learning; gerontology; Age Factors; Aging/psychology; Analysis of Variance; Cognition; Cues; Humans; Memory Disorders/diagnosis/psychology; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data; Reading; Task Performance and Analysis
Abstract :
[en] A decrease in controlled processes has been proposed to be responsible for age-related episodic memory decline. We used the Process Dissociation Procedure, a method that attempts to estimate the contribution of controlled and automatic processes to cognitive performance, and entered both estimates in regression analyses. Results indicate that only controlled processes explained a great part of the age-related variance in a word recall task, especially when little environmental support was offered. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Disciplines :
Theoretical & cognitive psychology
Author, co-author :
Vanderaspoilden, Valérie
Adam, Stéphane ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cognitives > Département des sciences cognitives
Van der Linden, Martial ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cognitives > Psychopathologie cognitive
Morais, José
Language :
English
Title :
Controlled processes account for age-related decrease in episodic memory
Bäckman L., and Karlsson T. Episodic remembering in young adults, 73-years-old, and 82-years-old. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 27 (1986) 320-325
Bäckman L., and Larsson M. Recall of organisable words and objects in adulthood: Influences of instruction, retention interval and retrieval cues. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 47 (1992) 273-278
Baltes P.B., and Lindenberger U. Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult fife span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging. Psychology and Aging 12 (1997) 12-21
Battig W.F., and Montague W.E. Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Monograph 80 3 (1969) 1-43
Bialystok E., Craik F.I.M., Klein R., and Viswanathan M. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging 19 (2004) 290-303
Bryan J., Luszcz M.A., and Pointer S. Executive function and processing resources as predictors of adult age differences in the implementation of encoding strategies. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 6 4 (1999) 273-287
Buckner R.L., and Koutstaal W. Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (1998) 891-898
Burgess P.W., and Shallice T. Confabulation and the control of recollection. Memory 4 (1996) 359-411
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale
Connelly S.L., Hasher L., and Zacks R.T. Age and reading: The impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging 6 (1991) 533-541
Content A., Mousty P., and Radeau M. Brulex: une base de données lexicale informatisée pour le français écrit et parlé. L'Année Psychologique 90 (1990) 551-566
Craik F.I.M. A functional account of age differences in memory. In: Klix F., and Hagendorf H. (Eds). Human memory and cognitive capabilities: Mechanisms and performances (1986), Elsevier, North-Holland 409-422
Craik F.I.M. Human memory and aging. In: Bäckman L., and Von Hofsten C. (Eds). Psychology at the turn of the millennium: Cognitive, biologic and health perspectives (2002), Psychology Press, Hove, UK 261-280
Craik F.I.M., Anderson D.A., Kerr S.A., and Li K.Z.H. Memory changes in normal aging. In: Baddeley A.D., Wilson B.A., and Watts F.N. (Eds). Handbook of memory disorders (1995), John Wiley & Sons Ltd 211-241
Craik F.I.M., Byrd M., and Swanson J.M. Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples. Psychology and Aging 2 1 (1987) 79-86
Craik F.I.M., and Grady C.L. Aging, memory, and frontal lobe functioning. In: Stuss D.T., and Knight R.T. (Eds). Principles of frontal lobe function (2002), Oxford University Press, London 528-540
Craik F.I.M., and Jennings J.M. Human memory. In: Craik F.I.M., and Salthouse T.A. (Eds). Handbook of aging and cognition (1992), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USA 51-110
Debner J.A., and Jacoby L.L. Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20 2 (1994) 304-317
Deltour, J. J. (1993). Echelle de vocabulaire de Mill-Hill de J.C. Raven. Adaptation française et normes comparées du Mill-Hill et du Standard Progressive Matrices de Raven (PM 38). Braine-le-Château: Editions L'Application des Techniques Modernes.
Dubois, D. (1982). Normes de production d'exemplaires appartenant à 22 catégories sémantiques à partir d'une consigne classique et d'imagerie. Paris.
Earles J.L.K., Connor L.T., Smith A.D., and Park D.C. Interrelations of age, self-reported health, speed and memory. Psychology and Aging 12 (1997) 675-683
Ergis A.M., Van der Linden M., and Deweer B. Cross-form priming in normal aging and in mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Cortex 31 (1995) 699-710
Fleischman D.A., and Gabrieli J.D.E. Repetition priming in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: A review of findings and theories. Psychology and Aging 13 (1998) 88-119
Frieske D.A., and Park D.C. Memory for news in young and old adults. Psychology and Aging 14 1 (1999) 90-98
Gooding P.A., Mayes A.R., Van Eijk R., Meudell P.R., and McDonald F.L. Do novel associative word stem completion and cued recall share the same memory retrieval processes?. Memory 7 3 (1999) 323-343
Grady C.L., and Haxby J.V. Functional neuroimaging of the aging brain. In: Boller F., and Grafman J. (Eds). Handbook of neuropsychology Vol. 10 (1995), Elsevier 467-481
Hartley J.T. Aging and prose memory: Tests of the resource-deficit hypothesis. Psychology and Aging 8 (1993) 538-551
Hasher L., and Zacks R.T. Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108 (1979) 356-388
Hay J.F., and Jacoby L.L. Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociation, and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22 (1996) 1323-1335
Hay J.F., and Jacoby L.L. Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: Effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness. Psychology and Aging 14 1 (1999) 122-134
Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional use of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30 (1991) 513-541
Jacoby L.L. Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user's guide for Process-Dissociation Procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24 1 (1998) 3-26
Jacoby L.L. Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25 1 (1999) 3-22
Jacoby L.L., Bishara A.J., Hessels S., and Toth J.P. Aging, subjective experience, and cognitive control: Dramatic false remembering by older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134 2 (2005) 131-148
Jacoby L.L., and Hay J.F. Age-related deficits in memory: Theory and application. In: Conway M.A., Gathercole S.E., and Cornoldi C. (Eds). Theories of memory (1998), Psychology Press 111-134
Jacoby L.L., Toth J.P., and Yonelinas A.P. Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122 2 (1993) 139-154
Jacoby L.L., Yonelinas A.P., and Jennings J. The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences. A declaration of independence. In: Cohen J., and Schooler J.W. (Eds). Scientific approaches to consciousness (1997), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 13-47
Jennings J.M., and Jacoby L.L. Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging 8 (1993) 283-293
Jennings J.M., and Jacoby L.L. An opposition procedure for detecting age-related deficits in recollection: Telling effects of repetition. Psychology and Aging 12 (1997) 352-361
Jermann F., Van der linden M., Adam S., Ceschi G., and Perroud A. Controlled and automatic uses of memory in depressed patients: Effect of retention interval lengths. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 (2005) 681-690
Kelley C.M., and Jacoby L.L. Recollection and familiarity: Process-dissociation. In: Tulving E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). The Oxford handbook of memory (2000), Oxford University Press, New York 215-228
La Voie D., and Light L.L. Adult age differences in repetition priming: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging 9 (1994) 539-553
Light L.L., La Voie D., and Kennison R. Repetition priming of nonwords in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 327-346
Lindenberger U., Mayr U., and Kliegl R. Speed and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging 8 2 (1993) 207-220
Martin G.N. Human neuropsychology (1998), Library of Congress
McDowd J.M., and Filion D.L. Aging, selective attention and inhibitory processes: A psychophysiological approach. Psychology and Aging 7 1 (1992) 65-71
Morrow D.G., Leirer V.O., Carver L.M., and Tanke E.D. Older and younger adult memory for health appointment information: Implications for automated telephone messaging design. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 4 4 (1998) 352-374
Moscovitch M. A neuropsychological model of memory and consciousness. In: Butters N., and Squire R.L. (Eds). Neuropsychology of memory. 2nd ed. (1992), Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA 5-22
Moscovitch M. Cognitive resources and dual-task interference effects at retrieval in normal people: The role of the frontal lobes and medial temporal cortex. Neuropsychology 8 4 (1994) 524-534
Moscovitch M. Memory and working with memory: Evaluation of a component process model and comparisons with other models. In: Schacter D., and Tulving E. (Eds). Memory systems 1994 (1994), The Mit Press, Cambridge 269-310
Nigg J.T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin 127 5 (2001) 571-598
Norman K.A., and Schacter D.L. Implicit memory, explicit memory, and false recollection: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In: Reder L.M. (Ed). Implicit memory and metacognition (1996), Erlbaum 229-256
Park D.C., Smith A.D., Lautenschlager G., Earles J.L., Frieske D., Zwahr M., et al. Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging 11 4 (1996) 621-637
Prull M.W., Gabrieli J.D.E., and Bunge S.A. Age-related changes in memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In: Craik F.I.M., and Salthouse T.A. (Eds). The handbook of aging and cognition. 2nd ed. (2000), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ 91-153
Rabinowitz J.C., Craik F.I.M., and Ackerman B.P. A processing resource account of age differences in recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology 36 2 (1982) 325-344
Salthouse T.A. Speed mediation of adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology 29 4 (1993) 722-738
Salthouse T.A. The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology 30 2 (1994) 240-259
Salthouse T.A. Constraints on theories of cognitive aging. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 3 (1996) 287-299
Salthouse T.A. The processing speed theory of adult age difference in cognition. Psychological Review 103 3 (1996) 403-428
Salthouse T.A., Fristoe N.M., and Rhee S.O. How localized are age related effects on neuropsychological measures. Neuropsychology 10 2 (1996) 272-285
Salthouse T.A., and Meinz E.J. Aging, inhibition, working memory and speed. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 50B (1995) 297-306
Salthouse T.A., Toth J.P., Hancock H.E., and Woodard J.L. Controlled and automatic forms of memory and attention: Process purity and the uniqueness of age-related influences. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 52 5 (1997) 216-228
Schneider W., and Shiffrin R.M. Conrolled and automatic human information processing. I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review 84 1 (1977) 1-66
Shimamura A.P., Janowsy J.S., and Squire L.R. Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 28 8 (1990) 803-813
Sliwinski M., and Buschke H. Processing speed and memory in aging and dementia. Journal of Gerontology B 52 6 (1997) 308-318
Smith A.D. Adult age differences in cued recall. Developmental Psychology 13 (1977) 326-331
Smith J.A., and Knight R.G. Memory processing in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 666-682
Spieler D.H., Balota D.A., and Faust M.E. Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22 2 (1996) 461-479
Titov N., and Knight R.G. Adult age differences in controlled and automatic memory processing. Psychology and Aging 12 4 (1997) 565-573
Vakil E., Malamed M., and Even N. Direct and indirect measures of contextual information: Older versus young adult subjects. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 3 1 (1996) 30-36
Verhaeghen P., Marcoen A., and Goossens L. Facts and fiction about memory aging: A quantitative integration of research findings. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science 48 4 (1993) 157-171
Verhaeghen P., Vandenbroucke A., and Dierckx V. Growing slower and less accurate: Adult age differences in time-accuracy functions for recall and recognition from episodic memory. Experimental Aging Research 24 (1998) 3-19
Winocur G., Moscovitch M., and Stuss D.T. Explicit and implicit memory in the elderly: Evidence for double dissociation involving medial temporal- and frontal-lobe functions. Neuropsychology 10 (1996) 57-65
Yonelinas A.P., and Jacoby L.L. Dissociating automatic and controlled processes in a memory-search task: Beyond implicit memory. Psychological Research 57 (1995) 156-165
Zacks R.T., Radvansky G., and Hasher L. Studies of directed forgetting in older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 22 1 (1996) 143-156
Zelazo P.D., Craik F.I., and Booth L. Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychologica 115 (2004) 167-183
