Management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus: Belgian Association for the Study of the Liver (BASL) 2007 guidelines

Colle, I.; Adler, M.; Brenard, R.; Henrion, J.; Langlet, P.; Michielsen, P.; Orlent, H.; Reynaert, H.; Sprengers, D.; Starkel, P.; Van Damme, Pierre; Verslype, C.; Delwaide, Jean

Article (Scientific journals)

Colle, I.; Adler, M.; Brenard, R. et al.

2007 • In Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica, 70 (4), p. 389-420

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/72970

PubMed
18330099

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Delwaide_2007_ActaGastroBel_389.pdf

Publisher postprint (3.24 MB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Adenine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use; Drug Resistance, Viral; Guanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; HIV Infections/complications; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B e Antigens/analysis; Hepatitis B virus/immunology; Hepatitis B, Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention & control/transmission; Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications; Humans; Interferon Alfa-2a/therapeutic use; Lamivudine/therapeutic use; Liver Cirrhosis/surgery/virology; Liver Transplantation; Mass Screening; Nucleosides/therapeutic use; Phosphonic Acids/therapeutic use; Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use; Pyrimidinones/therapeutic use; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/therapeutic use; Vaccination

Abstract :

[en] 1. Introduction Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection currently affects about 400 million people and is responsible for 500,000 to 1,000,000 deaths annually worldwide from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (1). For this reason, screening high risk populations to identify HBV infected persons is important so that guidelines for treatment and prevention of transmission can be given in this specific group. Recently, new drugs became available for HBV and new insights in resistance and definitions came up. So, the purpose of this paper is providing an update of the recent literature and guidelines concerning 1. screening for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) 2. management of patients with CHB 3. treatment of CHB in mono-infected patients and in special patient populations (co-infected, transplanted and immunosuppressed patients). The recommendations are based onpublished information and the level of evidence is reported with each recommendation. The level of evidence is graded as :grade 1 : randomized controlled trials ; grade II-1 : controlled trials without randomization ; grade 11-2 : cohort or case-control analytic study ; grade 11-3 : multiple time series, dramatic uncontrolled experiments ; grade III : descriptive epidemiology, expert opinions.

Disciplines :

Gastroenterology & hepatology

Author, co-author :

Colle, I.

Adler, M.

Brenard, R.

Henrion, J.

Langlet, P.

Michielsen, P.

Orlent, H.

Reynaert, H.

Sprengers, D.

Starkel, P.

More authors (3 more)

Language :

English

Title :

Management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus: Belgian Association for the Study of the Liver (BASL) 2007 guidelines

Publication date :

2007

Journal title :

Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica

ISSN :

0001-5644

eISSN :

1784-3227

Publisher :

Acta Medica Belgica, Bruxelles, Belgium

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

389-420

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 28 September 2010

Statistics

Number of views

105 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

2 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

EASL INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON HEPATITIS B. 13-14 September, 2002 : Geneva, Switzerland. Consensus statement (short version). J. Hepatol., 2003, 38 : 533-540.
VERSCHUERE V., YAP P.S., FEVERY J. Is HBV genotyping of clinical relevance ? Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2005, 68 : 233-236.
LAVANCHY D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J. Viral Hepat., 2004, 11 : 97-107.
MAST E.E., ALTER M.J., MARGOLIS H.S. Strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B and C virus infections : a global perspective. Vaccine, 1999, 17 : 1730-1733.
MAST E.E., MARGOLIS H.S., FIORE A.E., BRINK E.W., GOLDSTEIN S.T., WANG S.A., MOYER L.A., BELL B.P., ALTER M.J. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1 : immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm. Rep., 2005, 54 : 1-31.
MC MAHON B.J. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis B. Semin. Liver Dis., 2005, 25 Suppl 1 : 3-8.
LOK A.S., MC MAHON B.J. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2007, 45 : 507-539.
HADLER S.C., MARGOLIS H.S. Hepatitis B immunization : vaccine types, efficacy and indications for immunization. In : REMINGTON J.S. and SWARTZ M.N. (eds). Current topics in infectious diseases (volume 12). Boston : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992 : 282-308.
ASPINALL S., KOCKS D.J. Immunogenicity of a low-cost hepatitis B vaccine in the South African Expanded Programme on Immunisation. S. Afr. Med. J., 1998, 88 : 36-39.
COURSAGET P., KANE M. Overview of clinical studies in developping countries. In : ELLIS R.W. (ed). Hepatitis B vaccines in clinical practice. New York : Marcel Dekker, 1993 : 209-228.
DA V.G., PELLICCIA M.G., PELUSO F., RICCIARDI E., SEPE A. Anti-HBs responses in children vaccinated with different schedules of either plasma-derived or HBV DNA recombinant vaccine. Res. Virol., 1997, 148 : 109-114.
GOLDFARB J., BALEY J., MEDENDORP S.V., SETO D., GARCIA H., TOY P., WATSON B., GOOCH M.W. III, KRAUSE D. Comparative study of the immunogenicity and safety of two dosing schedules of Engerix-B hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1994, 13 : 18-22.
GREENBERG D.P., VADHEIM C.M., WONG V.K., MARCY S.M., PARTRIDGE S., GREENE T., CHIU C.Y., MARGOLIS H.S., WARD J.I. Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines given to infants at two, four and six months of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 1996, 15 : 590-596.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Expanded programme on immunization. Introduction of hepatitis B vaccination into childhood immunization services : management guidelines, including information for health workers and parents (WHO/V&B/01.31), 2001.
VIRAL HEPATITIS PREVENTION BOARD. Prevention and control of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in the WHO European region, 2006.
VAN DAMME P. Long-term protection after hepatitis A and B vaccination : an update. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2003, 66 : 247-249.
Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity ? European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Lancet, 2000, 355 : 561-565.
BANATVALA J.E., VAN D.P. Hepatitis B vaccine - do we need boosters ? J. Viral Hepat., 2003, 10 : 1-6.
JILG W., SCHMIDT M., DEINHARDT F., ZACHOVAL R. Hepatitis B vaccination : how long does protection last ? Lancet, 1984, 2 : 458.
JILG W., SCHMIDT M., DEINHARDT F. Persistence of specific antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination. J. Hepatol., 1988, 6 : 201-207.
KAO J.H., CHEN D.S. Hepatitis B vaccination : to boost or not to boost ? Lancet, 2005, 366 : 1337-1338.
WEST D.J., CALANDRA G.B. Vaccine induced immunologic memory for hepatitis B surface antigen : implications for policy on booster vaccination. Vaccine, 1996, 14 : 1019-1027.
ZANETTI A.R., MARIANO A., ROMANO L., D'AMELIO R., CHIRONNA M., COPPOLA R.C., CUCCIA M., MANGIONE R., MARRONE F., NEGRONE F.S., PARLATO A., ZAMPARO E., ZOTTI C., STROFFOLINI T., MELE A. Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination and policy for booster : an Italian multicentre study. Lancet, 2005, 366 : 1379-1384.
MAST E.E., WEINBAUM C.M., FIORE A.E., ALTER M.J., BELL B.P., FINELLI L., RODEWALD L.E., DOUGLAS J.M. Jr., JANSSEN R.S., WARD J.W. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II : immunization of adults. MMWR Recomm. Rep., 2006, 55 : 1-33.
LIAW Y.F., SUNG J.J., CHOW W.C., FARRELL G., LEE C.Z., YUEN H., TANWANDEE T., TAO Q.M., SHUE K., KEENE O.N., DIXON J.S., GRAY D.F., SABBAT J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 351 : 1521-1531.
CHEN C.J., YANG H.I., SU J., JEN C.L., YOU S.L., LU S.N., HUANG G.T., ILOEJE U.H. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA, 2006, 295 : 65-73.
ILOEJE U.H., YANG H.I., SU J., JEN C.L., YOU S.L., CHEN C.J. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130 : 678-686.
VEENSTRA D.L., ILOEJE U.H., TAFESSE E. Cost-effectiveness of antivirals in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B : impact of seroconversion and viral suppression. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130 : abstract T1848.
SHEPHERD J., JONES J., TAKEDA A., DAVIDSON P., PRICE A. Adefovir dipivoxil and pegylated interferon alfa-2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B : a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technot. Assess., 2006, 10 : iii-xiv, 1.
TAKEDA A., JONES J., SHEPHERD J., DAVIDSON P., PRICE A. A systematic review and economic evaluation of adefovir dipivoxil and pegylated interferon-alpha-2a for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J. Viral Hepat., 2007, 14 : 75-88.
BROWN R.E., DE C.E., COLIN X., ANTONANZAS F., ILOEJE U.H. Hepatitis B management costs in France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2004, 38 : S169-S174.
GAGNON Y.M., LEVY A.R., ILOEJE U.H., BRIGGS A.H. Treatment costs in Canada of health conditions resulting from chronic hepatitis B infection. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2004, 38 : S179-S186.
LOK A.S., ZOULIM F., LOCARNINI S., BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., GHANY M.G., PAWLOTSKY J.M., LIAW Y.F., MIZOKAMI M., KUIKEN C. Antiviral drug-resistant HBV : Standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management. Hepatology, 2007, 46 : 254-265.
SALDANHA J., GERLICH W., LELIE N., DAWSON P., HEERMANN K., HEATH A. An international collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international standard for hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid amplification techniques. Vox Sang, 2001, 80 : 63-71.
KEEFFE E.B., DIETERICH D.T., HAN S.H., JACOBSON I.M., MARTIN P., SCHIFF E.R., TOBIAS H., WRIGHT T.L. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States : an update. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2006, 4 : 936-962.
ROBINS G.W., SCOTT L.J., KEATING G.M. Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kD) : a review of its use in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Drugs, 2005, 65 : 809-825.
COOKSLEY W.G., PIRATVISUTH T., LEE S.D., MAHACHAI V., CHAO Y.C., TANWANDEE T., CHUTAPUTTI A., CHANG W.Y., ZAHM F.E., PLUCK N. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa) : an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J. Viral Hepat., 2003, 10 : 298-305.
LAU G.K., PIRATVISUTH T., LUO K.X., MARCELLIN P., THONGSAWAT S., COOKSLEY G., GANE E., FRIED M.W., CHOW W.C., PAIK S.W., CHANG W.Y., BERG T., FLISIAK R., MC CLOUD P., PLUCK N. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352 : 2682-2695.
CHAN H.L., LEUNG N.W., HUI A.Y., WONG V.W., LIEW C.T., CHIM A.M., CHAN F.K., HUNG L.C., LEE Y.T., TAM J.S., LAM C.W., SUNG J.J. A randomized, controlled trial of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B : comparing pegylated interferon-alpha2b and lamivudine with lamivudine alone. Ann. Intern. Med., 2005, 142 : 240-250.
JANSSEN H.L., VAN Z.M., SENTURK H., ZEUZEM S., AKARCA U.S., CAKALOGLU Y., SIMON C., SO T.M., GERKEN G., DE MAN R.A., NIESTERS H.G., ZONDERVAN P., HANSEN B., SCHALM S.W. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B : a randomised trial. Lancet, 2005, 365 : 123-129.
HOOFNAGLE J.H., DOO E., LIANG T.J., FLEISCHER R., LOK A.S. Management of hepatitis B : summary of a clinical research workshop. Hepatology, 2007, 45 : 1056-1075.
MARCELLIN P., LAU G.K., BONINO F., FARCI P., HADZIYANNIS S., JIN R., LU Z.M., PIRATVISUTH T., GERMANIDIS G., YURDAYDIN C., DIAGO M., GUREL S., LAI M.Y., BUTTON P., PLUCK N. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 351 : 1206-1217.
MARCELLIN P., BONINO F., LAU G.K., FARCI P., YURDAYDIN C., PIRATVISUTH T., LUO K.X., GUREL S., HADZIYANNIS S., WANG Y., POPESCU M. Virological and biochemical response in patients with HBeAg-negative CHB treated with Peginterferon alfa 2a +/- lamivudine : 3-year follow-up results. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46 : suppl 1 : S25, abstract 53.
ORLENT H. Treatment of HBeAg-positive hepatitis B with peginterferon and lamivudine. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 353 : 1630-1631.
FLINK H.J., VAN Z.M., HANSEN B.E., DE MAN R.A., SCHALM S.W., JANSSEN H.L. Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B : HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2006, 101 : 297-303.
WAI C.T., CHU C.J., HUSSAIN M., LOK A.S. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C Hepatology, 2002, 36 : 1425-1430.
KLEINMAN A. Culture and depression. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 351 : 951-953.
PERRILLO R.P. Acute flares in chronic hepatitis B : the natural and unnatural history of an immunologically mediated liver disease. Gastroenterology, 2001, 120 : 1009-1022.
DIENSTAG J.L., SCHIFF E.R., WRIGHT T.L., PERRILLO R.P., HANN H.W., GOODMAN Z., CROWTHER L., CONDREAY L.D., WOESSNER M., RUBIN M., BROWN N.A. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 341 : 1256-1263.
LAI C.L., CHIEN R.N., LEUNG N.W., CHANG T.T., GUAN R., TAI D.I., NG K.Y., WU P.C., DENT J.C., BARBER J., STEPHENSON S.L., GRAY D.F. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1998, 339 : 61-68.
CHANG T.T., LAI C.L., CHIEN R.N., GUAN R., LIM S.G., LEE C.M., NG K.Y., NICHOLLS G.J., DENT J.C., LEUNG N.W. Four years of lamivudine treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2004, 19 : 1276-1282.
LEUNG N.W., LAI C.L., CHANG T.T., GUAN R., LEE C.M., NG K.Y., LIM S.G., WU P.C., DENT J.C., EDMUNDSON S., CONDREAY L.D., CHIEN R.N. Extended lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates : results after 3 years of therapy. Hepatology, 2001, 33 : 1527-1532.
LIAW Y.F., LEUNG N.W., CHANG T.T., GUAN R., TAI D.I., NG K.Y., CHIEN R.N., DENT J., ROMAN L., EDMUNDSON S., LAI C.L. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. Gastroenterology, 2000, 119 : 172-180.
LOK A.S., LAI C.L., LEUNG N., YAO G.B., CUI Z.Y., SCHIFF E.R., DIENSTAG J.L., HEATHCOTE E.J., LITTLE N.R., GRIFFITHS D.A., GARDNER S.D., CASTIGLIA M. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 2003, 125 : 1714-1722.
CHEN R.N., LIAW Y.F., ATKINS M. Pretherapy alanine transaminase level as a determinant for hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asian Hepatitis Lamivudine Trial Group. Hepatology, 1999, 30 : 770-774.
PERRILLO R.P., LAI C.L., LIAW Y.F., DIENSTAG J.L., SCHIFF E.R., SCHALM S.W., HEATHCOTE E.J., BROWN N.A., ATKINS M., WOESSNER M., GARDNER S.D. Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2002, 36 : 186-194.
DIENSTAG J.L., CIANCIARA J., KARAYALCIN S., KOWDLEY K.V., WILLEMS B., PLISEK S., WOESSNER M., GARDNER S., SCHIFF E. Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2003, 37 : 748-755.
LEE K.M., CHO S.W., KIM S.W., KIM H.J., HAHM K.B., KIM J.H. Effect of virological response on post-treatment durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg seroconversion. J. Viral Hepat., 2002, 9 : 208-212.
DIENSTAG J.L., GOLDIN R.D., HEATHCOTE E.J., HANN H.W., WOESSNER M., STEPHENSON S.L., GARDNER S., GRAY D.F., SCHIFF E.R. Histological outcome during long-term lamivudine therapy. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124 : 105-117.
DI MARCO V., MARZANO A., LAMPERTICO P., ANDREONE P., SAN-TANTONIO T., ALMASIO P.L., RIZZETTO M., CRAXI A. Clinical outcome of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virological response to lamivudine. Hepatology, 2004, 40 : 883-891.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., TASSOPOULOS N.C., HEATHCOTE E.J., CHANG T.T., KITIS G., RIZZETTO M., MARCELLIN P., LIM S.G., GOODMAN Z., MA J., BROSGART C.L., BORROTO-ESODA K., ARTERBURN S., CHUCK S.L. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology, 2006, 131 : 1743-1751.
KNIGHT W., HAYASHI S., BENHAMOU Y. Dosing guidelines for adefovir dipivoxil in the treatment of HBV infected patients with renal or hepatic impairment. 36 ed., 2002.
MARCELLIN P., CHANG T.T., LIM S.G., TONG M.J., SIEVERT W., SHIFFMAN M.L., JEFFERS L., GOODMAN Z., WULFSOHN M.S., XIONG S., FRY J., BROSGART C.L. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348 : 808-816.
WESTLAND C.E., YANG H., DELANEY W.E., GIBBS C.S., MILLER M.D., WULFSOHN M., FRY J., BROSGART C.L., XIONG S. Week 48 resistance surveillance in two phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2003, 38 : 96-103.
MARCELLIN P., ASSELAH T. Resistance to adefovir : a new challenge in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol., 2005, 43 : 920-923.
LEE Y.S., SUH D.J., LIM Y.S., JUNG S.W., KIM K.M., LEE H.C., CHUNG Y.H., LEE Y.S., YOO W., KIM S.O. Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy. Hepatology, 2006, 43 : 1385-1391.
RAPTI I., DIMOU E., MITSOULA P., HADZIYANNIS S.J. Adding-on versus switching-to adefovir therapy in lamivudine-resistant HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2007, 45 : 307-313.
CHANG T.T., GISH R.G., DE M.R., GADANO A., SOLLANO J., CHAO Y.C., LOK A.S., HAN K.H., GOODMAN Z., ZHU J., CROSS A., DEHERTOGH D., WILBER R., COLONNO R., APELIAN D. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354 : 1001-1010.
COLONNO R.J., ROSE R., BALDICK C.J., LEVINE S., POKORNOWSKI K., YU C.F., WALSH A., FANG J., HSU M., MAZZUCCO C., EGGERS B., ZHANG S., PLYM M., KLESCZEWSKI K., TENNEY D.J. Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 1656-1665.
SHERMAN M., YURDAYDIN C., SOLLANO J., SILVA M., LIAW Y.F., CIANCIARA J., BORON-KACZMARSKA A., MARTIN P., GOODMAN Z., COLONNO R., CROSS A., DENISKY G., KRETER B., HINDES R. Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 2006, 130 : 2039-2049.
COLONNO R., ROSE R., POKORNOWSKI K., BALDICK C.J., EGGERS B., YU D., CROSS A., TENNEY D.J. Four year assessment of entecavir resistance in nucleoside-naive and lamivudine refractory patients. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46 : suppl 1 : S294, abstract 781
LAI C.L., GANE E., LIAW Y.F., THONGSAWAT S., WANG Y., CHEN Y.E.A. Telbivudine (LDT) vs lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B : first year results from the international phase III Globe trial. Hepatology, 2005, 42 : suppl 2 : abstract A748
LAI C.L., LEUNG N., TEO E.K., TONG M., WONG F., HANN H.W., HAN S., POYNARD T., MYERS M., CHAO G., LLOYD D., BROWN N.A. A 1-year trial of telbivudine, lamivudine, and the combination in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 2005, 129 : 528-536.
LAI C.L., LEUNG N., TEO EK., TONG M., WONG F., HANN H.W., HAN S., POYNARD T., MYERS M., CHAO G., LLOYD D., BROWN N. Phase Ib extended-treatment trial of telbivudine versus lamivudine versus combination treatment in hepatitis B patients : two year results. Gastroenterology, 2005, 128 : abstract A692
TASSOPOULOS N.C., VOLPES R., PASTURE G., HEATHCOTE J., BUTI M., GOLDIN R.D., HAWLEY S., BARBER J., CONDREAY L., GRAY D.F. Efficacy of lamivudine in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative/hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) chronic hepatitis B.Lamivudine Precore Mutant Study Group. Hepatology, 1999, 29 : 889-896.
SANTANTONIO T., MAZZOLA M., IACOVAZZI T., MIGLIETTA A., GUASTADISEGNI A., PASTURE G. Long-term follow-up of patients with anti-HBe/HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B treated for 12 months with lamivudine. J. Hepatol., 2000, 32 : 300-306.
LOK A.S., HUSSAIN M., CURSANO C., MARGOTTI M., GRAMENZI A., GRAZI G.L., JOVINE E., BENARDI M., ANDREONE P. Evolution of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene mutations in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients receiving lamivudine therapy. Hepatology, 2000, 32 : 1145-1153.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., PAPATHEODORIDIS G.V., DIMOU E., LARAS A., PAPAIOANNOU C. Efficacy of long-term lamivudine monotherapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2000, 32 : 847-851.
RIZZETTO M., VOLPES R., SMEDILE A. Response of pre-core mutant chronic hepatitis B infection to lamivudine. J. Med. Virol., 2000, 61 : 398-402.
PAPATHEODORIDIS G.V., DIMOU E., LARAS A., PAPADIMITROPOULOS V., HADZIYANNIS S.J. Course of virologic breakthroughs under long-term lamivudine in HBeAg-negative precore mutant HBV liver disease. Hepatology, 2002, 36 : 219-226.
AKYUZ F., KAYMAKOGLU S., DEMIR K., AKSOY N., KARACA C., DANALIOGLU A., ONEL D., BADUR S., BESISIK F., CAKALOGLU Y., OKTEN A. Lamivudine monotherapy and lamivudine plus interferon alpha combination therapy in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B not responding to previous interferon alpha monotherapy. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2007, 70 : 20-24.
PAPATHEODORIDIS G.V., DIMOU E., DIMAKOPOULOS K., MANOLAKOPOULOS S., RAPTI I., KITIS G., TZOURMAKLIOTIS D., MANESIS E., HADZIYANNIS S.J. Outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine. Hepatology, 2005, 42 : 121-129.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., PAPATHEODORIDIS G.V., VASSILOPOULOS D. Treatment of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Semin. Liver Dis., 2003, 23 : 81-88.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., PAPATHEODORIDIS G.V. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B : natural history and treatment. Semin. Liver Dis., 2006, 26 : 130-141.
GAIA S., MARZANO A., SMEDILE A., BARBON V., ABATE M.L., OLIVERO A., LAGGET M., PAGANIN S., FADDA M., NIRO G., RIZZETTO M. Four years of treatment with lamivudine : clinical and virological evaluations in HBe antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 20 : 281-287.
BUTI M., COTRINA M., JARDI R., DE CASTRO E.C., RODRIGUEZ-FRIAS F., SANCHEZ-AVILA F., ESTEBAN R., GUARDIA J. Two years of lamivudine therapy in anti-HBe-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Viral Hepat., 2001, 8 : 270-275.
MANOLAKOPOULOS S., BETHANIS S., ELEFSINIOTIS J., KARATAPANIS S., TRIANTOS C., SOURVINOS G., TOULOUMI G., ECONOMOU M., VLACHOGIANNAKOS J., SPANDIDOS D., AVGERINOS A., TZOURMAKLIOTIS D. Lamivudine monotherapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B : prediction of response-breakthrough and long-term clinical outcome. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 23 : 787-795.
LAU D.T., KHOKHAR M.F., DOO E., GHANY M.G., HERION D., PARK Y., KLEINER D.E., SCHMID P., CONDREAY L.D., GAUTHIER J., KUHNS M.C., LIANG T.J., HOOFNAGLE J.H. Long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine. Hepatology, 2000, 32 : 828-834.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., TASSOPOULOS N.C., HEATHCOTE E.J., CHANG T.T., KITIS G., RIZZETTO M., MARCELLIN P., LIM S.G., GOODMAN Z., WULFSOHN M.S., XIONG S., FRY J., BROSGART C.L. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348 : 800-807.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., TASSOPOULOS N.C., HEATHCOTE E.J., CHANG T.T., KITIS G., RIZZETTO M., MARCELLIN P., LIM S.G., GOODMAN Z., MA J., ARTERBURN S., XIONG S., CURRIE G., BROSGART C.L. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352 : 2673-2681.
HADZIYANNIS S., TASSOPOULOS N.C., CHANG T.T., HEATHCOTE E.J., KITIS G., RIZZETTO M., MARCELLIN P., LIM S.G., GOODMAN Z., MA J., ARTERBURN S., XIONG S., CURRIE G., BROSGART C. Long term adefovir dipivoxil treatment indices regression of liver fibrosis in patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B : results after 5 years of therapy. Hepatology, 2005, 42, suppl 1 : A754
LOCARNINI S., QI X., ARTERBURN S. et al. Incidence and predictors of emergence of adefovir resistance HBV during four years of adefovir dipivoxil therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol, 2005, 42 : suppl 2 : Abstract A17.
FUNG S.K., ANDREONE P., HAN S.H., RAJENDER R.K., REGEV A., KEEFFE E.B., HUSSAIN M., CURSARO C., RICHTMYER P., MARRERO J.A., LOK A.S. Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation. J. Hepatol., 2005, 43 : 937-943.
LAI C.L., SHOUVAL D., LOK A.S., CHANG T.T., CHEINQUER H., GOODMAN Z., DEHERTOGH D., WILBER R., ZINK R.C., CROSS A., COLONNO R., FERNANDES L. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354 : 1011-1020.
LAI C.L., GANE E., CHAO C.H., THONGSAWAT S., WANG Y., CHEN Y.E.A. Two-years results from the Globe trial in patients with hepatitis B. Greater clinical and antiviral efficacy for telbivudine (LDT) vs lamivudine. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : suppl 1 : abstract A222.
DOO E., LIANG T.J. Molecular anatomy and pathophysiologic implications of drug resistance in hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology, 2001, 120 : 1000-1008.
LING R., MUTIMER D., AHMED M., BOXALL E.H., ELIAS E., DUSHEIKO G.M., HARRISON T.J. Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine. Hepatology, 1996, 24 : 711-713.
LOCARNINI S. Molecular virology and the development of resistant mutants : implications for therapy. Semin. Liver Dis., 2005, 25 Suppl 1 : 9-19.
TIPPLES G.A., MA M.M., FISCHER K.P., BAIN V.G., KNETEMAN N.M., TYRRELL D.L. Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology, 1996, 24 : 714-717.
BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., LOCARNINI S.A. Antiviral drug resistance : clinical consequences and molecular aspects. Semin. Liver Dis., 2006, 26 : 162-170.
LIAW Y.F. Impact of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 2001, 12 Suppl 1 : 67-71.
LIU C.J., CHEN P.J., LAI M.Y., KAO J.H., CHEN D.S. Hepatitis B virus variants in patients receiving lamivudine treatment with breakthrough hepatitis evaluated by serial viral loads and full-length viral sequences. Hepatology, 2001, 34 : 583-589.
STUYVER L., VAN G.C., DE G.S., VAN R.G., ZOULIM F., LEROUX-ROELS G., ROSSAU R. Line probe assay for monitoring drug resistance in hepatitis B virus-infected patients during antiviral therapy. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2000, 38 : 702-707.
ALLEN M.I., DESLAURIERS M., ANDREWS C.W., TIPPLES G.A., WALTERS K.A., TYRRELL D.L., BROWN N., CONDREAY L.D. Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group. Hepatology, 1998, 27 : 1670-1677.
STUYVER L.J., LOCARNINI S.A., LOK A., RICHMAN D.D., CARMAN W.F., DIENSTAG J.L., SCHINAZI R.F. Nomenclature for antiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in the polymerase region. Hepatology, 2001, 33 : 751-757.
SCHALM S.W., HEATHCOTE J., CIANCIARA J., FARRELL G., SHERMAN M., WILLEMS B., DHILLON A., MOORAT A., BARBER J., GRAY D.F. Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection : a randomised trial. Gut, 2000, 46 : 562-568.
YUEN M.F., SABLON E., HUI C.K., YUAN H.J., DECRAEMER H., LAI C.L. Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy. Hepatology, 2001, 34 : 785-791.
MELEGARI M., SCAGLIONI P.P., WANDS J.R. Hepatitis B virus mutants associated with 3TC and famciclovir administration are replication defective. Hepatology, 1998, 27 : 628-633.
ONO-NITA S.K., KATO N., SHIRATORI Y., MASAKI T., LAN K.H., CARRILHO F.J., OMATA M. YMDD motif in hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase influences on replication and lamivudine resistance : A study by in vitro full-length viral DNA transfection. Hepatology, 1999, 29 : 939-945.
BARTHOLOMEW M.M., JANSEN R.W., JEFFERS L.J., REDDY K.R., JOHNSON L.C., BUNZENDAHL H., CONDREAY L.D., TZAKIS A.G., SCHIFF E.R., BROWN N.A. Hepatitis-B-virus resistance to lamivudine given for recurrent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Lancet, 1997, 349 : 20-22.
LIAW Y.F., CHIEN R.N., YEH C.T., TSAI S.L., CHU C.M. Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Hepatology, 1999, 30 : 567-572.
LIAW Y.F., CHIEN R.N., YEH C.T. No benefit to continue lamivudine therapy after emergence of YMDD mutations. Antivir. Ther., 2004, 9 : 257-262.
WONG V.W., CHAN H.L., WONG M.L., TAM J.S., LEUNG N.W. Clinical course after stopping lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine-resistant mutants. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 19 : 323-329.
ONO-NITA S.K., KATO N., SHIRATORI Y., LAN K.H., YOSHIDA H., CARRILHO F.J., OMATA M. Susceptibility of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus to other reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, 103 : 1635-1640.
ZOULIM F. In vitro models for studying hepatitis B virus drug resistance. Semin. Liver Dis., 2006, 26 : 171-180.
TENNEY D.J., LEVINE S.M., ROSE R.E., WALSH A.W., WEINHEIMER S.P., DISCOTTO L., PLYM M., POKORNOWSKI K., YU C.F., ANGUS P., AYRES A., BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., SIEVERT W., THOMPSON G., WARNER N., LOCARNINI S., COLONNO R.J. Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to Lamivudine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2004, 48 : 3498-3507.
SCHIFF E.R., LAI C.L., HADZIYANNIS S., NEUHAUS P., TERRAULT N., COLOMBO M., TILLMANN H.L., SAMUEL D., ZEUZEM S., LILLY L., RENDINA M., VILLENEUVE J.P., LAMA N., JAMES C., WULFSOHN M.S., NAMINI H., WESTLAND C., XIONG S., CHOY G.S., VAN D.S., FRY J., BROSGART C.L. Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients. Hepatology, 2003, 38 : 1419-1427.
SCHIFF E., LAI C.L., HADZIYANNIS S., NEUHAUS P., TERRAULT N., COLOMBO M., TILLMANN H., SAMUEL D., ZEUZEM S., VILLENEUVE J.P., ARTERBURN S., BORROTO-ESODA K., BROSGART C., CHUCK S. Adefovir dipivoxil for wait-listed and post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B : final long-term results. Liver Transpl., 2007, 13 : 349-360.
SNOW A., THIBAULT V., QI X. et al. Combination of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) and lamivudine (LAM) prevented emergence of ADV resistance mutations in chronic hepatitis B patients with LAM resistant HBV Gastroenterology, 2005, 128 : abstract M945.
FUNG S.K., CHAE H.B., FONTANA R.J., CONJEEVARAM H., MARRERO J., OBERHELMAN K., HUSSAIN M., LOK A.S. Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol., 2006, 44 : 283-290.
LAMPERTICO P., MARZANO A., LEVRERO M. et al. Adefovir and lamivudine combination therapy is superior to adefovir monotherapy for lamivudine-resistant patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : suppl 1 : abstract A693.
VAN BOMMEL F., WUNSCHE T., MAUSS S., REINKE P., BERGK A., SCHURMANN D., WIEDENMANN B., BERG T. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology, 2004, 40 : 1421-1425.
VAN BOMMEL F., ZOLLNER B., SARRAZIN C., SPENGLER U., HUPPE D., MOLLER B., FEUCHT H.H., WIEDENMANN B., BERG T. Tenofovir for patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and high HBV DNA level during adefovir therapy. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 318-325.
CHANG T.T., GISH R.G., HADZIYANNIS S.J., CIANCIARA J., RIZZETTO M., SCHIFF E.R., PASTURE G., BACON B.R., POYNARD T., JOSHI S., KLESCZEWSKI K.S., THIRY A., ROSE R.E., COLONNO R.J., HINDES R.G. A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and tolerability of entecavir in Lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B patients. Gastroenterology, 2005, 129 : 1198-1209.
LEEMANS W.F., FLINK H.J., JANSSEN H.L., NIESTERS H.G., SCHALM S.W., DE MAN R.A. The effect of pegylated interferon-alpha on the treatment of lamivudine resistant chronic HBeAg positive hepatitis B virus infection. J. Hepatol., 2006, 44 : 507-511.
GANE E., LAI C.L., MIN A. et al. GLOBE study : add or switch to adefovir a viable salvage option for telbivudine-treated patients exhibiting virologic breakthrough. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46 : suppl 1 : abstract A493.
ANGUS P., VAUGHAN R., XIONG S., YANG H., DELANEY W., GIBBS C., BROSGART C., COLLEDGE D., EDWARDS R., AYRES A., BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., LOCARNINI S. Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology, 2003, 125 : 292-297.
VILLENEUVE J.P., DURANTEL D., DURANTEL S., WESTLAND C., XIONG S., BROSGART C.L., GIBBS C.S., PARVAZ P., WERLE B., TREPO C., ZOULIM F. Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient. J. Hepatol., 2003, 39 : 1085-1089.
HADZIYANNIS S.J., TASSOPOULOS N.C., HEATHCOTE E.J., CHANG T.T., KITIS G., RIZZETTO M., MARCELLIN P., LIM S.G., GOODMAN Z., MA J., ARTERBURN S., XIONG S., CURRIE G., BROSGART C.L. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352 : 2673-2681.
BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., LOCARNINI S., AYRES A. et al. Molecular modeling of hepatitis B virus polymerase and adefovir resistance identifies three clusters of mutations with chrome hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2004, 40 : suppl 1 : abstract 246A.
YIM H.J., HUSSAIN M., LIU Y., WONG S.N., FUNG S.K., LOK A.S. Evolution of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus during sequential therapy. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 703-712.
DURANTEL S., WERLE B., DURANTEL D. et al. Different profiles of response to adefovir dipivoxil and factors that may influence response in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2004, 40 : abstract A654.
SCHILDGEN O., SIRMA H., FUNK A., OLOTU C., WEND U.C., HARTMANN H., HELM M., ROCKSTROH J.K., WILLEMS W.R., WILL H., GERLICH W.H. Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354 : 1807-1812.
GALLANT J.E., DERESINSKI S. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2003, 37 : 944-950.
BENHAMOU Y., TUBIANA R., THIBAULT V. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with HIV and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348 : 177-178.
PETERS M.G., ANDERSEN J., LYNCH P., LIU T., STON-SMITH B., BROSGART C.L., JACOBSON J.M., JOHNSON V.A., POLLARD R.B., ROONEY J.F., SHERMAN K.E., SWINDELLS S., POLSKY B. Randomized controlled study of tenofovir and adefovir in chronic hepatitis B virus and HIV infection : ACTG A5127. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 1110-1116.
RISTIG M.B., CRIPPIN J., ABERG J.A., POWDERLY W.G., LISKER-MELMAN M., KESSELS L., TEBAS P. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy for chrome hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus-coinfected individuals for whom interferon-alpha and lamivudine therapy have failed. J. Infect. Dis., 2002, 186 : 1844-1847.
TENNEY D.J., ROSE R.E., BALDICK C.J., LEVINE S.M., POKORNOWSKI K.A., WALSH A.W., FANG J., YU C.F., ZHANG S., MAZZUCCO C.E., EGGERS B., HSU M., PLYM M.J., POUNDSTONE P., YANG J., COLONNO R.J. Two-year assessment of entecavir resistance in Lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus patients reveals different clinical outcomes depending on the resistance substitutions present. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51 : 902-911.
TER BORG M.J., VAN Z.M., ZEUZEM S., SENTURK H., AKARCA U.S., SIMON C., HANSEN B.E., HAAGMANS B.L., DE MAN R.A., SCHALM S.W., JANSSEN H.L. Patterns of viral decline during PEG-interferon alpha-2b therapy in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B : relation to treatment response. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 721-727.
HOOFNAGLE J.H., SEEFF L.B. Peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355 : 2444-2451.
ADLER M., GOUBAU P., LEROUX-ROELS G., SPRENGERS D., PAWLOTSKY J.M. Practical use of hepatitis C and B molecular tools : Belgian guidelines. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2005, 68 : 308-313.
BLANPAIN C., KNOOP C., DELFORGE M.L., ANTOINE M., PENY M.O., LIESNARD C., VEREERSTRAETEN P., COGAN E., ADLER M., ABRAMOWICZ D. Reactivation of hepatitis B after transplantation in patients with pre-existing anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies : report on three cases and review of the literature. Transplantation, 1998, 66 : 883-886.
ALBERTI A., PONTISSO P., CHEMELLO L., FATTOVICH G., BENVEGNU L., BELUSSI F., DE MITRI M.S. The interaction between hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic liver disease. J. Hepatol., 1995, 22: 38-41.
ZARSKI J.P., BOHN B., BASTIE A., PAWLOTSKY J.M., BAUD M., BOST-BEZEAUX F., TRAN VAN N.J., SEIGNEURIN J.M., BUFFET C., DHUMEAUX D. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J. Hepatol., 1998, 28 : 27-33.
LIU Z., HOU J. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2006, 3 : 57-62.
MICHIELSEN P.P., FRANCQUE S.M., VAN DONGEN J.L. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Surg. Oncol., 2005, 3 : 27.
CHEN S.Y., KAO C.F., CHEN C.M., SHIH C.M., HSU M.J., CHAO C.H., WANG S.H., YOU L.R., LEE Y.H. Mechanisms for inhibition of hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication by hepatitis C virus core protein. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278 : 591-607.
CHU C.M., YEH C.T., LIAW Y.F. Low-level viremia and intracellular expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in HBsAg carriers with concurrent hepatitis C virus infection. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1998, 36 : 2084-2086.
RAIMONDO G., BRUNETTO M.R., PONTISSO P., SMEDILE A., MAINA A.M., SAITTA C., SQUADRITO G., TONO N. Longitudinal evaluation reveals a complex spectrum of virological profiles in hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. Hepatology, 2006, 43 : 100-107.
SAITTA C., PONTISSO P., BRUNETTO M.R., FARGION S., GAETA G.B., NIRO G.A., PICCIOTTO A., SMEDILE A., SQUADRITO G., RAIMONDO G. Virological profiles in hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients under interferon plus ribavirin therapy. Antivir. Ther., 2006, 11: 931-934.
CHUANG W.L., DAI C.Y., CHANG W.Y., LEE L.P., LIN Z.Y., CHEN S.C., HSIEH M.Y., WANG L.Y., YU M.L. Viral interaction and responses in chronic hepatitis C and B coinfected patients with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin combination therapy. Antivir. Ther., 2005, 10 : 125-133.
MICHIELSEN P., BRENARD R., BOURGEOIS N., DE G.C., DELWAIDE J., HENRION J., HORSMANS Y., NEVENS F., REYNAERT H., ROBAEYS G., SPRENGERS D., VAN V.H. Hepatitis C : screening, treatment and prevention practical guidelines. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2003, 66 : 15-19.
FARCI P. Delta hepatitis : an update. J. Hepatol., 2003, 39 Suppl 1 : S212-S219.
GAETA G.B., STROFFOLINI T., CHIARAMONTE M., ASCIONE T., STORNAIUOLO G., LOBELLO S., SAGNELLI E., BRUNETTO M.R., RIZZETTO M. Chronic hepatitis D : a vanishing Disease ? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology, 2000, 32 : 824-827.
ROSINA F., SARACCO G., LATTORE V., QUARTARONE V., RIZZETTO M., VERME G., TRINCHERO P., SANSALVADORE F., SMEDILE A. Alpha 2 recombinant interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) hepatitis. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 1987, 234 : 299-303.
WEDEMEYER H., HEIDRICH B., MANNS M.P. Hepatitis D virus infection - not a vanishing disease in Europe ! Hepatology, 2007, 45 : 1331-1332.
LE GAL F., CASTELNAU C., GAULT E., AL HAWAJRI N., GORDIEN E., MARCELLIN P., DÉNY P. Hepatitis D virus infection - Not a vanishing disease in Europe ! (reply). 45 ed., 2007 : 1332-1333.
FATTOVICH G., GIUSTINA G., CHRISTENSEN E., PANTALENA M., ZAGNI I., REALDI G., SCHALM S.W. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut, 2000, 46 : 420-426.
SMEDILE A., ROSINA F., SARACCO G., CHIABERGE E., LATTORE V., FABIANO A., BRUNETTO M.R., VERME G., RIZZETTO M., BONINO F. Hepatitis B virus replication modulates pathogenesis of hepatitis D virus in chronic hepatitis D. Hepatology, 1991, 13 : 413-416.
NIRO G.A., CIANCIO A., TILLMAN H.L., LAGGET M., OLIVERO A., PERRI F., FONTANA R., LITTLE N., CAMPBELL F., SMEDILE A., MANNS M.P., ANDRIULLI A., RIZZETTO M. Lamivudine therapy in chronic delta hepatitis : a multicentre randomized-controlled pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther., 2005, 22 : 227-232.
HOOFNAGLE J.H., DI BISCEGLIE AM. The treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336 : 347-356.
BATTEGAY M., SIMPSON L.H., HOOFNAGLE J.H., SALLIE R., DI BISCEGLIE A.M. Elimination of hepatitis delta virus infection after loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with chronic delta hepatitis. J. Med. Virol., 1994, 44 : 389-392.
FARCI P., ROSKAMS T., CHESSA L., PEDDIS G., MAZZOLENI A.P., SCIOSCIA R., SERRA G., LAI M.E., LOY M., CARUSO L., DESMET V., PURCELL R.H., BALESTRIERI A. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D : regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology, 2004, 126 : 1740-1749.
CASTELNAU C., LE G.F., RIPAULT M.P., GORDIEN E., MARTINOT-PEIGNOUX M., BOYER N., PHAM B.N., MAYLIN S., BEDOSSA P., DENY P., MARCELLIN P., GAULT E. Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta : relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 728-735.
NIRO G.A., CIANCIO A., GAETA G.B., SMEDILE A., MARRONE A., OLIVERO A., STANZIONE M., DAVID E., BRANCACCIO G., FONTANA R., PERRI F., ANDRIULLI A., RIZZETTO M. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology, 2006, 44 : 713-720.
NIRO G.A., ROSINA F., RIZZETTO M. Treatment of hepatitis D. J. Viral Hepat., 2005, 12 : 2-9.
BENHAMOU Y., POYNARD T. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Hepatol., 2003, 39 Suppl 1 : S194-S199.
KOZIEL M.J., PETERS M.G. Viral hepatitis in HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356 : 1445-1454.
THIO C.L., SEABERG E.C., SKOLASKY R. Jr, PHAIR J., VISSCHER B., MUNOZ A., THOMAS D.L. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet, 2002, 360 : 1921-1926.
THIO C.L. Hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment. Semin. Liver Dis., 2003, 23 : 125-136.
BENHAMOU Y., BOCHET M., THIBAULT V., DI M., V., CAUMES E., BRICAIRE F., OPOLON P., KATLAMA C., POYNARD T. Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Hepatology, 1999, 30 : 1302-1306.
HOFER M., JOLLER-JEMELKA H.I., GROB P.J., LUTHY R., OPRAVIL M. Frequent chronic hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen only. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1998, 17 : 6-13.
PIROTH L., BINQUET C., VERGNE M., MINELLO A., LIVRY C., BOUR J.B., BUISSON M., DUONG M., GRAPPIN M., PORTIER H., CHAVANET P. The evolution of hepatitis B virus serological patterns and the clinical relevance of isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in HIV infected patients. J. Hepatol., 2002, 36 : 681-686.
SANTOS E.A., YOSHIDA C.F., ROLLA V.C., MENDES J.M., VIEIRA I.F., ARABE J., GOMES S.A. Frequent occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2003, 22 : 92-98.
HIRSCH M.S. Entecavir surprise. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356 : 2641-2643.
MC MAHON M.A., JILEK B.L., BRENNAN T.P., SHEN L., ZHOU Y., WIND-ROTOLO M., XING S., BHAT S., HALE B., HEGARTY R., CHONG C.R., LIU J.O., SILICIANO R.F., THIO C.L. The HBV drug entecavir - effects on HFV-1 replication and resistance. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356 : 2614-2621.
SHELDON J., CAMINO N., RODES B., BARTHOLOMEUSZ A., KUIPER M., TACKE F., NUNEZ M., MAUSS S., LUTZ T., KLAUSEN G., LOCARNINI S., SORIANO V. Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir. Antivir. Ther., 2005, 10 : 727-734.
BENHAMOU Y. Treatment algorithm for chronic hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients. J. Hepatol., 2006, 44 : S90-S94.
SORIANO V., PUOTI M., BONACINI M., BROOK G., CARGNEL A., ROCKSTROH J., THIO C., BENHAMOU Y. Care of patients with chronic
hepatitis B and HIV co-infection : recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel. AIDS, 2005, 19 : 221-240.
BANI-SADR F., PALMER P., SCIEUX C., MOLINA J.M. Ninety-six-week efficacy of combination therapy with lamivudine and tenofovir in patients coinfected with HIV-1 and wild-type hepatitis B virus. Clin Infect Dis, 2004, 39: 1062-1064.
SCHMUTZ G., NELSON M., LUTZ T., SHELDON J., BRUNO R., VON B.F., HOFFMANN C., ROCKSTROH J., STOEHR A., WOLF E., SORIANO V., BERGER F., BERG T., CARLEBACH A., SCHWARZE-ZANDER C., SCHURMANN D., JAEGER H., MAUSS S. Combination of tenofovir and lamivudine versus tenofovir after lamivudine failure for therapy of hepatitis B in HIV-coinfection. AIDS, 2006, 20 : 1951-1954.
KONDILI L.A., OSMAN H., MUTIMER D. The use of lamivudine for patients with acute hepatitis B (a series of cases). J. Viral Hepat., 2004, 11 : 427-431.
SCHMILOVITZ-WEISS H., BEN-ARI Z., SIKULER E., ZUCKERMAN E., SBEIT W., ACKERMAN Z., SAFADI R., LURIE Y., ROSNER G., TUR-KASPA R., RESHEF R. Lamivudine treatment for acute severe hepatitis B : a pilot study. Liver Int., 2004, 24 : 547-551.
TILLMAN H.L., HADEM J., SCHNEIDER A., WEDEMEYER H., MANNS M. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B compared to historic control in one center. J. Hepatol., 2005, 42 : suppl 2 : abstract 193.
KUMAR M., SATAPATHY S., MONGA R., DAS K., HISSAR S., PANDE C., SHARMA B.C., SARIN S.K. A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2007, 45 : 97-101.
HOOFNAGLE J.H., DI BISCEGLIE A.M., WAGGONER J.G., PARK Y. Interferon alfa for patients with clinically apparent cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 1993, 104 : 1116-1121.
PERRILLO R., TAMBURRO C., REGENSTEIN F., BALART L., BODENHEIMER H., SILVA M., SCHIFF E., BODICKY C., MILLER B., DENHAM C. Low-dose, titratable interferon alfa in decompensated liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology, 1995, 109 : 908-916.
VILLENEUVE J.P., CONDREAY L.D., WILLEMS B., POMIER-LAYRARGUES G., FENYVES D., BILODEAU M., LEDUC R., PELTEKIAN K., WONG F., MARGULIES M., HEATHCOTE E.J. Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 2000, 31 : 207-210.
YAO F.Y., BASS N.M. Lamivudine treatment in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis due to replicating hepatitis B infection. J. Hepatol., 2000, 33 : 301-307.
LALAZAR G., RUND D., SHOUVAL D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies. Br. J. Haematol., 2007, 136 : 699-712.
YEO W., JOHNSON P.J. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy. Hepatology, 2006, 43 : 209-220.
HUI C.K., CHEUNG W.W., ZHANG H.Y., AU W.Y., YUENG Y.H., LEUNG A.Y., LEUNG N., LUK J.M., LIE A.K., KWONG Y.L., LIANG R., LAU G.K. Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gastroenterology, 2006, 131 : 59-68.
HUI C.K., CHEUNG W.W., AU W.Y., LIE A.K., ZHANG H.Y., YUENG Y.H., WONG B.C., LEUNG N., KWONG Y.L., LIANG R., LAU G.K. Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of pre-emptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gut, 2005, 54 : 1597-1603.
YEO W., ZEE B., ZHONG S., CHAN P.K., WONG W.L., HO W.M., LAM K.C., JOHNSON P.J. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Br J Cancer, 2004, 90 : 1306-1311.
CALABRESE L.H., ZEIN N.N., VASSILOPOULOS D. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases : assessment and preventive strategies. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2006, 65 : 983-989.
NATHAN D.M., ANGUS P.W., GIBSON P.R. Hepatitis B and C virus infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy : guidelines for clinical approach. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2006, 21 : 1366-1371.
KOHRT H.E., OUYANG D.L., KEEFFE E.B. Systematic review : lamivudine prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 24 : 1003-1016.
LAU G.K., YIU H.H., FONG D.Y., CHENG H.C., AU W.Y., LAI L.S., CHEUNG M., ZHANG H.Y., LIE A., NGAN R., LIANG R. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology, 2003, 125 : 1742-1749.
O'GRADY J.G., SMITH H.M., DAVIES S.E., DANIELS H.M., DONALDSON P.T., TAN K.C., PORTMANN B., ALEXANDER G.J., WILLIAMS R. Hepatitis B virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Serological and clinical implications. J. Hepatol., 1992, 14 : 104-111.
EGWIM C., BOTERO R.C. Is hepatitis B immunoglobulin prophylaxis needed for liver transplantation in the era of new antivirals ? Transplant Proc, 2005, 37 : 2200-2204.
TERRAULT N., ROCHE B., SAMUEL D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting : a European and an American perspective. Liver Transpl., 2005, 11 : 716-732.
PERRILLO R., RAKELA J., DIENSTAG J., LEVY G., MARTIN P., WRIGHT T., CALDWELL S., SCHIFF E., GISH R., VILLENEUVE J.P., FARR G., ANSCHUETZ G., CROWTHER L., BROWN N. Multicenter study of lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B after liver transplantation. Lamivudine Transplant Group. Hepatology, 1999, 29 : 1581-1586.
SHERMAN M., MARTIN P., LEE W., YURDAYDIN C., SOLLANO J., VAUGHAN R. et al. Entecavir results in continued virologic and biochemical improvement and HBeAg seroconversion through 96 weeks of treatment in lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg (+) chronic hepatitis B patients (ETV 026). Gastroenterology, 2006, 130 : suppl 2 : A765.
TAN J., LOK A.S. Antiviral therapy for preand post-liver transplantation patients with hepatitis B. Liver Transpl., 2007, 13 : 323-326.
TERRAULT N.A., HOLLAND C.C., FERRELL L., HAHN J.A., LAKE J.R., ROBERTS J.P., ASCHER N.L., WRIGHT T.L. Interferon alfa for recurrent hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl.. Surg., 1996, 2 : 132-138.
BERENGUER M. Recurrent allograft disease : viral hepatitis. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg., 2005, 68 : 337-346.
ROCHE B., FERAY C., GIGOU M., ROQUE-AFONSO AM., ARULNADEN JL., DELVART V., DUSSAIX E., GUETTIER C., BISMUTH H., SAMUEL D. HBV DNA persistence 10 years after liver transplantation despite successful anti-HBS passive immunoprophylaxis. Hepatology, 2003, 38 : 86-95.
MARZANO A., GAIA S., GHISETTI V., CARENZI S., PREMOLI A., BERNARDI-VENON W., ALESSANDRIA C., FRANCHELLO A., SALIZZONI M., RIZZETTO M. Viral load at the time of liver transplantation and risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence. Liver Transpl., 2005, 11 : 402-409.