Bray F, Sankila R, Ferlay J, Parkin DM. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 1995. Eur J Cancer 2002 38 : 99 166.
Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Melton LJ III. Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: trend over 6 decades. Cancer 2004 101 : 2667 74.
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 2006 134 : 573 89.
Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2006 354 : 1362 9.
Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2002 346 : 564 9.
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2005 6 : 102 14.
Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 2005 106 : 812 7.
Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Adami HO, et al. Multiple myeloma: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Cancer 2007 120 : 40 61.
Birgegard G, Gascon P, Ludwig H. Evaluation of anaemia in patients with multiple myeloma and lymphoma: findings of the European Cancer Anaemia Survey. Eur J Haematol 2006 77 : 378 86.
Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003 78 : 21 33.
Pruzanski W, Gidon MS, Roy A. Suppression of polyclonal immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma: relationship to the staging and other manifestations at diagnosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1980 17 : 280 6.
Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou V, Bamias A, Gika D, et al. Renal failure in multiple myeloma: incidence, correlations, and prognostic significance. Leuk Lymphoma 2007 48 : 337 41.
Knudsen LM, Hippe E, Hjorth M, Holmberg E, Westin J. Renal function in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma - a demographic study of 1353 patients. The Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Eur J Haematol 1994 53 : 207 12.
Blade J, Fernandez-Llama P, Bosch F, et al. Renal failure in multiple myeloma: presenting features and predictors of outcome in 94 patients from a single institution. Arch Intern Med 1998 158 : 1889 93.
Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Dixon D. Renal failure in multiple myeloma. Pathogenesis and prognostic implications. Arch Intern Med 1990 150 : 1693 5.
Chow CC, Mo KL, Chan CK, Lo HK, Wong KS, Chan JC. Renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma. Hong Kong Med J 2003 9 : 78 82.
Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA. Neurological aspects of multiple myeloma and related disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005 18 : 673 88.
Steck AJ. Neurological manifestations of malignant and non-malignant dysglobulinaemias. J Neurol 1998 245 : 634 9.
Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma: clinical features and indications for therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005 18 : 553 68.
Zangari M, Saghafifar F, Mehta P, Barlogie B, Fink L, Tricot G. The blood coagulation mechanism in multiple myeloma. Semin Thromb Hemost 2003 29 : 275 82.
Tedeschi A, Barate C, Minola E, Morra E. Cryoglobulinemia. Blood Rev 2007 21 : 183 200.
Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Abraham RS, et al. Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains. Clin Chem 2002 48 : 1437 44.
Bradwell AR, Carr-Smith HD, Mead GP, Harvey TC, Drayson MT. Serum test for assessment of patients with Bence Jones myeloma. Lancet 2003 361 : 489 91.
Singhal S, Mehta J. Multiple Myeloma. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1 : 1322 30.
Bartl R, Frisch B. Clinical significance of bone marrow biopsy and plasma cell morphology in MM and MGUS. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1999 47 : 158 68.
Terpos E, Politou M, Rahemtulla A. The role of markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2005 19 : 125 42.
Terpos E, Szydlo R, Apperley JF, et al. Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand-osteoprotegerin ratio predicts survival in multiple myeloma: proposal for a novel prognostic index. Blood 2003 102 : 1064 9.
Jakob C, Zavrski I, Heider U, et al. Serum levels of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen are elevated in patients with multiple myeloma showing skeletal manifestations in magnetic resonance imaging but lacking lytic bone lesions in conventional radiography. Clin Cancer Res 2003 9 : 3047 51.
Fonseca R, Trendle MC, Leong T, et al. Prognostic value of serum markers of bone metabolism in untreated multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 2000 109 : 24 9.
Jakob C, Sterz J, Liebisch P, et al. Incorporation of the bone marker carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-1 collagen improves prognostic information of the International Staging System in newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008, (e-pub ahead of print).
Mulligan ME, Badros AZ. PET/CT and MR imaging in myeloma. Skeletal Radiol 2007 36 : 5 16.
Baur A, Stabler A, Nagel D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a supplement for the clinical staging system of Durie and Salmon? Cancer 2002 95 : 1334 45.
Walker R, Barlogie B, Haessler J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 1121 8.
Durie BG, Waxman AD, D'Agnolo A, Williams CM. Whole-body (18)F-FDG PET identifies high-risk myeloma. J Nucl Med 2002 43 : 1457 63.
Schirrmeister H, Bommer M, Buck AK, et al. Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002 29 : 361 6.
Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2005 23 : 3412 20.
Durie BG, Harousseau JL, Miguel JS, et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2006 20 : 1467 73.
Zandecki M, Lai JL, Facon T. Multiple myeloma: almost all patients are cytogenetically abnormal. Br J Haematol 1996 94 : 217 27.
Fonseca R, Barlogie B, Bataille R, et al. Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report. Cancer Res 2004 64 : 1546 58.
Lai JL, Zandecki M, Mary JY, et al. Improved cytogenetics in multiple myeloma: a study of 151 patients including 117 patients at diagnosis. Blood 1995 85 : 2490 7.
Debes-Marun CS, Dewald GW, Bryant S, et al. Chromosome abnormalities clustering and its implications for pathogenesis and prognosis in myeloma. Leukemia 2003 17 : 427 36.
Perez-Simon JA, Garcia-Sanz R, Tabernero MD, et al. Prognostic value of numerical chromosome aberrations in multiple myeloma: a FISH analysis of 15 different chromosomes. Blood 1998 91 : 3366 71.
Sawyer JR, Waldron JA, Jagannath S, Barlogie B. Cytogenetic findings in 200 patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995 82 : 41 9.
Nilsson T, Nilsson L, Lenhoff S, et al. MDS/AML-associated cytogenetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: evidence for frequent de novo occurrence and multipotent stem cell involvement of del(20q). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004 41 : 223 31.
Jacobson J, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy J, et al. MDS-type abnormalities within myeloma signature karyotype (MM-MDS): only 13% 1-year survival despite tandem transplants. Br J Haematol 2003 122 : 430 40.
Tricot G, Barlogie B, Jagannath S, et al. Poor prognosis in multiple myeloma is associated only with partial or complete deletions of chromosome 13 or abnormalities involving 11q and not with other karyotype abnormalities. Blood 1995 86 : 4250 6.
Smadja NV, Bastard C, Brigaudeau C, Leroux D, Fruchart C. Hypodiploidy is a major prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001 98 : 2229 38.
Konigsberg R, Zojer N, Ackermann J, et al. Predictive role of interphase cytogenetics for survival of patients with multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2000 18 : 804 12.
Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P, et al. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. Blood 2007 109 : 3489 95.
Chesi M, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Recurrent immunoglobulin gene translocations identify distinct molecular subtypes of myeloma. Ann Oncol 2000 11 : 131 5.
Chesi M, Nardini E, Brents LA, et al. Frequent translocation t(4;14)(p16.3;q32.3) in multiple myeloma is associated with increased expression and activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nat Genet 1997 16 : 260 4.
Chesi M, Nardini E, Lim RS, Smith KD, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. The t(4;14) translocation in myeloma dysregulates both FGFR3 and a novel gene, MMSET, resulting in IgH/MMSET hybrid transcripts. Blood 1998 92 : 3025 34.
Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007 356 : 2582 90.
San Miguel J. Individualizing treatment in the area of multiple novel agents. Haematolica 2007 92 : 71 72.
Dispenzieri A, Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma based on Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-adapted Therapy (mSMART): consensus statement. Mayo Clin Proc 2007 82 : 323 41.
Rajkumar VS, Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2005 80 : 1371 1382.
Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C, et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): a randomised trial. Lancet 2007 370 : 1209 18.
Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T, et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006 367 : 825 31.
Hulin C, Virion J, Leleu X, et al. Comparison of melphalan-prednisone- thalidomide (MP-T) to melphalan-prednisone (MP) in patients 75 years of age or older with untreated multiple myeloma (MM). Preliminary results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled IFM 01-01 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 8001.
Miguel JFS, Schlag R, Khuageva N, et al. MMY-3002: a phase 3 study comparing bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) with melphalan-prednisone (MP) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 76.
Palumbo A, Falco P, Corradini P, et al. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: a report from the GIMEMA - Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 4459 65.
Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med 1996 335 : 91 7.
Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003 348 : 1875 83.
Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Petrucci MT, et al. Intermediate-dose melphalan improves survival of myeloma patients aged 50 to 70: results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood 2004 104 : 3052 7.
Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al. Single versus double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003 349 : 2495 502.
Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander N, et al. A randomized trial of lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (RD) versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Rd) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (E4A03): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 74.
Blade J, Rosinol L, Sureda A, et al. High-dose therapy intensification compared with continued standard chemotherapy in multiple myeloma patients responding to the initial chemotherapy: long-term results from a prospective randomized trial from the Spanish cooperative group PETHEMA. Blood 2005 106 : 3755 9.
Barlogie B, Kyle RA, Anderson KC, et al. Standard chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemoradiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321. J Clin Oncol 2006 24 : 929 36.
Fermand JP, Ravaud P, Chevret S, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: up-front or rescue treatment? Results of a multicenter sequential randomized clinical trial. Blood 1998 92 : 3131 6.
Moreau P, Facon T, Attal M, et al. Comparison of 200 mg/m2 melphalan and 8 Gy total body irradiation plus 140 mg/m2 melphalan as conditioning regimens for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: final analysis of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 9502 randomized trial. Blood 2002 99 : 731 5.
Abdelkefi A, Ladeb S, Torjman L, et al. Single autologous stem-cell transplantation followed by maintenance therapy with thalidomide is superior to double autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Blood 2008 111 : 1805 10.
Facon T, Avet-Loiseau H, Guillerm G, et al. Chromosome 13 abnormalities identified by FISH analysis and serum beta2-microglobulin produce a powerful myeloma staging system for patients receiving high-dose therapy. Blood 2001 97 : 1566 71.
Chang H, Qi XY, Samiee S, et al. Genetic risk identifies multiple myeloma patients who do not benefit from autologous stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005 36 : 793 6.
Attal M, Harousseau JL, Leyvraz S, et al. Maintenance therapy with thalidomide improves survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2006 108 : 3289 94.
Barlogie B. Thalidomide and CC-5013 in multiple myeloma: the University of Arkansas experience. Semin Hematol 2003 40 : 33 8.
Dimopoulos MA, Zervas K, Kouvatseas G, et al. Thalidomide and dexamethasone combination for refractory multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol 2001 12 : 991 5.
Palumbo A, Bertola A, Falco P, et al. Efficacy of low-dose thalidomide and dexamethasone as first salvage regimen in multiple myeloma. Hematol J 2004 5 : 318 24.
Murakami H, Handa H, Abe M, et al. Low-dose thalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2007 79 : 234 9.
Anagnostopoulos A, Weber D, Rankin K, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide and dexamethasone for resistant multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003 121 : 768 71.
Hulin C, Facon T, Rodon P, et al. Melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide (MP-T) demonstrates a significant survival advantage in elderly patients ≥75 years with multiple myeloma compared with melphalan-prednisone (MP) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, IFM 01/01. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 75.
Rajkumar SV, Hussein MA, Catalano L, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings 2006 24 : 7515.
Ludwig H, Tothova E, Hajek R, et al. Thalidomide-dexamethasone vs. melphalan-prednisone as first line treatment and thalidomide-interferon vs. interferon maintenance therapy in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 529.
Zonder JA, Crowley J, Hussein MA, et al. Superiority of lenalidomide (Len) plus high-dose dexamethasone (HD) compared to HD alone as treatment of newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): results of the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled SWOG trial S0232. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 77.
Berenson JR, Yellin O, Woytowitz D, et al. Bortezomib, ascorbic acid and melphalan (BAM) therapy for patients (pts) with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): an effective and well-tolerated frontline regimen. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 3602.
Harousseau JL, Mathiot C, Attal M, et al. VELCADE/dexamethasone (Vel/D) versus VAD as induction treatment prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): updated results of the IFM 2005/01 trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 450.
Lokhorst HM, Schmidt-Wolf I, Sonneveld P, et al. Thalidomide in induction treatment increases the very good partial response rate before and after high-dose therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2008 93 : 124 7.
Cavo M, Patriarca F, Tacchetti P, et al. Bortezomib (velcade(R))- thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) vs thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) in preparation for autologous stem-cell (SC) transplantation (ASCT) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 73.
Barlogie B, Tricot G, Anaissie E, et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2006 354 : 1021 30.
Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, Fonseca R, Greipp PR. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2006 24 : 431 6.
Macro M, Divine M, Uzunhan Y, et al. Dexamethasone + thalidomide (Dex/Thal) compared to VAD as a pre-transplant treatment in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): a randomized trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2006 108 : 57.
Terpos E, Delimpasi S, Anargyrou K, et al. The combination of bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (PAD) is an effective regimen for high risk, newly diagnosed, patients with multiple myeloma, reduces bone resorption and normalizes angiopoietin-1 to angiopoietin-2 ratio. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 3596.
Richardson P, Jagannath S, Raje N, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (Rev/Vel/Dex) as front-line therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM): preliminary results of a phase 1/2 study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 187.
Reeder CB, Reece DE, Fonseca R, et al. A phase II trial of myeloma induction therapy with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (Cybor-D): improved response over historical lenalidomide-dexamethasone controls. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 3601.
Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2005 352 : 2487 98.
Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, et al. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003 348 : 2609 17.
Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, et al. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J Clin Oncol 2007 25 : 3892 901.
Kropff M, Bisping G, Schuck E, et al. Bortezomib in combination with intermediate-dose dexamethasone and continuous low-dose oral cyclophosphamide for relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2007 138 : 330 7.
Poenisch W, Bourgeois M, Wang SY, et al. Bortezomib in combination with bendamustine and prednisone in the treatment of patients with refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 2723.
Weber D, Wang M, Chen C, et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone provides improved overall survival compared to high-dose dexamethasone alone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM): results of 2 phase III studies (MM-009, MM-010) and subgroup analysis of patients with impaired renal function. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2006 108 : 3547.
Dimopoulos MA, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Study of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM): results of a phase 3 study (MM-010). ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2005 106 : 6.
Richardson P, Jagannath S, Raje N, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (Rev/Vel/Dex) in patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM): preliminary results of a phase II study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2007 110 : 2714.
Knop S, Gerecke C, Topp MS, et al. Lenalidomide (RevlimidTM), adriamycin and dexamethasone chemotherapy (RAD) is safe and effective in treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma - first results of a german multicenter phase I/II trial. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2006 108 : 408.
Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 1999 341 : 1565 71.
Garcia-Sanz R, Gonzalez-Porras JR, Hernandez JM, et al. The oral combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ThaCyDex) is effective in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2004 18 : 856 63.
Kropff MH, Lang N, Bisping G, et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in combination with pulsed dexamethasone and thalidomide (HyperCDT) in primary refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003 122 : 607 16.
Offidani M, Corvatta L, Marconi M, et al. Low-dose thalidomide with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicenter, phase II study. Haematologica 2006 91 : 133 6.
Berenson JR, Boccia R, Siegel D, et al. Efficacy and safety of melphalan, arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, phase II, single-arm study. Br J Haematol 2006 135 : 174 83.