vision Res., 31, pp. 353-360
Loew, E.R., Mc Farland, W.N., Mills, E.L., Hunter, D., A chromatic action of spectrum for planktonic predation by juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens (1993) Can. J. Zool., 71, pp. 384-386
Malhotra, Y.R., Munshi, S., Cannibalism among early larval stages of Puntius conchonius (Ham.) (Cyprinidae) (1984) Oikoassay, 1, pp. 1-4
Malison, J.A., Best, C., Kayes, T.B., Amundson, C.H., Wentworth, B., Hormonal growth promotion and evidence for a size-related difference in response to estradiol-17β in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (1985) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, pp. 1627-1633
Mani-Ponset, L., Diaz, J.P., Divanach, P., Kentouri, M., Connes, R., Structure de la rétine et potentialités visuelles susceptibles d'influer sur le comportement trophique du loup (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) adulte et en cours de développement (1993) EAS Spec. Publ., 18, pp. 359-372. , Barnabé, G., Kestemont, P. (Eds.), Production, Environment and Quality. Ghent, Belgium
McCarthy, I.D., Carter, C.G., Houlihan, D.F., The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (1992) J. Fish Biol., 41, pp. 257-263
Mélard, C., Baras, E., Mary, L., Kestemont, P., Relationships between stocking density, growth, cannibalism and survival rate in intensively cultured larvae and juveniles of perch (Perca fluviatilis) (1996) Ann. Zool. Fenn., 33, pp. 643-651
Opstad, I., Skiftesvik, A.B., Bergh, O., Effects of light on large scale rearing of halibut yolk-sac larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) (1995) ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., pp. 201-202
Otterå, H., Folkvord, A., Allometric growth in juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) and possible effects on cannibalism (1993) J. Fish Biol., 43, pp. 643-645
Paller, M.H., Lewis, W.M., Effects of diet on growth depensation and cannibalism among intensively cultured larval striped bass (1987) Prog. Fish-Cult., 49, pp. 270-275
Person-Le Ruyet, J., Alexandre, J.C., Thébaud, L., Mugnier, C., Marine fish larvae feeding: Formulated diets or live preys? (1993) J. World Aquac. Soc., 24, pp. 211-224
Putwain, P.D., Harper, J.L., Studies in the dynamics of plant populations: V. Mechanisms governing the sex ratio in Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella (1972) J. Ecol., 60, pp. 113-126
Rabinowitz, D., Bimodal distributions of seedling weight in relation to density of Festuca paradoxa Desv. (1979) Nature (Lond.), 277, pp. 297-298
Rojas-Beltran, R., Champigneulle, A., Vincent, G., Mass-marking of bone tissue of Coregonus lavaretus L. and its potential application to monitoring the spatio-temporal distribution of larvae, fry and juveniles of lacustrine fishes (1995) Hydrobiologia, 300 (301), pp. 399-407
Ronzani-Cerqueira, V., Chatain, B., Photoperiodic effects on the growth and feeding rhythm of European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, larvae in intensive rearing (1991) EAS Spec. Publ., 15, pp. 304-306. , Lavens, P., Sorgeloos, P., Jaspers, E., Ollevier, F. (Eds.), Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium. Ghent, Belgium
Sakakura, Y., Tsukamoto, K., Effects of density, starvation and size difference on aggressive behaviour in juvenile yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata) (1998) J. Appl. Ichthyol., 14, pp. 9-13
Tamazouzt, L., Chatain, B., Fontaine, P., Tank wall colour and light level affect growth and survival of Eurasian perch larvae (Perca fluviatilis L.) (2000) Aquaculture, 182, pp. 85-90
Thorpe, J.E., Bimodal distribution of length of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) under artificial rearing conditions (1977) J. Fish Biol., 11, pp. 175-184
Utne, A.C.W., The effects of turbidity and illumination on the reaction distance and search time of the marine planktivore Gobiusculus flavescens (1997) J. Fish Biol., 50, pp. 926-938
Van Densen, W.L.T., Piscivory and the development of bimodality in the size distribution of 0+ pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.) (1985) Z. Angew. Ichthyol., 1, pp. 119-131
Wahl, C.M., Mills, E.L., Mc Farland, W.M., De Gisi, J.S., Ontogenetic changes in prey selection and visual acuity of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens (1993) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, pp. 743-749
Whiteside, M.C., Swindoll, C.M., Doolittle, W.L., Factors affecting the early life history of yellow perch Perca flavescens (1985) Environ. Biol. Fisches, 12, pp. 47-56
Wickins, J.F., Growth variability in individually confined elvers, Anguilla anguilla (L.) (1985) J. Fish Biol., 27, pp. 469-478
