[en] Croplands cover approximately 45% of Europe and play an important role in the overall carbon budget of the continent. However, the estimation of their carbon balance remains uncertain due to the diversity of crops and cropping systems together with the strong influence of human management. Here, we present a multi-site model comparison for four cropland ecosystem models namely theDNDC,ORCHIDEESTICS, CERES-EGC and SPA models. We compare the accuracy of the models in predicting net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco) as well as actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) derived from eddy covariance measurements on five sites along a gradient of climatic conditions from eastern to southwesterly Europe. The models are all able to simulate daily GPP. The simulation results for daily ETa and Reco are, however, less accurate. The resulting simulation of daily NEE is adequate except in some cases
where models fail due to a lack in phase and amplitude alignment. ORCHIDEE-STICS and PAshowthe best performance. Nevertheless, they are not able to simulate full crop rotations or the multiple management practices used. CERES-EGC, and especially DNDC, although exhibiting a lower level of model accuracy, are able to simulate such conditions, resulting in more accurate simulation of annual cumulative NEE.
Abdalla M., Wattenbach M., Smith P., Ambus P., Jones M., Williams M. Application of the DNDC model to predict emissions of N2O from Irish agriculture. Geoderma 2009, 151:327-337.
Aber J.D., Federer C.A. A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Oecologia 1992, 92:463-474.
Adiku S.G.K., Reichstein M., Lohila A., Dinh N.Q., Aurela M., Laurila T., Lueers J., Tenhunen J.D. PIXGRO: a model for simulating the ecosystem CO2 exchange and growth of spring barley. Ecological Modelling 2006, 190:260-276.
Amatya D.M., Skaggs R.W., Gregory J.D. Comparison of methods for estimating REF-ET. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1995, 121:427-435.
Anthoni P.M., Freibauer A., Kolle O., Schulze E.D. Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2004, 121:55-67.
Aubinet M. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements in nocturnal conditions: an analysis of the problem. Ecological Applications 2008, 18:1368-1378.
Baldocchi D., Valentini R., Running S., Oechel W., Dahlman R. Strategies for measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems. Global Change Biology 1996, 2:159-168.
Baldocchi D.D. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biology 2003, 9:479-492.
Beer C., Reichstein M., Ciais P., Farquhar G.D., Papale D. Mean annual GPP of Europe derived from its water balance. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34.
Best D.J., Gipps P.G. An improved gamma approximation to the negative binomial. Technometrics 1974, 16:621-624.
Black T.A., Den Hartog G., Neumann H.H., Blanken P.D., Yang P.C., Russell C., Nesic Z., Lee X., Chen S.G., Staebler R., Novak M.D. Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biology 1996, 2:219-229.
Bondeau A., Smith P.C., Zaehle S., Schaphoff S., Lucht W., Cramer W., Gerten D., Lotze-campen H., Mueller C., Reichstein M., Smith B. Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance. Global Change Biology 2007, 13:679-706.
Bosch J.M., Hewlett J.D. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 1982, 55:3-23.
Brisson N., Gary C., Justes E., Roche R., Mary B., Ripoche D., Zimmer D., Sierra J., Bertuzzi P., Burger P., Bussière F., Cabidoche Y.M., Cellier P., Debaeke P., Gaudillère J.P., Hénault C., Maraux F., Seguin B., Sinoquet H. An overview of the crop model STICS. European Journal of Agronomy 2003, 18:309-332.
Brisson N., Mary B., Ripoche D., Jeuffroy M.H., Ruget F., Nicoullaud B., Gate P., Devienne-Barret F., Antonioletti R., Durr C., Richard G., Beaudoin N., Recous S., Tayot X., Plenet D., Cellier P., Machet J.M., Meynard J.M., Delécolle R. STICS: a generic model for the simulation of crops and their water and nitrogen balances. I. Theory and parameterization applied to wheat and corn. Agronomie 1998, 18:311-346.
Brisson N., Ruget F., Gate P., Lorgeou J., Nicoullaud B., Tayot X., Plenet D., Jeuffroy M.H., Bouthier A., Ripoche D., Mary B., Justes E. STICS: a generic model for simulating crops and their water and nitrogen balances. II. Model validation for wheat and maize. Agronomie 2002, 22:69-92.
Brown L., Syed B., Jarvis S.C., Sneath R.W., Phillips V.R., Goulding K.W.T., Li C. Development and application of a mechanistic model to estimate emission of nitrous oxide from UK agriculture. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:917-928.
Ciais P., Wattenbach M., Vuichard N., Smith P., Piao S.L., Don A., Luyssaert S., Janssens I.A., Bondeau A., Dechow R., Leip A., Smith P., Beer C., Van Der Werf G.R., Gervois S., Van Oost K., Tomelleri E., Freibauer A., Schulze E.D. Carboeurope Synthesis, T., The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands. Global Change Biology 2009, 16:1409-1428.
Cleveland W.S. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1979, 74:829-836.
Cleveland W.S. LOWESS: a program for smoothing scatterplots by robust locally weighted regression. The American Statistician 1981, 35:54.
Corder G.W., Foreman D.I. Nonparametric Statistics for Non-statisticians: A Step-by-step Approach 2009, John Wiley and Sons.
David M.B., Del Grosso S.J., Hu X., Marshall E.P., McIsaac G.F., Parton W.J., Tonitto C., Youssef M.A. Modeling denitrification in a tile-drained, corn and soybean agroecosystem of Illinois, USA. Biogeochemistry 2009, 93:7-30.
Davidson E.A., Janssens I.A., Lou Y. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10. Global Change Biology 2006, 12:154-164.
De Noblet-Ducoudré N., Gervois S., Ciais P., Viovy N., Brisson N., Seguin B., Perrier A. Coupling the soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer scheme ORCHIDEE to the agronomy model STICS to study the influence of croplands on the European carbon and water budgets. Agronomie 2004, 24:397-407.
Dietiker, D., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., 2010. Testing the ability of the DNDC model to predict CO2 and water vapour fluxes of a Swiss cropland site. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 139, 396-401.
Falge E., Baldocchi D., Olson R., Anthoni P., Aubinet M., Bernhofer C., Burba G., Ceulemans R., Clement R., Dolman H. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2001, 107:43-69.
Falge E., Reth S., Brüggemann N., Butterbach-Bahl K., Goldberg V., Oltchev A., Schaaf S., Spindler G., Stiller B., Queck R., Köstner B., Bernhofer C. Comparison of surface energy exchange models with eddy flux data in forest and grassland ecosystems of Germany. Ecological Modelling 2005, 188:174-216.
Falloon, P., Betts, R., 2009. Climate impacts on European agriculture and water management in the context of adaptation and mitigation-the importance of an integrated approach. Science of the Total Environment, in press.
Farley K.A., Jobbagy E.G., Jackson R.B. Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy. Global Change Biology 2005, 11:1565-1576.
Farquhar G.D., Von Caemmerer S., Berry J.A. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 1980, 149:78-90.
Frolking S.E., Mosier A.R., Ojima D.S., Li C., Parton W.J., Potter C.S., Priesack E., Stenger R., Haberbosch C., Dörsch P., Flessa H., Smith K.A. Comparison of N2O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites: Simulations of year-round measurements by four models. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 1998, 52:77-105.
Gabrielle B., Laville P., Duval O., Nicoullaud B., Germon J.C., Hénault C. Process-based modeling of nitrous oxide emissions from wheat-cropped soils at the subregional scale. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20.
Gervois S., Ciais P., de Noblet-Ducoudré N., Brisson N., Vuichard N., Viovy N. Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22.
Grant R.F., Arkebauer T.J., Dobermann A., Hubbard K.G., Schimelfenig T.T., Suyker A.E., Verma S.B., Walters D.T. Net biome productivity of irrigated and rainfed maize-soybean rotations: Modeling vs. measurements. Agronomy Journal 2007, 99:1404-1423.
Hollander M., Wolfe D.A. Nonparametric Statistical Methods 1973, Wiley, New York.
Hollinger D.Y., Richardson A.D. Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models. Tree Physiology 2005, 25:873-885.
Huang Y., Yu Y., Zhang W., Sun W., Liu S., Jiang J., Wu J., Yu W., Wang Y., Yang Z. Agro-C: a biogeophysical model for simulating the carbon budget of agroecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2009, 149:106-129.
IPCC (Ed), 2007. Mitigation of Climate Change-Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Janssens I.A., Freibauer A., Ciais P., Smith P., Nabuurs G.J., Folberth G., Schlamadinger B., Hutjes R., Ceulemans R., Schulze E.D., Valentini R., Dolman A.J. Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Science 2003, 300:1538-1542.
Janssens I.A., Freibauer A., Schlamadinger B., Ceulemans R., Ciais P., Dolman A.J., Heimann M., Nabuurs G.J., Smith P., Valentini R., Schulze E.D. The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country-scale-a European case study. Biogeosciences 2005, 2:15-26.
Jones C.A., Kiniry J.R. CERES-Maize: A Simulation Model of Maize Growth and Development 1986, Texas A&M University Press, Temple, TX.
Juskiw P.E., Jame Y.-W., Kryzanowski L. Phenological development of spring barley in a short-season growing area. Agronomy Journal 2001, 93:370-379.
Kätterer T., Eckersten H., Andrén O., Pettersson R. Winter wheat biomass and nitrogen dynamics under different fertilization and water regimes: application of a crop growth model. Ecological Modelling 1997, 102:301-314.
Klein Tank A.M.G., Wijngaard J.B., Können G.P., Böhm R., Demarée G., Gocheva A., Mileta M., Pashiardis S., Hejkrlik L., Kern-Hansen C., Heino R., Bessemoulin P., Müller-Westermeier G., Tzanakou M., Szalai S., Pálsdóttir T., Fitzgerald D., Rubin S., Capaldo M., Maugeri M., Leitass A., Bukantis A., Aberfeld R., Van Engelen A.F.V., Forland E., Mietus M., Coelho F., Mares C., Razuvaev V., Nieplova E., Cegnar T., Antonio López J., Dahlström B., Moberg A., Kirchhofer W., Ceylan A., Pachaliuk O., Alexander L.V., Petrovic P. Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European Climate Assessment. International Journal of Climatology 2002, 22:1441-1453.
Kramer, K., Leinonen, I., Bartelink, H.H., Berbigier, P., Borghetti, M., Bernhofer, C., Cienciala, E., Dolman, A.J., Froer, O., Gracia, C.A., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Hari, P., Jans, W., Kellomäki, S., Loustau, D., Magnani, F., Markkanen, T., Matteucci, G., Mohren, G.M.J., Moors, E., Nissinen, A., Peltola, H., Sabate, S., Sanchez, A., Sontag, M., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., 2002. Evaluation of six process-based forest growth models using eddy-covariance measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes at six forest sites in Europe. Global Change Biology 8, 213-230.
Krinner G., Viovy N., de Noblet-Ducoudré N., Ogée J., Polcher J., Friedlingstein P., Ciais P., Sitch S., Prentice I.C. A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2005, 19:1-33.
Kutsch, W.L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach M., Schulze E.D., Tormellieri E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer C., Béziat, P., Carrara, A., Di Tommasi, P., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Olioso, A., Sanz, M.J., Saunders, M., Søgaard, H., Ziegler, W., 2010. The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 139, 336-345.
Lasslop G., Reichstein M., Kattge J., Papale D. Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data on inverse model parameter estimation. Biogeosciences 2008, 5:1311-1324.
Law B.E., Williams M., Anthoni P.M., Baldocchi D.D., Unsworth M.H. Measuring and modelling seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit. Global Change Biology 2000, 6:613-630.
Lehuger S., Gabrielle B., Larmanou E., Laville P., Cellier P., Loubet B. Predicting the global warming potential of agro-ecosystems. Biogeosciences Discussions 2007, 4:1059-1092.
Lehuger S., Gabrielle B., Oijen M.V., Makowski D., Germon J.C., Morvan T., Henault C. Bayesian calibration of the nitrous oxide emission module of an agro-ecosystem model. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2009.
Leip A., Marchi G., Koeble R., Kempen M., Britz W., Li C. Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen and carbon losses from arable soils in Europe. Biogeosciences 2008, 5:73-94.
Li C., Farahbakhshazad N., Jaynes D.B., Dinnes D.L., Salas W., McLaughlin D. Modeling nitrate leaching with a biogeochemical model modified based on observations in a row-crop field in Iowa. Ecological Modelling 2006, 196:116-130.
Li C., Frolking S., Crocker G.J., Grace P.R., Klir J., Koerchens M., Poulton P.R. Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the DNDC model. Geoderma 1997, 81:45-60.
Li C., Frolking S., Frolking T.A. A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and sensitivity. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:9759-9776.
Li C., Frolking S., Xiao X., Moore B., Boles S., Qiu J., Huang Y., Salas W., Sass R. Modelling impacts of farming management alternatives on CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions: a case study for water management of rice agriculture of China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2005, 19:1-10.
Li C., Frolking S.E., Harriss R.C., Terry R.E. Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture: a Florida case study. Chemosphere 1994, 28:1401-1415.
Lohila A., Aurela M., Regina K., Laurila T. Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type. Plant and Soil 2003, 251:303-317.
López M.V., Arrúe J.L. Growth, yield and water use efficiency of winter barley in response to conservation tillage in a semi-arid region of Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 1997, 44:35-54.
McMaster G.S., Wilhelm W.W. Phenological responses of wheat and barley to water and temperature: improving simulation models. The Journal of Agricultural Science 2003, 141:129-147.
McKenney M.S., Rosenberg N.J. Sensitivity of some potential evapotranspiration estimation methods to climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 1993, 64:81-110.
Moffat A.M., Papale D., Reichstein M., Hollinger D.Y., Richardson A.D., Barr A.G., Beckstein C., Braswell B.H., Churkina G., Desai A.R., Falge E., Gove J.H., Heimann M., Hui D., Jarvis A.J., Kattge J., Noormets A., Stauch V.J. Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2007, 147:209-232.
Moncrieff J.B., Massheder J.M., De Bruin H., Elbers J., Friborg T., Heusinkveld B., Kabat P., Scott S., Soegaard H., Verhoef A. A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Journal of Hydrology 1997, 188-189:589-611.
Monteith J.L. Evaporation and environment. The State and Movement of Water in Living Organisms 1965, 205-234. Academic Press, London. G.E. Fogg (Ed.).
Monteith J.L. Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britian. Philosophical Transactions of Research Society London Series B 1977, 281:277-329.
Morales, P., Sykes, M.T., Prentice, I.C., Smith, P., Smith, B., Bugmann, H., Zierl, B., Friedlingstein, P., Viovy, N., Sabaté, S., Sánchez, A., Pla, E., Gracia, C.A., Sitch, S., Arneth, A., Ogee, J., 2005. Comparing and Evaluating Process-based Ecosystem Model Predictions of Carbon and Water Fluxes in Major European Forest Biomes. pp. 2211-2233.
Moureaux C., Debacq A., Hoyaux J., Suleau M., Tourneur D., Vancutsem F., Bodson B., Aubinet M. Carbon balance assessment of a Belgian winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). Global Change Biology 2008, 14:1353-1366.
Mueller L., Behrendt A., Schalitz G., Schindler U. Above ground biomass and water use efficiency of crops at shallow water tables in a temperate climate. Agricultural Water Management 2005, 75:117-136.
Nash J.E., Sutcliffe J.V. River flow forecasting through conceptional models, 1. A. discussion of the principles. Journal of Hydrology 1979, 10:282-290.
Osborne, B.A., Saunders, M.J., Jones, M.B., Wattenbach, M., Smith, P., Walmsley, D., 2010. Key questions and uncertainties associated with the assessment of the cropland greenhouse gas balance. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 139, 293-301.
Papale D., Reichstein M., Aubinet M., Canfora E., Bernhofer C., Kutsch W., Longdoz B., Rambal S., Valentini R., Vesala T., Yakir D. Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences 2006, 3:571-583.
Papale D., Reichstein M., Canfora E., Aubinet M., Bernhofer C., Longdoz B., Kutsch W., Rambal S., Valentini R., Vesala T., Yakir D. Towards a more harmonized processing of eddy covariance CO2 fluxes: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences Discussions 2006, 3:961-992.
Parton W.J., Rasmussen P.E. Long-term effects of crop management in wheat-fallow: II. CENTURY model simulations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1994, 58:530-536.
Pastor J., Post W.M. Influence of climate, soil moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. Biogeochemistry 1986, 2:3-27.
Penman H.L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceeding of Royal Society Series A 1948, 120-145.
Qiu J., Li C., Wang L., Tang H., Li H., Van Ranst E. Modeling impacts of carbon sequestration on net greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2009, 23.
R-project, 2009. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Ramankutty N., Evan A.T., Monfreda C., Foley J.A. Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22.
Reeves M.C., Zhao M., Running S.W. Usefulness and limits on MODIS GPP for estimating wheat yield. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2005, 26:1403-1421.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Valentini, R., 2005. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology 11, 1424-1439.
Richardson A.D., Hollinger D.Y. Statistical modeling of ecosystem respiration using eddy covariance data: maximum likelihood parameter estimation, and Monte Carlo simulation of model and parameter uncertainty, applied to three simple models. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2005, 131:191-208.
Royston P. Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality. Statistics and Computing 1992, 2:117-119.
Salinger M.J. Climate variability and change: past, present and future-an overview. Climatic Change 2005, 70:9-29.
Schulze E.D., Luyssaert S., Ciais P., Freibauer A., Janssens I.A., Soussana J.F., Smith P., Grace J., Levin I., Thiruchittampalam B., Heimann M., Dolman A.J., Valentini R., Bousquet P., Peylin P., Peters W., Rödenbeck C., Etiope G., Vuichard N., Wattenbach M., Nabuurs G.J., Poussi Z., Nieschulze J., Gash J.H. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance. Nature Geosci 2009, 2:842-850.
Seneviratne S.I., Pal J.S., Eltahir E.A.B., Schär C. Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model. Climate Dynamics 2002, 20:69-85.
Smith J.U., Smith P., Wattenbach M., Zaehle S., Hiederer R., Jones R.J.A., Montanarella L., Rounsevell M.D.A., Reginster I., Ewert F. Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990-2080. Global Change Biology 2005, 11:2141-2152.
Smith P. Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context. European Journal of Agronomy 2004, 20:229-236.
Smith P., Andrén O., Karlsson T., Perälä P., Regina K., Rounsevell M., Van Wesemael B. Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated. Global Change Biology 2005, 11:2153-2163.
Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W.L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J.B., Osborne, B., Moors, E.J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., Jones, M., 2010. Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 139, 302-315.
Smith P., Martino D., Cai Z., Gwary D., Janzen H., Kumar P., McCarl B., Ogle S., O'Mara F., Rice C., Scholes B., Sirotenko O., Howden M., McAllister T., Pan G., Romanenkov V., Schneider U., Towprayoon S., Wattenbach M., Smith J. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 363:789-813.
Smith P., Smith J.U., Powlson D.S., Coleman K., Jenkinson D.S., McGill W.B., Arah J.R.M., Thornley J.H.M., Chertov O.G., Komarov A.S., Franko U., Frolking S., Li C., Jensen L.S., Mueller T., Kelly R.H., Parton W.J., Klein-Gunnewiek H., Whitmore A.P., Molina J.A.E. A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma 1997, 81:153-225.
Smith P., Smith J.U., Powlson D.S., McGill W.B., Arah J.R.M., Chertov O.G., Coleman K., Franko U., Frolking S., Jenkinson D.S., Jensen L.S., Kelly R.H., Klein-Gunnewiek H., Komarov A.S., Li C., Molina J.A.E., Mueller T., Parton W.J., Thornley J.H.M., Whitmore A.P. A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma 1997, 81:153-225.
Stone P.J., Sorensen I.B., Jamieson P.D. Effect of soil temperature on phenology, canopy development, biomass and yield of maize in a cool-temperate climate. Field Crops Research 1999, 63:169-178.
Sus, O., Williams, M., Bernhofer, C., Beziat, P., Buchmann, N., Ceschia, E., Doherty, R., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Kutsch, W., Smith, P., Wattenbach, M., 2010. A linked carbon cycle and crop developmental model: Description and evaluation against measurements of carbon fluxes and carbon stocks at several European agricultural sites. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 139, 402-418.
Thornthwaite C.W., Hare F.K. The loss of water to the air. Meteorological Monographs 1965, 163-180.
Tonitto C., David M.B., Drinkwater L.E., Li C. Application of the DNDC model to tile-drained Illinois agroecosystems: model calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2007, 78:51-63.
Tonitto C., David M.B., Li C., Drinkwater L.E. Application of the DNDC model to tile-drained Illinois agroecosystems: model comparison of conventional and diversified rotations. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2007, 78:65-81.
Van Den Boogaard R., Alewijnse D., Veneklaas E.J., Lambers H. Growth and water-use efficiency of 10 Triticum aestivum cultivars at different water availability in relation to allocation of biomass. Plant, Cell and Environment 1997, 20:200-210.
Vertregt N., Penning de Vries F.W.T. A rapid method for determining the efficiency of biosynthesis of plant biomass. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1987, 128:109-119.
Vleeshouwers L.M., Verghagen A. Carbon emission and sequestration by agricultural land use: a model study for Europe. Global Change Biology 2002, 8:519-530.
Vuichard N., Ciais P., Belelli L., Smith P., Valentini R. Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of agriculture in the former USSR since 1990. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22.
Wang J., Yu Q., Lee X. Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes at different time steps from hourly to daily. Hydrological Processes 2007, 21:2474-2492.
Wang Q., Watanabe M., Ouyang Z. Simulation of water and carbon fluxes using BIOME-BGC model over crops in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2005, 131:209-224.
Williams M., Eugster W., Rastetter E.B., McFadden J.P., Chapin Iii F.S. The controls on net ecosystem productivity along an Arctic transect: a model comparison with flux measurements. Global Change Biology 2000, 6:116-126.
Williams M., Rastetter E.B. Vegetation characteristics and primary productivity along an arctic transect: implications for scaling-up. Journal of Ecology 1999, 87:885-898.
Williams M., Rastetter E.B., Fernandes D.N., Goulden M.L., Wofsy S.C., Shaver G.R., Melillo J.M., Munger J.W., Fan S.M., Nadelhoffer K.J. Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-acer stand at Harvard forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 1996, 19:911-927.
Zhang F., Li C., Wang Z., Wu H. Modeling impacts of management alternatives on soil carbon storage of farmland in Northwest China. Biogeosciences 2006, 3:451-466.
Zhang L., Dawes W.R., Walker G.R. Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale. Water Resources Research 2001, 37:701-708.
