Towards sustainable quantum dots: Regulatory framework, toxicity and emerging strategies

Quantum dots (QDs) have garnered significant interest due to their unique optical and electronic properties, but concerns about their environmental and health impacts persist, particularly for those containing heavy metals like cadmium. The regulation of nanomaterials, including QDs, is relatively young, evolving, and often confusing. This review aims to provide a clear overview of the European regulatory framework, focusing on horizontal and sector-specific regulations that govern nanomaterials and QDs. These policies aim to manage the risks posed by these materials, ensuring safety across various industries. The toxicity mechanisms of QDs is then addressed, shedding light on the ways these materials can harm biological systems. In response to these challenges, sustainable approaches to classic QDs synthesis are critically examined, emphasizing safer production methods and reduced use of toxic reagents. Alternative to classic QDs, such as indium phosphide QDs and carbon dots, are presented as promising options to avoid toxic heavy metals. Sustainable synthetic routes for these alternatives are also discussed, highlighting the importance of selecting environmentally benign starting materials and utilizing continuous flow techniques. Together, these insights pave the way toward more sustainable and less toxic quantum dot technologies.