The relation of ventilatory failure to pulmonary, respiratory muscle and central nervous system disturbances in calves with an experimentally produced pneumonia
Desmecht, Daniel; Linden, Annick; Lekeux, Pierre
1996 • In Journal of Comparative Pathology, 115 (3), p. 203-219
[en] To explore the pathophysiology of respiratory failure in an experimental pneumonia, a Pasteurella haemolytica broth culture was injected intratracheally into 12 calves, which were then studied over a period of 10 h. Measurements were made of inspired minute ventilation VE), ventilatory pattern [inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT)], transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), occlusion pressure at the airway opening 100 milliseconds after onset of inspiration (Pawo100ms), arterial blood gas tensions and pH and recorded diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdi) and rectal temperature (Tr). On and after the third hour after inoculation, the animals varied in respect of clinical signs, Tr, RR, VE, Pawo100ms/EMGdi, and arterial gases and pH. In benign cases, diminished alertness, laboured respiration and fall of arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) worsened up to 7 h after inoculation, but then progressively improved, VE being maintained at approximately 150% baseline throughout the study (10 h). Neither arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) nor pH was altered. Moderate cases resembled benign cases in respect of laboured respiration, VE, PaO2 and PaCO2; however, pH was at first maintained at preinoculation levels, but declined thereafter. In severe cases, the animals were drowsy between hours 3 and 7, and became comatose between hours 8 and 10; in contrast to both benign and moderate cases: (1) RR was reduced by hour 5, (2) there was no trend towards recovery of PaO2 and pH, (3) VE, Pdi, Pawo100ms and Pawo100ms/EMGdi were severely decreased, and (4) PaCO2 increased. These results suggest that pneumonia does not alter ventilatory neuromuscular pump function in calves, unless concomitant cardiovascular collapse occurs. It is not clear whether fatal ventilatory failure is caused mainly by deterioration in ventilatory muscle fibre processes or structures, altered central nervous system adjustment of ventilatory timing, or cardiovascular dysfunction. However, inspiratory pressures fall when excitation to the diaphragm is still growing, which suggests peripheral respiratory muscle fatigue.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health Anatomy (cytology, histology, embryology...) & physiology
Author, co-author :
Desmecht, Daniel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de morphologie et pathologie > Pathologie spéciale et autopsies
Linden, Annick ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des maladies infectieuses et parasitaires > Santé et pathologies de la faune sauvage
Lekeux, Pierre ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences fonctionnelles > Physiologie - Doyen de la Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire
Language :
English
Title :
The relation of ventilatory failure to pulmonary, respiratory muscle and central nervous system disturbances in calves with an experimentally produced pneumonia
Bakima M. Kaeckenbeeck A. Meniai K. Lekeux P. Lomba F. Induction experimentale de la pneumonie pasteurellique aiguë chez la Chèvre: étude des modifications physiopathologiques Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire 135 1991 431 436
5 Janvier Belgian Ministry of Agriculture Arrêté royal relatif à la protection des animaux d'expérience Moniteur Belge 1994 111 156
Bellemare F. Grassino A. Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue Journal of Applied Physiology 53 1982 1190 1195
Branson D. Methods in Clinical Bacteriology 1972 C. C. Thomas Springfield 125 129
Bryson D.G. McFerran J.B. Ball H.J. Neill S.D. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves. 2. Pathological and microbiological findings Veterinary Record 103 1978 503 509
Carlson J.R. Dickinson E.O. Yokoyama M.T. Pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle after intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole American Journal of Veterinary Research 36 1975 1341 1347
De Boisblanc B.P. Meszaros K. Cairo J. Spitzer J.J. Summer W. Diaphragmatic fatigue after endotoxemic shock in rats: in vitro function and metabolism Journal of Medicine 21 1990 7 26
Desmecht D. Linden A. Rollin F. Lekeux P. Airway occlusion pressure and diaphragm global electrograms analysis for evaluation of inspiratory muscle drive and neuromechanical coupling in cattle American Journal of Veterinary Research 55 1994 746 755
Desmecht D. Rollin F. Lekeux P Transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement in cattle: technical data Research in Veterinary Science 53 1992 148 153
Hjerpe C.A. Clinical management of respiratory diseases in feedlot cattle Veterinary Clinics of North America. Large Animal Practice 5 1983 120 142
Jensen R. Pierson R.E. Braddy P.M. Saari D.A. Lauerman L.H. England J.J. Keyvanfar H. Collier J.R. Horton D.P. McChesney A.E. Benitez A. Christie R.M. Diseases of yearling feedlot cattle in Colorado Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 169 1976 497 499
Jorgensen C.R. Gobel F.L. Taylor H.L. Wang Y. Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during exercise Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 301 1977 213 223
Juan G. Calverley P.M.A. Talamo C. Schnader J. Roussos C. Effect of carbon dioxide on diaphragmatic function in human beings New England Journal of Medicine 310 1984 874 879
Kelman J.R. Nunn J.F. Nomograms for correction of blood PO2, PCO2, pH and base excess for time and temperature Journal of Applied Physiology 21 1966 1484 1490
Kiorpes A.L. Bisgard G.E. Manohar H. Pulmonary function values in healthy Holstein Friesian calves American Journal of Veterinary Research 39 1978 773 778
Lekeux P. Art T. Amory H. The effect of common bovine respiratory diseases on tidal breathing flow-volume loops Veterinary Research Communications 12 1988 463 473
Lekeux P. Hajer R. Breukink H.J. Effect of somatic growth on pulmonary function values in healthy Friesian cattle American Journal of Veterinary Research 45 1984 2003 2007
Levine S. Henson D. Low-frequency diaphragmatic fatigue in spontaneously breathing humans Journal of Applied Physiology 64 1988 672 680
Mead J. Mechanical properties of lungs Physiological Reviews 41 1961 281 330
Pirie H.M. Allan E.M. Mycoplasmas and cuffing pneumonia in a group of calves Veterinary Record 97 1975 345 349
Rodarte J.R. Rehder K. Dynamics of respiration A.P. Fishman P.T. Macklem J. Mead S.R. Geiger Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: The Respiratory System. Vol 3. Mechanics of Breathing 1986 American Physiological Society Bethesda 131 144
Roussos C. Campbell E.J. Respiratory muscle energetics A.P. Fishman P.T. Macklem J. Mead S.R. Geiger Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: The Respiratory System. Vol 3. Mechanics of Breathing 1986 American Physiological Society Bethesda 481 509
Roussos C. Macklem P.T. Diaphragmatic fatigue in man Journal of Applied Physiology 43 1977 189 197
Schnader J.Y. Juan G. Howell S. Fitzgerald R. Roussos C. Arterial CO2 partial pressure affects diaphragmatic function Journal of Applied Physiology 58 1985 823 829
Seldinger S.I. Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography Acta Radiologica 39 1953 368 376
Slocombe R.F. Derksen F.J. Robinson N.E. Interactions of cold stress and Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves: changes in pulmonary function American Journal of Veterinary Research 45 1984 1764 1770
West J.B. Gas exchange J.B. West Respiratory Physiology—The Essentials 1979 Williams & Wilkins Company Baltimore 160 165
West J.B. Vascular diseases J.B. West Pulmonary Pathophysiology—The Essentials 1987 Williams & Wilkins Company Baltimore 112 133
Winer B.J. Single-factor experiments having repeated measures on the same elements B.J. Winer Statistical Principles in Experimental Design 1971 McGraw-Hill Book Co New York 196 201