All-weather; Infrared; Land surface temperature; Microwave; surface energy balance; Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E); In-situ observations; Infrared measurements; Infrared observations; Land surface analysis; Meteosat second generations; Satellite application facilities; Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager; Earth and Planetary Sciences (all)
Abstract :
[en] A new all-weather land surface temperature (LST) product derived at the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) is presented. It is the first all-weather LST product based on visible and infrared observations combining clear-sky LST retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on Meteosat Second Generation (MSG/SEVIRI) infrared (IR) measurements with LST estimated with a land surface energy balance (EB) model to fill gaps caused by clouds. The EB model solves the surface energy balance mostly using products derived at LSA-SAF. The new product is compared with in situ observations made at 3 dedicated validation stations, and with a microwave (MW)-based LST product derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) measurements. The validation against in-situ LST indicates an accuracy of the new product between -0.8 K and 1.1 K and a precision between 1.0 K and 1.4 K, generally showing a better performance than the MW product. The EB model shows some limitations concerning the representation of the LST diurnal cycle. Comparisons with MW LST generally show higher LST of the new product over desert areas, and lower LST over tropical regions. Several other imagers provide suitable measurements for implementing the proposed methodology, which offers the potential to obtain a global, nearly gap-free LST product.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Martins, João P.A.; Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal ; Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal
Trigo, Isabel F. ; Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal ; Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal
Ghilain, Nicolas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sphères ; Royal Meteorological Institute, Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium
Jimenez, Carlos; Estellus, Paris, France ; LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
Göttsche, Frank-M. ; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Ermida, Sofia L. ; Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal ; Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal
Olesen, Folke-S.; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Gellens-Meulenberghs, Françoise; Royal Meteorological Institute, Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium
Arboleda, Alirio; Royal Meteorological Institute, Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
An all-weather land surface temperature product based on MSG/SEVIRI observations
Acknowledgments: The MSG/SEVIRI IR and EB model LST data were generated by the LSA SAF. The work at RMI has been funded by EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency through the PRODEX programme of the Belgian Science Policy. The AMSR-E/Aqua LST data was obtained through the GlobTemperature portal (http://data.globtemperature.info/). CJ acknowledges support from the European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Element (DUE) GlobTemperature project.Funding: This work was performed within the framework of the LSA SAF (http://lsa-saf-eumetsat.int) project, funded by EUMETSAT.
Norman, J.M.; Becker, F. Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces. Agric. For. Meteorol. 1995, 77, 153-166
Lakshmi, V. A simple surface temperature assimilation scheme for use in land surface models. Water Resour. Res. 2000, 36, 3687-3700
Schmugge, T.J.; Becker, F. Remote Sensing Observations for the Monitoring of Land-Surface Fluxes andWater Budgets. In Land Surface Evaporation; Schmugge, T.J., André, J.C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1991; pp. 337-347. ISBN 978-1-4612-3032-8
Caparrini, F.; Castelli, F.; Entekhabi, D. Variational estimation of soil and vegetation turbulent transfer and heat flux parameters from sequences of multisensor imagery. Water Resour. Res. 2004, 40, 1-15
Ghilain, N.; Arboleda, A.; Batelaan, O.; Ardö, J.; Trigo, I.; Barrios, J.-M.; Gellens-Meulenberghs, F. A New Retrieval Algorithm for Soil Moisture Index from Thermal Infrared Sensor On-Board Geostationary Satellites over Europe and Africa and Its Validation. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1968
Freitas, S.C.; Trigo, I.F.; Macedo, J.; Barroso, C.; Silva, R.; Perdigão, R. Land surface temperature from multiple geostationary satellites. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2013, 34, 3051-3068
Bojinski, S.; Verstraete, M.; Peterson, T.C.; Richter, C.; Simmons, A.; Zemp, M. The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014, 95, 1431-1443
Good, E.J. An in situ-based analysis of the relationship between land surface "skin" and screen-level air temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 2016, 121, 8801-8819
Orth, R.; Dutra, E.; Trigo, I.F.; Balsamo, G. Advancing land surface model development with satellite-based Earth observations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2017, 21, 2483-2495
Trigo, I.F.; Boussetta, S.; Viterbo, P.; Balsamo, G.; Beljaars, A.; Sandu, I. Comparison of model land skin temperature with remotely sensed estimates and assessment of surface-atmosphere coupling. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2015, 120, 12096-12111
Johannsen, F.; Ermida, S.; Martins, J.P.A.; Trigo, I.F.; Nogueira, M.; Dutra, E. Cold Bias of ERA5 Summertime Daily Maximum Land Surface Temperature over Iberian Peninsula. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2570
Wang, A.; Barlage, M.; Zeng, X.; Draper, C.S. Comparison of land skin temperature from a land model, remote sensing, and in situ measurement. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014, 119, 3093-3106
Trigo, I.F.; Viterbo, P. Clear-Sky Window Channel Radiances: A Comparison between Observations and the ECMWF Model. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2003, 42, 1463-1479
Li, Z.-L.; Tang, B.-H.; Wu, H.; Ren, H.; Yan, G.; Wan, Z.; Trigo, I.F.; Sobrino, J.A. Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives. Remote Sens. Environ. 2013, 131, 14-37
Trigo, I.F.; Monteiro, I.T.; Olesen, F.; Kabsch, E. An assessment of remotely sensed land surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, 1-12
Wan, Z.; Dozier, J. A Generalized Split-Window Algorithm for Retrieving Land-Surface Temperature from Space. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1996, 34, 892-905
Göttsche, F.M.; Olesen, F.S.; Trigo, I.F.; Bork-Unkelbach, A.; Martin, M.A. Long term validation of land surface temperature retrieved from MSG/SEVIRI with continuous in-situ measurements in Africa. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 410
Ermida, S.L.; Trigo, I.F.; DaCamara, C.C.; Göttsche, F.M.; Olesen, F.S.; Hulley, G. Validation of remotely sensed surface temperature over an oak woodland landscape-The problem of viewing and illumination geometries. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 148, 16-27
Freitas, S.C.; Trigo, I.F.; Bioucas-dias, J.M.; Göttsche, F. Quantifying the Uncertainty of Land Surface Temperature Retrievals from SEVIRI/Meteosat. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2009, 48, 523-534
Göttsche, F.M.; Olesen, F.S.; Bork-Unkelbach, A. Validation of land surface temperature derived from MSG/SEVIRI with in situ measurements at Gobabeb, Namibia. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2013, 34, 3069-3083
Duan, S.B.; Li, Z.L.; Leng, P. A framework for the retrieval of all-weather land surface temperature at a high spatial resolution from polar-orbiting thermal infrared and passive microwave data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2017
Crosson, W.L.; Al-Hamdan, M.Z.; Hemmings, S.N.J.; Wade, G.M. A daily merged MODIS Aqua-Terra land surface temperature data set for the conterminous United States. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012
Zhang, X.; Wang, C.; Zhao, H.; Lu, Z. Retrievals of all-weather daytime land surface temperature from FengYun-2D data. Opt. Express 2017, 25, 27210
Ermida, S.L.; Trigo, I.F.; DaCamara, C.C.; Jiménez, C.; Prigent, C. Quantifying the Clear-Sky Bias of Satellite Land Surface Temperature Using Microwave-Based Estimates. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2019, 124, 844-857
Jimenez, C.; Prigent, C.; Ermida, S.L.; Moncet, J.-L. Inversion of AMSR-E observations for land surface temperature estimation: 1. Methodology and evaluation with station temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2017, 122, 3330-3347
Ermida, S.L.; Jimenez, C.; Prigent, C.; Trigo, I.F.; Dacamara, C.C. Inversion of AMSR-E observations for land surface temperature estimation: 2. Global comparison with infrared satellite temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2017, 122, 3348-3360
Gao, H.; Fu, R.; Dickinson, R.E.; Juárez, R.I.N. A practical method for retrieving land surface temperature from AMSR-E over the amazon forest. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2008
Holmes, T.R.H.; De Jeu, R.A.M.; Owe, M.; Dolman, A.J. Land surface temperature from Ka band (37 GHz) passive microwave observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2009, 114
Jang, K.; Kang, S.; Kimball, J.S.; Hong, S.Y. Retrievals of all-weather daily air temperature using MODIS and AMSR-E data. Remote Sens. 2014
Zhao, E.; Gao, C.; Jiang, X.; Liu, Z. Land surface temperature retrieval from AMSR-E passive microwave data. Opt. Express 2017, 25, A940-A952
Njoku, E.G.; Li, L. Retrieval of land surface parameters using passive microwave measurements at 6-18 GHz. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1999
Aires, F.; Prigent, C.; Rossow W.B.; Rothstein, M. A new neural network approach including first guess for retrieval of atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water path, surface temperature, and emissivities over land from satellite microwave observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2001, 106, 14887-14907
Basist, A.; Grody, N.C.; Peterson, T.C.;Williams, C.N. Using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager to Monitor Land Surface Temperatures,Wetness, and Snow Cover. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2002
Fily, M.; Royer, A.; Goïta, K.; Prigent, C. A simple retrieval method for land surface temperature and fraction of water surface determination from satellite microwave brightness temperatures in sub-arctic areas. Remote Sens. Environ. 2003
Prigent, C.; Jimenez, C.; Aires, F. Toward "all weather" long record, and real-time land surface temperature retrievals from microwave satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2016, 121, 5699-5717
Weng, F.; Grody, N.C. Physical retrieval of land surface temperature using the special sensor microwave imager. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1998, 103, 8839-8848
Wen, J. Determination of land surface temperature and soil moisture from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Microwave Imager remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res. 2003
Galantowicz, J.F.; Moncet, J.L.; Liang, P.; Lipton, A.E.; Uymin, G.; Prigent, C.; Grassotti, C. Subsurface emission effects in AMSR-E measurements: Implications for land surface microwave emissivity retrieval. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011, 116
Holmes, T.R.H.; Crow, W.T.; Hain, C. Spatial patterns in timing of the diurnal temperature cycle. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 17, 3695-3706
Prigent, C.; Rossow, W.B.; Matthews, E.; Marticorena, B. Microwave radiometric signatures of Different surface types in deserts. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1999, 104, 12147-12158
Zhou, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhan, W.; Göttsche, F.M.; Liu, S.; Olesen, F.S.; Hu, W.; Dai, F. A Thermal Sampling Depth Correction Method for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from Satellite Passive Microwave Observation Over Barren Land. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2017, 55, 4743-4756
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W.B.; Robock, A. Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale: Relationship of satellite observations to in situ soil moisture measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005
Cordisco, E.; Prigent, C.; Aires, F. Snow characterization at a global scale passive microwave satelite observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006, 111
André, C.; Ottlé, C.; Royer, A.; Maignan, F. Land surface temperature retrieval over circumpolar Arctic using SSM/I-SSMIS and MODIS data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2015
Dee, D.P.; Uppala, S.M.; Simmons, A.J.; Berrisford, P.; Poli, P.; Kobayashi, S.; Andrae, U.; Balmaseda, M.A.; Balsamo, G.; Bauer, P.; et al. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2011, 137, 553-597
Zhang, X.; Zhou, J.; Gottsche, F.-M.; Zhan, W.; Liu, S.; Cao, R. A Method Based on Temporal Component Decomposition for Estimating 1-km All-Weather Land Surface Temperature by Merging Satellite Thermal Infrared and Passive Microwave Observations. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2019, 1-22
Jin, M.; Dickinson, R.E. A generalized algorithm for retrieving cloudy sky skin temperature from satellite thermal infrared radiances. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2000
Lu, L.; Venus, V.; Skidmore, A.;Wang, T.; Luo, G. Estimating land-surface temperature under clouds using MSG/SEVIRI observations. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2011, 13, 265-276
Leng, P.; Li, Z.L.; Duan, S.B.; Tang, R.; Gao, M.F. A Method for Deriving All-Sky Evapotranspiration from the Synergistic Use of Remotely Sensed Images and Meteorological Data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2017
Trigo, I.F.; Dacamara, C.C.; Viterbo, P.; Roujean, J.-L.; Olesen, F.; Barroso, C.; Camacho-de-Coca, F.; Carrer, D.; Freitas, S.C. The Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2011, 32, 2725-2744
Geiger, B.; Carrer, D.; Franchistéguy, L.; Roujean, J.L.; Meurey, C. Land surface albedo derived on a daily basis from meteosat second generation observations. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2008, 46, 3841-3856
Geiger, B.; Meurey, C.; Lajas, D.; Franchistéguy, L.; Carrer, D.; Roujean, J.L. Near real-time provision of downwelling shortwave radiation estimates derived from satellite observations. Meteorol. Appl. 2008, 15, 411-420
Roujean, J.-L.; Lacaze, R. Global mapping of vegetation parameters from POLDER multiangular measurements for studies of surface-atmosphere interactions: A pragmatic method and its validation. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, 4150
García-Haro, F.J.; Sommer, S.; Kemper, T. A new tool for variable multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (VMESMA). Int. J. Remote Sens. 2005, 26, 2135-2162
Ghilain, N.; Arboleda, A.; Gellens-Meulenberghs, F. Evapotranspiration modelling at large scale using near-real time MSG SEVIRI derived data. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 15, 771-786
De Bruin, H.A.R.; Trigo, I.F.; Bosveld, F.C.; Meirink, J.F. A Thermodynamically Based Model for Actual Evapotranspiration of an Extensive Grass Field Close to FAO Reference, Suitable for Remote Sensing Application. J. Hydrometeorol. 2016, 17, 1373-1382
Amraoui, M.; DaCamara, C.C.; Pereira, J.M.C. Detection and monitoring of African vegetation fires using MSG-SEVIRI imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010, 114, 1038-1052
Roberts, G.; Wooster, M.J.; Xu, W.; Freeborn, P.H.; Morcrette, J.J.; Jones, L.; Benedetti, A.; Jiangping, H.; Fisher, D.; Kaiser, J.W. LSA SAF Meteosat FRP products-Part 2: Evaluation and demonstration for use in the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15, 13241-13267
Van den Hurk, B.J.J.M.; Viterbo, P.; Beljaars, A.C.M.; Betts, A.K. Oine Validation of the ERA40 Surface Scheme; Technical Memorandum: Shinfield Park, Reading, UK, 2000
Albergel, C.; Balsamo, G.; De Rosnay, P.; Muñoz-Sabater, J.; Boussetta, S. A bare ground evaporation revision in the ECMWF land-surface scheme: Evaluation of its impact using ground soil moisture and satellite microwave data. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2012, 16, 3607-3620
Balsamo, G.; Beljaars, A.; Scipal, K.; Viterbo, P.; van den Hurk, B.; Hirschi, M.; Betts, A.K. A Revised Hydrology for the ECMWF Model: Verification from Field Site to TerrestrialWater Storage and Impact in the Integrated Forecast System. J. Hydrometeorol. 2009, 10, 623-643
Viterbo, P.; Beljaars, A.C.M. An improved land surface parameterization scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation. J. Clim. 1995, 8, 2716-2748
Ghilain, N. Continental Scale Monitoring of Subdaily and Daily Evapotranspiration Enhanced by the Assimilation of Surface Soil Moisture Derived from Thermal Infrared Geostationary Data. In Satellite Soil Moisture Retrieval: Techniques and Applications; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 309-332. ISBN 9780128033890
Yu, Y.; Privette, J.L.; Pinheiro, A.C. Evaluation of Split-Window Land Surface Temperature Algorithms for Generating Climate Data Records. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2008, 46, 179-192
Dash, P.; Göttsche, F.M.; Olesen, F.S.; Fischer, H. Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation from passive sensor data: Theory and practice-current trends. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2002, 23, 2563-2594
Martins, J.P.; Trigo, I.; Bento, V.; da Camara, C. A Physically Constrained Calibration Database for Land Surface Temperature Using Infrared Retrieval Algorithms. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 808
Salisbury, J.W.; D'Aria, D.M. Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 3-5 μm atmospheric window. Remote Sens. Environ. 1994
Peres, L.F.; DaCamara, C.C. Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation based on the two-temperature method: Sensitivity analysis using simulated MSG/SEVIRI data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 91, 377-389
Ghilain, N.; Arboleda, A.; Sepulcre-Cantò, G.; Batelaan, O.; Ardö, J.; Gellens-Meulenberghs, F. Improving evapotranspiration in a land surface model using biophysical variables derived from MSG/SEVIRI satellite. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2012, 16, 2567-2583
Petropoulos, G.P.; Ireland, G.; Lamine, S.; Griffiths, H.M.; Ghilain, N.; Anagnostopoulos, V.; North, M.R.; Srivastava, P.K.; Georgopoulou, H. Operational evapotranspiration estimates from SEVIRI in support of sustainable water management. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2016
Ghilain, N. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Meteosat Second Generation based products Instantaneous Evapotranspiration (MET v2), Daily Evapotranspiration (DMET v2), Surface Latent Heat Flux (LE), Surface Sensible Heat Flux (H); SAF/LAND/RMI/ATBD_ETv2HLE/1.1; Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility: Lisbon, Portugal, 2016; Available online: http://lsa-saf.eumetsat.int/ (accessed on 13 December 2019)
Faroux, S.; Kaptué Tchuenté,A.T.; Roujean, J.-L.; Masson, V.; Martin, E.; Le Moigne, P. ECOCLIMAP-II/Europe: A twofold database of ecosystems and surface parameters at 1 km resolution based on satellite information for use in land surface, meteorological and climate models. Geosci. Model. Dev. 2013, 6, 563-582
Masson, V.; Champeaux, J.L.; Chauvin, F.; Meriguet, C.; Lacaze, R. A global database of land surface parameters at 1-km resolution in meteorological and climate models. J. Clim. 2003, 16, 1261-1282
Carrer, D.; Lafont, S.; Roujean, J.-L.; Calvet, J.-C.; Meurey, C.; Le Moigne, P.; Trigo, I.F. Incoming Solar and Infrared Radiation Derived from METEOSAT: Impact on the Modeled Land Water and Energy Budget over France. J. Hydrometeorol. 2011
Trigo, I.F.; Barroso, C.; Viterbo, P.; Freitas, S.C.; Monteiro, I.T. Estimation of downward long-wave radiation at the surface combining remotely sensed data and NWP data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2010, 115
Lakshmi, V.; Jackson, T.J.; Zehrfuhs, D. Soil moisture-temperature relationships: Results from two field experiments. Hydrol. Process 2003, 17, 3041-3057
Verstraeten, W.W.; Veroustraete, F.; Van Der Sande, C.J.; Grootaers, I.; Feyen, J. Soil moisture retrieval using thermal inertia, determined with visible and thermal spaceborne data, validated for European forests. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 101, 299-314
Albergel, C.; de Rosnay, P.; Gruhier, C.; Muñoz-Sabater, J.; Hasenauer, S.; Isaksen, L.; Kerr, Y.; Wagner, W. Evaluation of remotely sensed and modelled soil moisture products using global ground-based in situ observations. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 118, 215-226
Guillevic, P.; Göttsche, F.; Nickeson, J.; Hulley, G.; Ghent, D.; Yu, Y.; Trigo, I.; Hook, S.; Sobrino, J.A.; Remedios, J.; et al. Land Surface Temperature Product Validation Best Practice Protocol. Version 1.0. In Best Practice for Satellite-Derived Land Product Validation; Göttsche, F., Nickeson, J., Román, M., Eds.; Land Product Validation Subgroup (WGCV/CEOS); Internal Publication: Brussels, Belgium, 2017; p. 60. Available online: http://ceos.org/ourwork/lessons-learned-best-practices/ (accessed on 13 December 2019)
Göttsche, F.-M.; Hulley, G.C. Validation of six satellite-retrieved land surface emissivity products over two land cover types in a hyper-arid region. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 124, 149-158
Masiello, G.; Serio, C.; Venafra, S.; Liuzzi, G.; Poutier, L.; Göttsche, F.-M.; Masiello, G.; Serio, C.; Venafra, S.; Liuzzi, G.; et al. Physical Retrieval of Land Surface Emissivity Spectra from Hyper-Spectral Infrared Observations and Validation with In Situ Measurements. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 976
Guillevic, P.C.; Bork-Unkelbach, A.; Gottsche, F.M.; Hulley, G.; Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P.; Olesen, F.S.; Privette, J.L. Directional viewing effects on satellite land surface temperature products over sparse vegetation canopies-a multisensor analysis. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 2013, 10, 1464-1468
Belward, A.S. The IGBP-DIS Global 1km Land Cover Data Set (DISCover)-Proposal and Implementation Plans; IGBP-DISWorking Paper: Toulouse, France, 1996
Ghent, D.J.; Corlett, G.K.; Göttsche, F.M.; Remedios, J.J. Global Land Surface Temperature from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2017, 122, 12167-12193
Wan, Z. New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature/emissivity product. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 140, 36-45
Zheng W.;Wei, H.; Wang, Z.; Zeng, X.; Meng, J.; Ek, M.; Mitchell, K.; Derber, J. Improvement of daytime land surface skin temperature over arid regions in the NCEP GFS model and its impact on satellite data assimilation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2012, 117
Ermida, S.L.; DaCamara, C.C.; Trigo, I.F.; Pires, A.C.; Ghent, D.; Remedios, J. Modelling directional effects on remotely sensed land surface temperature. Remote Sens. Environ. 2017, 190, 56-69
Liu, Y.; Yu, Y.; Yu, P.; Göttsche, F.M.; Trigo, I.F. Quality assessment of S-NPP VIIRS land surface temperature product. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 12215-12241
Martin, M.A.; Ghent, D.; Pires, A.C.; Göttsche, F.-M.; Cermak, J.; Remedios, J.J.; Martin, M.A.; Ghent, D.; Pires A.C.; Göttsche, F.-M.; et al. Comprehensive In Situ Validation of Five Satellite Land Surface Temperature Data Sets over Multiple Stations and Years. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 479
Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P.J.; Kiehl, J.T.; Rosenfeld, D. Atmosphere: Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 2001, 294, 2119-2124
Thiery, W.; Martynov, A.; Darchambeau, F.; Descy, J.P.; Plisnier, P.D.; Sushama, L.; Van Lipzig, N.P.M. Understanding the performance of the FLake model over two African Great Lakes. Geosci. Model. Dev. 2014, 7, 317-337
Duguay-Tetzlaff, A.; Stöckli, R.; Bojanowski, J. Product User Manual Land Surface Temperature (LST); (SUMET) Ed. 1. Satellite Application Facility for Climate Monitoring, EUMETSAT: Darmstadt, Germany, (SAF/CM/MeteoSwiss/PUM/MET/LST); 2017
Bulgin, C.E.; Merchant, C.J.; Ghent, D.; Klüser, L.; Popp, T.; Poulsen, C.; Sogacheva, L. Quantifying uncertainty in satellite-retrieved land surface temperature from cloud detection errors. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 616
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow W. Land surface skin temperatures from a combined analysis of microwave and infrared satellite observations for an all-weather evaluation of the Differences between air and skin temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 2003
Favrichon, S.; Prigent, C.; Jimenez, C.; Aires, F. Detecting cloud contamination in passive microwave satellite measurements over land. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2019, 12, 1531-1543
