Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, Guyatt GH, Harbour RT, Haugh MC, Henry D, Hill S, Jaeschke R, Leng G, Liberati A, Magrini N, Mason J, Middleton P, Mrukowicz J, O'Connell D, Oxman AD, Phillips B, Schünemann HJ, Edejer TT, Varonen H, Vist GE, Williams Jr. JW, Zaza S 2004 Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328:1490
Swiglo BA, Murad MH, Schünemann HJ, Kunz R, Vigersky RA, Guyatt GH, Montori VM 2008 A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: State-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:666-673 (Pubitemid 351398536)
Fernandez-BalsellsMMM, Barwise A, Gallegos-Orozco J, Paul A, Lane M, Carpio I, Perestelo-Perez LI, Ponce de Leon Lovaton P, Erwin, P, Carey J, Montori VM 2010 The natural history of pituitary incidentalomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (In press)
Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, Aulich A, Mödder U, Scherbaum WA 1999 Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: High frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas-results of a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:109-113 (Pubitemid 29339543)
Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, Eguchi K, Iida K, Sumida M, Migita K, Kurisu K 2006 Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. J Neurosurg 104:884-891 (Pubitemid 43824737)
Sanno N, Oyama K, Tahara S, Teramoto A, Kato Y 2003 A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan. Eur J Endocrinol 149:123-127 (Pubitemid 36987154)
Fainstein Day P, Guitelman M, Artese R, Fiszledjer L, Chervin A, Vitale NM, Stalldecker G, De Miguel V, CornalóD, Alfieri A, Susana M, Gil M 2004 Retrospective multicentric study of pituitary incidentalomas. Pituitary 7:145-148 (Pubitemid 43336601)
ReinckeM,Allolio B, SaegerW,Menzel J, WinkelmannW1990 The 'incidentaloma' of the pituitary gland. Is neurosurgery required? JAMA 263:2772-2776 (Pubitemid 20181571)
Donovan LE, CorenblumB1995 The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med 155:181-183
Freda PU, Post KD 1999 Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28:81-117, vi (Pubitemid 29164779)
Zada G, Lin N, Ojerholm E, Ramkissoon S, Laws ER Craniopharyngioma and other cystic epithelial lesions of the sellar region: A review of clinical, imaging, and histopathological relationships. Neurosurg Focus 28:E4
Kanter AS, Sansur CA, Jane Jr. JA, Laws Jr. ER 2006 Rathke's cleft cysts. Front Horm Res 34:127-157 (Pubitemid 43265657)
Black PM, Hsu DW, Klibanski A, Kliman B, Jameson JL, Ridgway EC, Hedley-Whyte ET, Zervas NT 1987 Hormone production in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 66:244-250 (Pubitemid 17027882)
Esiri MM, Adams CB, Burke C, Underdown R 1983 Pituitary adenomas: Immunohistology and ultrastructural analysis of 118 tumors. Acta Neuropathol 62:1-14 (Pubitemid 14247811)
Al-Shraim M, Asa SL 2006 The 2004 World Health Organization classification of pituitary tumors: What is new? Acta Neuropathol 111:1-7 (Pubitemid 43013820)
Molitch ME 2008 Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:151-171, xi
Wolpert SM, Molitch ME, Goldman JA, Wood JB 1984 Size, shape, and appearance of the normal female pituitary gland. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143:377-381
Chambers EF, Turski PA, LaMasters D, Newton TH 1982 Regions of low density in the contrast-enhanced pituitary gland: Normal and pathologic processes. Radiology 144:109-113 (Pubitemid 12050823)
Peyster RG, Adler LP, Viscarello RR, Hoover ED, Skarzynski J 1986 CT of the normal pituitary gland. Neuroradiology 28:161-165 (Pubitemid 16111832)
Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH 1994 Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: Occult adenomas in the general population. Ann InternMed 120:817-820 (Pubitemid 24140506)
NammourGM,Ybarra J, NaheedyMH,Romeo JH, AronDC1997 Incidental pituitary macroadenoma: A population-based study.AmJ Med Sci 314:287-291 (Pubitemid 27481524)
Yue NC, Longstreth Jr. WT, Elster AD, Jungreis CA, O'Leary DH, Poirier VC 1997 Clinically serious abnormalities found incidentally at MR imaging of the brain: Data from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Radiology 202:41-46 (Pubitemid 27024106)
Igarashi T, Saeki N, Yamaura A 1999 Long-term magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of asymptomatic sellar tumors-their natural history and surgical indications. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 39:592-598; discussion 598-599
Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, Byrne JV, Price P, Cudlip S, Wass JA 2007 What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67:938-943 (Pubitemid 350135140)
Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, Roelfsema F, Schutte PJ, Smit JW, Romijn JA, Pereira AM 2007 The natural course of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 156:217-224 (Pubitemid 46554516)
Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, Uemura K 1998 Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery 43:1344-1348; discussion 1348-1350
Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, Dempegioti A, Tichomirowa MA, Beckers A 2006 High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: A crosssectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4769-4775 (Pubitemid 44917305)
Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: A community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72:377-382
Raappana A, Koivukangas J, Ebeling T, Pirilä T 2010 Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:4268-4275
Buurman H, Saeger W 2006 Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: Classification and correlations to clinical data. Eur J Endocrinol 154:753-758 (Pubitemid 43810863)
Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD, Brue T, Cappabianca P, Colao A, Fahlbusch R, Fideleff H, Hadani M, Kelly P, Kleinberg D, Laws E, Marek J, Scanlon M, Sobrinho LG, Wass JA, Giustina A 2006 Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:265-273 (Pubitemid 44079693)
Angeli A, Terzolo M 2002 Adrenal incidentaloma-a modern disease with old complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4869-4871 (Pubitemid 35316317)
Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM 2008 The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1526-1540 (Pubitemid 351656485)
Karavitaki N, Ansorge O, Wass JA 2007 Silent corticotroph adenomas. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 51:1314-1318
Yuen KC, Cook DM, Sahasranam P, Patel P, Ghods DE, Shahinian HK, Friedman TC 2008 Prevalence of GH and other anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies in adults with nonsecreting pituitary microadenomas and normal serum IGF-1 levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69:292-298 (Pubitemid 352009029)
Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Shalet SM, Vance ML, Stephens PA 2006 Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1621-1634
Gruber A, Clayton J, Kumar S, Robertson I, Howlett TA, Mansell P 2006 Pituitary apoplexy: Retrospective review of 30 patients-is surgical intervention always necessary? Br J Neurosurg 20:379-385 (Pubitemid 46292310)
Barker 2nd FG, Klibanski A, Swearingen B 2003 Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996-2000: Mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4709-4719 (Pubitemid 37357516)
Gittoes NJ, Sheppard MC, Johnson AP, StewartPM1999 Outcome of surgery for acromegaly-the experience of a dedicated pituitary surgeon. QJM 92:741-745
Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, Gold RS, Selman WR 1994 Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:348-354 (Pubitemid 24256516)
Arafah BM 1986 Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 1173-1179 (Pubitemid 16085277)
Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Osher E, Veshchev I, Shenkerman G, Reider-Groswasser II, Segev Y, Ouaknine G, Stern N 2005 Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:39-44 (Pubitemid 40966400)
Lohmann T, Trantakis C, Biesold M, Prothmann S, Guenzel S, Schober R, Paschke R 2001 Minor tumour shrinkage in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by long-term treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline. Pituitary 4:173-178 (Pubitemid 34679333)
Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, Cavallo LM, Di Somma C, Cappabianca P, Colao A, Annunziato L, Lombardi G 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: Comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1674-1683 (Pubitemid 38507920)
Shomali ME, Katznelson L 2002 Medical therapy of gonadotropin- producing and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 5:89-98 (Pubitemid 36336014)
Merola B, Colao A, Ferone D, Selleri A, Di Sarno A, Marzullo P, Biondi B, Spaziante R, Rossi E, Lombardi G 1993 Effects of a chronic treatment with octreotide in patients with functionless pituitary adenomas. Horm Res 40:149-155 (Pubitemid 24008271)
de Bruin TW, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van't Verlaat JW, Reubi JC, Krenning EP, Lamberts SW, Croughs RJ 1992 Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and octreotide response to long term high dose treatment, and studies in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1310-1317
Colao A, DiSommaC, Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Savastano S 2008 Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 15:905-915
Molitch ME 1995 Clinical review 65. Evaluation and treatment of the patient with a pituitary incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3-6