Ecology, threats, and conservation of the spirlin Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782)

Leuciscid fishes play a crucial role in riverine ecosystems due to their high abundance, diverse life-history strategies, and specific habitat requirements. The spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus) is a rheophilic, lithophilic, and oxyphilic species, highly sensitive to pollution. Because of its strict ecological requirements, it is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, making it a valuable bioindicator of habitat quality in the middle to upper river zones within its distribution range. This paper aims to synthesize existing scientific knowledge on various aspects of spirlin ecology, based on an extensive review of the literature. It addresses key topics such as European distribution, morphology and identification, reproduction and life cycle, diet, movement patterns of both adults and juveniles, and habitat preferences across life stages. Furthermore, it provides an overview of human impacts on the species’ natural ecology and conservation status. A set of key research questions is proposed to stimulate further research and support the development of effective conservation strategies. This review is intended to support researchers in aquatic and fisheries sciences, river managers, and conservation practitioners.