[en] Significant advances in the scientific investigation of the neurobiology of consciousness have been slow to be translated into clinical settings, limited by a lack of generally agreed working definition (e.g., what is consciousness?) and methodology (e.g., how to identify reliable biomarkers/indicators of consciousness? How to improve sensitivity and specificity of the technological identification of consciousness?). In the present paper we aim at proposing potential strategies for reducing the gap between research, clinical practice, and patients' and their caregivers' needs regarding disorders of consciousness. By implementing a multidisciplinary (i.e., involving different disciplines) and multiperspective (i.e., involving different stakeholders) approach, the paper focuses on disorders of consciousness: it starts from the review of some of the most promising measures of consciousness from brain activity (i.e., electrophysiology and spectral measures, measures of functional connectivity, complexity-based measures). Next the paper introduces brain responses to illusions as a possible new indicator of consciousness (i.e., a feature that facilitates the attribution of consciousness), and illustrates a possible clinical operationalization of the indicators of consciousness through the case of virtual reality. Finally, the paper analyses a set of urgent ethical issues and describes a model for assessing and dealing with those issues, concluding by elaborating key recommendations for improving the clinical treatment of patients with disorders of consciousness through a better translation of research into clinics.
Disciplines :
Neurosciences & behavior
Author, co-author :
Farisco, Michele ✱; Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Biogem Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, AV, Italy. Electronic address: michele.farisco@uu.se
Evers, Kathinka ✱; Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Annen, Jitka ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Neurosciences - Coma Science Group
Blandin, Veronique; ALIS, French Association of Locked-in Syndrome, 225 Bd Jean-Jaures, MBE 182, Boulogne-Billancourt 92100, France
Camassa, Alessandra; Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Charland, Vanessa; Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium, Mind Care International Foundation, Liège, Belgium
Deco, Gustavo; Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic, Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain, Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, International Centre for Flourishing, Universities of Oxford, UK, International Centre for Flourishing, Universities of Oxford, Aarhus Denmark, International Centre for Flourishing, Universities of Oxford, Pompeu Fabra Spain
Gosseries, Olivia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Neurosciences - Coma Science Group
Laureys, Steven ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques
Manasanch, Arnau; Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Massimini, Marcello; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
Muckli, Lars F; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK
Panda, Rajanikant ; Université de Liège - ULiège > GIGA > GIGA Neurosciences - Coma Science Group
Pennartz, Cyriel; Department of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Pigorini, Andrea; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy, UOC Maxillo-facial Surgery and dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Torao, Melody; Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Sanchez-Vives, Maria V; Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
Goldman, Jennifer ✱; Paris Saclay University, Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif sur vette, France, Wysong Science, Sophia Antipolis, France
Zamora-López, Gorka ✱; Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain
European Innovation Council ERDF - European Regional Development Fund EU - European Union F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen
Funding text :
The research is supported by funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3). JA is postdoctoral fellow funded ( 1265522N ) by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO). BC is doctoral candidate at the GIGA Doctoral School for Health Science (University of Liege) and FNRS-ASP. OG is Research Associate at FRS-FNRS. CP and SL are Research Directors at FRS-FNRS. GZL was supported by ERDF -Project Brain dynamics, No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004643 . MF and KE were supported by the project Counterfactual Assessment and Valuation for Awareness Architecture\u2013CAVAA ( European Commission , EIC 101071178 ).
Amiri, M., Fisher, P.M., Raimondo, F., Sidaros, A., Cacic Hribljan, M., Othman, M.H., Zibrandtsen, I., Albrechtsen, S.S., Bergdal, O., Hansen, A.E., Hassager, C., Højgaard, J.L.S., Jakobsen, E.W., Jensen, H.R., Møller, J., Nersesjan, V., Nikolic, M., Olsen, M.H., Sigurdsson, S.T., Sitt, J.D., Sølling, C., Welling, K.L., Willumsen, L.M., Hauerberg, J., Larsen, V.A., Fabricius, M., Knudsen, G.M., Kjaergaard, J., Møller, K., Kondziella, D., Multimodal prediction of residual consciousness in the intensive care unit: the CONNECT-ME study. Brain 146:1 (2023), 50–64.
Annen, J., Frasso, G., van der Lande, G.J.M., Bonin, E.A.C., Vitello, M.M., Panda, R., Sala, A., Cavaliere, C., Raimondo, F., Bahri, M.A., Schiff, N.D., Gosseries, O., Thibaut, A., Laureys, S., Cerebral electrometabolic coupling in disordered and normal states of consciousness. Cell Rep., 42(8), 2023.
Arzi, A., Rozenkrantz, L., Gorodisky, L., Rozenkrantz, D., Holtzman, Y., Ravia, A., Bekinschtein, T.A., Galperin, T., Krimchansky, B.Z., Cohen, G., Oksamitni, A., Aidinoff, E., Sacher, Y., Sobel, N., Olfactory sniffing signals consciousness in unresponsive patients with brain injuries. Nature 581:7809 (2020), 428–433.
Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., Bodart, O., Sanz, L.R.D., Wannez, S., Martial, C., Thibaut, A., Martens, G., Carrière, M., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., Chatelle, C., Simplified evaluation of CONsciousness disorders (SECONDs) in individuals with severe brain injury: a validation study. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med, 64(5), 2021, 101432.
Babiloni, C., Sara, M., Vecchio, F., Pistoia, F., Sebastiano, F., Onorati, P., Albertini, G., Pasqualetti, P., Cibelli, G., Buffo, P., Rossini, P.M., Cortical sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are abnormal in persistent vegetative state patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120:4 (2009), 719–729.
Bagnato, S., Boccagni, C., Sant'Angelo, A., Prestandrea, C., Mazzilli, R., Galardi, G., EEG predictors of outcome in patients with disorders of consciousness admitted for intensive rehabilitation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 126:5 (2015), 959–966.
Bai, Y., Lin, Y., Ziemann, U., Managing disorders of consciousness: the role of electroencephalography. J. Neurol. 268:11 (2021), 4033–4065.
Bai, Y., Xia, X., Li, X., A review of resting-state electroencephalography analysis in disorders of consciousness. Front. Neurol., 8, 2017, 471.
Baird, B., Castelnovo, A., Riedner, B.A., Lutz, A., Ferrarelli, F., Boly, M., Davidson, R.J., Tononi, G., Human rapid eye movement sleep shows local increases in low-frequency oscillations and global decreases in high-frequency oscillations compared to resting wakefulness. eNeuro, 5(4), 2018.
Bareham, J., Allanson, N., Roberts, P.J.A., Hutchinson, J.D., Pickard, D.K., Menon, Chennu, S., Longitudinal bedside assessments of brain networks in disorders of consciousness: case reports from the field. Front. Neurol., 9, 2018, 676.
Bayne, T., Hohwy, J., Owen, A.M., Are there levels of consciousness?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20:6 (2016), 405–413.
Bayne, T., Seth, A.K., Massimini, M., Shepherd, J., Cleeremans, A., Fleming, S.M., Malach, R., Mattingley, J.B., Menon, D.K., Owen, A.M., Peters, M.A.K., Razi, A., Mudrik, L., Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond. Trends Cogn. Sci., 2024.
Benbassat, J., Pilpel, D., Tidhar, M., Patients' preferences for participation in clinical decision making: a review of published surveys. Behav. Med. 24:2 (1998), 81–88.
Benca, R.M., Obermeyer, W.H., Larson, C.L., Yun, B., Dolski, I., Kleist, K.D., Weber, S.M., Davidson, R.J., EEG alpha power and alpha power asymmetry in sleep and wakefulness. Psychophysiology 36:4 (1999), 430–436.
Bertolero, M.A., B.T.T. Yeo and M. D'Esposito (2015). “The modular and integrative functional architecture of the human brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(49): E6798-E6807.
Bettinardi, R.G., Tort-Colet, N., Ruiz-Mejias, M., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Deco, G., Gradual emergence of spontaneous correlated brain activity during fading of general anesthesia in rats: evidences from fMRI and local field potentials.". Neuroimage 114 (2015), 185–198.
Bivona, U., Villalobos, D., De Luca, M., Zilli, F., Ferri, G., Lucatello, S., Iannetti, M., Cellupica, L., Mungiello, F., Lo Sterzo, P., Marchegiani, V., Puccitti, A., Lombardi, G., Moretti, G., Donvito, T., Penza, F., Formisano, R., Psychological status and role of caregivers in the neuro-rehabilitation of patients with severe acquired brain injury (ABI). Brain Inj. 34:13-14 (2020), 1714–1722.
Boly, M., Massimini, M., Garrido, M.I., Gosseries, O., Noirhomme, Q., Laureys, S., Soddu, A., Brain connectivity in disorders of consciousness. Brain Connect 2:1 (2012), 1–10.
Boly, M., Phillips, C., Tshibanda, L., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Schabus, M., Dang-Vu, T.T., Moonen, G., Hustinx, R., Maquet, P., Laureys, S., Intrinsic brain activity in altered states of consciousness: how conscious is the default mode of brain function?". Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 1129 (2008), 119–129.
Bonhomme, V., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Bruno, M.-A., Jaquet, O., Bahri, M.A., Plenevaux, A., Boly, M., Boveroux, P., Soddu, A., Brichant, J.F., Maquet, P., Laureys, S., Resting-state network-specific breakdown of functional connectivity during ketamine alteration of consciousness in volunteers. Anesthesiology 125:5 (2016), 873–888.
Boveroux, P., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M.A., Noirhomme, Q., Lauwick, S., Luxen, A., Degueldre, C., Plenevaux, A., Schnakers, C., Phillips, C., Brichant, J.F., Bonhomme, V., Maquet, P., Greicius, M.D., Laureys, S., Boly, M., Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Anesthesiology 113:5 (2010), 1038–1053.
Brooks, N., Campsie, L., Symington, C., Beattie, A., McKinlay, W., The five year outcome of severe blunt head injury: a relative's view. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49:7 (1986), 764–770.
Candia-Rivera, D., Annen, J., Gosseries, O., Martial, C., Thibaut, A., Laureys, S., Tallon-Baudry, C., Neural responses to heartbeats detect residual signs of consciousness during resting state in postcomatose patients. J. Neurosci., 41(24), 2021, 5251.
Casali, A.G., Gosseries, O., Rosanova, M., Boly, M., Sarasso, S., Casali, K.R., Casarotto, S., Bruno, M.A., Laureys, S., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci. Transl. Med, 5(198), 2013 198ra105.
Chennu, S., Annen, J., Wannez, S., Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Cassol, H., Martens, G., Schnakers, C., Gosseries, O., Menon, D., Laureys, S., Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness. Brain 140:8 (2017), 2120–2132.
Ching, S., Cimenser, A., Purdon, P.L., Brown, E.N., Kopell, N.J., Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107:52 (2010), 22665–22670.
Claassen, J., Doyle, K., Matory, A., Couch, C., Burger, K.M., Velazquez, A., Okonkwo, J.U., King, J.-R., Park, S., Agarwal, S., Roh, D., Megjhani, M., Eliseyev, A., Connolly, E.S., Rohaut, B., Detection of brain activation in unresponsive patients with acute brain injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 380:26 (2019), 2497–2505.
Colombo, M.A., Comanducci, A., Casarotto, S., Derchi, C.C., Annen, J., Vigano, A., Mazza, A., Trimarchi, P.D., Boly, M., Fecchio, M., Bodart, O., Navarro, J., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Massimini, M., Sarasso, S., Rosanova, M., Beyond alpha power: EEG spatial and spectral gradients robustly stratify disorders of consciousness. Cereb. Cortex 33:11 (2023), 7193–7210.
Comanducci, A., Boly, M., Claassen, J., De Lucia, M., Gibson, R.M., Juan, E., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Owen, A.M., Rosanova, M., Rossetti, A.O., Schnakers, C., Sitt, J.D., Schiff, N.D., Massimini, M., Clinical and advanced neurophysiology in the prognostic and diagnostic evaluation of disorders of consciousness: review of an IFCN-endorsed expert group. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131:11 (2020), 2736–2765.
Combalia, A., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Donegan, T., Immersive virtual reality in orthopaedics-a narrative review. Int Orthop. 48:1 (2024), 21–30.
Creutzfeldt, C.J., Kluger, B., Kelly, A.G., Lemmon, M., Hwang, D.Y., Galifianakis, N.B., Carver, A., Katz, M., Curtis, J.R., Holloway, R.G., "Neuropalliative care: priorities to move the field forward. Neurology 91:5 (2018), 217–226.
Dasilva, M., Camassa, A., Navarro-Guzman, A., Pazienti, A., Perez-Mendez, L., Zamora-Lopez, G., Mattia, M., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Modulation of cortical slow oscillations and complexity across anesthesia levels. Neuroimage, 224, 2021, 117415.
Deco, G., Kringelbach, M.L., Metastability and coherence: extending the communication through coherence hypothesis using a whole-brain computational perspective. Trends Neurosci. 39:3 (2016), 125–135.
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.P., Naccache, L., The Global Neuronal Workspace Model of Conscious Access: From Neuronal Architectures to Clinical Applications. Characterizing Consciousness: From Cognition to the Clinic? S. Dehaene, Christen, Y. 2011, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 55–84.
Demeco, A., Zola, L., Frizziero, A., Martini, C., Palumbo, A., Foresti, R., Buccino, G., Costantino, C., Immersive virtual reality in post-stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Sensors, 23(3), 2023.
Demertzi, A., Sitt, J.D., Sarasso, S., Pinxten, W., Measuring states of pathological (un)consciousness: research dimensions, clinical applications, and ethics. Neurosci. Conscious, 2017(1), 2017 nix010.
Demertzi, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Dehaene, S., Deco, G., Barttfeld, P., Raimondo, F., Martial, C., Fernandez-Espejo, D., Rohaut, B., Voss, H.U., Schiff, N.D., Owen, A.M., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Sitt, J.D., Human consciousness is supported by dynamic complex patterns of brain signal coordination. Sci. Adv., 5(2), 2019, eaat7603.
van der Lande, G.J.M., Casas-Torremocha, D., Manasanch, A., Dalla Porta, L., Gosseries, O., Alnagger, N., Barra, A., Mejías, J.F., Panda, R., Riefolo, F., Thibaut, A., Bonhomme, V., Thirion, B., Clasca, F., Gorostiza, P., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Deco, G., Laureys, S., Zamora-López, G., Annen, J., Brain state identification and neuromodulation to promote recovery of consciousness. Brain Commun., 6(5), 2024, 10.1093/braincomms/fcae362.
Dung, Newen, A., Profiles of animal consciousness: a species-sensitive, two-tier account to quality and distribution. Cognition, 235, 2023, 105409.
Duszyk-Bogorodzka, A., Zieleniewska, M., Jankowiak-Siuda, K., Brain activity characteristics of patients with disorders of consciousness in the EEG resting state paradigm: a review. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 16, 2022.
Edlow, B.L., Fecchio, M., Bodien, Y.G., Comanducci, A., Rosanova, M., Casarotto, S., Young, M.J., Li, J., Dougherty, D.D., Koch, C., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., Boly, M., Measuring consciousness in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care, 2023.
Edlow, B.L., Menon, D.K., Covert Consciousness in the ICU. Crit. Care Med. 52:9 (2024), 1414–1426.
Esposito, M.J., Nielsen, T.A., Paquette, T., Reduced alpha power associated with the recall of mentation from Stage 2 and Stage REM sleep. Psychophysiology 41:2 (2004), 288–297.
Evers, K., Farisco, M., Pennartz, C.M.A., Assessing the commensurability of theories of consciousness: on the usefulness of common denominators in differentiating, integrating and testing hypotheses. Conscious. Cogn., 119, 2024, 103668.
Farisco, M., Schnakers, C., Laureys, S., (eds.) The Ethics in the Management of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness. Coma and Disorders of Consciousness, 2023, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 209–219.
Farisco, M., Formisano, R., Gosseries, O., Kato, Y., Koboyashi, S., Laureys, S., Lejeune, N., Martial, C., Matar, A., Morrisey, A.M., Schnakers, C., Yakufujiang, M., Yamaki, T., Veeramuthu, V., Zandalasini, M., Zasler, N., Magliacano, A., Estraneo, A., International survey on the implementation of the European and American guidelines on disorders of consciousness. J. Neurol. 271:1 (2024), 395–407.
Farisco, M., Pennartz, C., Annen, J., Cecconi, B., Evers, K., Indicators and criteria of consciousness: ethical implications for the care of behaviourally unresponsive patients. BMC Med. Ethics, 23(1), 2022.
Farisco, M., Salles, A., American and European guidelines on disorders of consciousness: ethical challenges of implementation. J. Head. Trauma Rehabil. 37:4 (2022), 258–262.
Fins, J.J., Bernat, J.L., Ethical, palliative, and policy considerations in disorders of consciousness. Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil. 99:9 (2018), 1927–1931.
Fins, M.G., Master, L.M., Gerber, Giacino, J.T., The minimally conscious state: a diagnosis in search of an epidemiology. Arch. Neurol. 64:10 (2007), 1400–1405.
Fischer, D., Edlow, B.L., Freeman, H.J., Alaiev, D., Wu, Q., Ware, J.B., Detre, J.A., Aguirre, G.K., Reconstructing covert consciousness: neural decoding as a novel consciousness assessment. Neurology, 104(4), 2025, e210208.
Frontera, J.A., Metabolic encephalopathies in the critical care unit. Continuum 18:3 (2012), 611–639.
Georgiev, D.D., Georgieva, I., Gong, Z., Nanjappan, V., Georgiev, G.V., Virtual reality for neurorehabilitation and cognitive enhancement. Brain Sci., 11(2), 2021.
Giacino, J.T., Kalmar, K., Whyte, J., The JFK coma recovery scale-revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil. 85:12 (2004), 2020–2029.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D.I., Whyte, J., Neurorehabilitation in disorders of consciousness. Semin Neurol. 33:2 (2013), 142–156.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D.I., Schiff, N.D., Whyte, J., Ashman, E.J., Ashwal, S., Barbano, R., Hammond, F.M., Laureys, S., Ling, G.S.F., Nakase-Richardson, R., Seel, R.T., Yablon, S., Getchius, T.S.D., Gronseth, G.S., Armstrong, M.J., Practice guideline update recommendations summary: disorders of consciousness: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil. 99:9 (2018), 1699–1709.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D.I., Schiff, N.D., Whyte, J., Ashman, E.J., Ashwal, S., Barbano, R., Hammond, F.M., Laureys, S., Ling, G.S.F., Nakase-Richardson, R., Seel, R.T., Yablon, S., Getchius, T.S.D., Gronseth, G.S., Armstrong, M.J., Comprehensive systematic review update summary: disorders of consciousness: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil. 99:9 (2018), 1710–1719.
Gosseries, O., Schnakers, C., Ledoux, D., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M.A., Demertzi, A., Noirhomme, Q., Lehembre, R., Damas, P., Goldman, S., Peeters, E., Moonen, G., Laureys, S., Automated EEG entropy measurements in coma, vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally conscious state. Funct. Neurol. 26:1 (2011), 25–30.
Gosseries, O., Schnakers, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Martial, C., Aubinet, C., Charland-Verville, V., Thibaut, A., Annen, J., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., Grégoire, C., Needs and quality of life of caregivers of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. Brain Sci., 13, 2023, 10.3390/brainsci13020308.
Hagihira, S., Changes in the electroencephalogram during anaesthesia and their physiological basis. Br. J. Anaesth., 115, 2015 i27-i31.
Hahn, G., Zamora-López, G., Uhrig, L., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., Mantini, D., Kringelbach, M.L., Jarraya, B., Deco, G., Signature of consciousness in brain-wide synchronization patterns of monkey and human fMRI signals.". NeuroImage, 226, 2021, 117470.
Hayashi, T., Umeda, C., Cook, N.D., An fMRI study of the reverse perspective illusion. Brain Res 1163 (2007), 72–78.
Hermann, B., Sangare, A., Munoz-Musat, E., Salah, A.B., Perez, P., Valente, M., Faugeras, F., Axelrod, V., Demeret, S., Marois, C., Pyatigorskaya, N., Habert, M.O., Kas, A., Sitt, J.D., Rohaut, B., Naccache, L., Importance, limits and caveats of the use of “disorders of consciousness” to theorize consciousness. Neurosci. Conscious, 2021(2), 2021 niab048.
Heyland, D.K., Rocker, G.M., Dodek, P.M., Kutsogiannis, D.J., Konopad, E., Cook, D.J., Peters, S., Tranmer, J.E., O'Callaghan, C.J., "Family satisfaction with care in the intensive care unit: results of a multiple center study. Crit. Care Med 30:7 (2002), 1413–1418.
Hyun, C., Kim, K., Lee, S., Lee, H.H., Lee, J., "Quantitative evaluation of the consciousness level of patients in a vegetative state using virtual reality and an eye-tracking system: A single-case experimental design study. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 32:10 (2022), 2628–2645.
Irazoki, E., Contreras-Somoza, L.M., Toribio-Guzmán, J.M., Jenaro-Río, C., van der Roest, H., Franco-Martín, M.A., "Technologies for Cognitive Training and Cognitive Rehabilitation for People With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. A Systematic Review.". Front Psychol., 11, 2020, 648.
Ishizawa, Y., Ahmed, O.J., Patel, S.R., Gale, J.T., Sierra-Mercado, D., Brown, E.N., Eskandar, E.N., "Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across Primate Neocortex. J. Neurosci. 36:29 (2016), 7718–7726.
Kauppi, J.-P., Kandemir, M., Saarinen, V.-M., Hirvenkari, L., Parkkonen, L., Klami, A., Hari, R., Kaski, S., "Towards brain-activity-controlled information retrieval: Decoding image relevance from MEG signals. NeuroImage 112 (2015), 288–298.
Keech, K., Schnakers, C., Murtaugh, B., O'Brien, K., Slomine, B., Briand, M.-M., Formisano, R., Thibaut, A., Estraneo, A., Noé, E., Gosseries, O., da Conceição Teixeira, L., "Optimizing Neurobehavioral Assessment for Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: Proposal of a Comprehensive Pre-Assessment Checklist for Clinicians.". Brain Sci., 15(1), 2025, 71.
Khan, A., Podlasek, A., Somaa, F., "Virtual reality in post-stroke neurorehabilitation - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 30:1 (2023), 53–72.
Kim, H., Kwon, Y.-T., Lim, H.-R., Kim, J.-H., Kim, Y.-S., Yeo, W.-H., "Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors and Integrated Functional Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications.". Adv. Funct. Mater., 31(39), 2021, 2005692.
Knight, R.G., Devereux, R., Godfrey, H.P., "Caring for a family member with a traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 12:6 (1998), 467–481.
Kobayashi, A., Amano, K., Takeda, T., "An MEG study on stream/bounce illusion. Int. Congr. Ser. 1300 (2007), 547–550.
Kok, N., van Erp, W., Meinders, M.J., van Gurp, J., "Reconstruction of patients' treatment preferences in disorders of consciousness: a systematic review. BMC Med. Ethics, 26(1), 2025, 84.
Kondziella, D., Bender, A., Diserens, K., van Erp, W., Estraneo, A., Formisano, R., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Ozturk, S., Rohaut, B., Sitt, J.D., Stender, J., Tiainen, M., Rossetti, A.O., Gosseries, O., Chatelle, C., Ean Panel on Coma, D. o C., "European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness. Eur. J. Neurol., 2020.
Kondziella, D., Friberg, C.K., Frokjaer, V.G., Fabricius, M., Møller, K., "Preserved consciousness in vegetative and minimal conscious states: systematic review and meta-analysis.". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. ampamp Psychiatry, 87(5), 2016, 485.
Kotchoubey, B., Pavlov, Y.G., "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Brain Data and the Outcome in Disorders of Consciousness. Front Neurol., 9, 2018, 315.
Kozloff, R., "Networks of social support and the outcome from severe head injury. J. Head. Trauma Rehabil. 2 (1987), 14–23.
Kreutzer, J. and J. Marwitz (1989). The Family Needs Questionnaire. Richmond: Virginia, The National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury.
LaConte, S.M., "Decoding fMRI brain states in real-time. NeuroImage 56:2 (2011), 440–454.
Lau, W.K., Fehnel, C.R., Macchi, Z.A., Mehta, A.K., Auffret, M., Bogetz, J.F., Fleisher, J.E., Graber, J.J., Leeper, H.E., Manglani-Terranova, H.R., Muehlschlegel, S., Mroz, E.L., Pedowitz, E.J., Ramanathan, U., Sarmet, M., Shlobin, N.A., Sokol, L., Weeks, S.A., Xu, J., Bundy Medsger, H., Creutzfeldt, C.J., Vranceanu, A.M., Zahuranec, D.B., Hwang, D.Y., "Research Priorities in Neuropalliative Care: A Consensus Statement From the International Neuropalliative Care Society. JAMA Neurol. 82:3 (2025), 295–302.
Laureys, S., Faymonville, M.E., Luxen, A., Lamy, M., Franck, G., Maquet, P., "Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state. Lancet 355:9217 (2000), 1790–1791.
Laureys, S., Goldman, S., Phillips, C., Van Bogaert, P., Aerts, J., Luxen, A., Franck, G., Maquet, P., "Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: preliminary investigation using PET. Neuroimage 9:4 (1999), 377–382.
Laureys, S., Owen, A.M., Schiff, N.D., "Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurol. 3:9 (2004), 537–546.
Le Guennec, L., Marois, C., Demeret, S., Wijdicks, E.F.M., Weiss, N., Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy in adults: Critical discussion and pragmatical diagnostic approach. Rev. Neurol. 178:1 (2022), 93–104.
Lehembre, R., Gosseries, O., Lugo, Z., Jedidi, Z., Chatelle, C., Sadzot, B., Laureys, S., Noirhomme, Q., "Electrophysiological investigations of brain function in coma, vegetative and minimally conscious patients. Arch. Ital. Biol. 150:2-3 (2012), 122–139.
Lempel, A., Ziv, J., "Compression of two-dimensional data. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 32:1 (1986), 2–8.
Lewis, A., M.J. Young, B. Rohaut, R.J. Jox, J. Claassen, C.J. Creutzfeldt, J. Illes, M. Kirschen, S. Trevick, J.J. Fins, C. and The Curing Coma and M. its Contributing (2023). “Ethics Along the Continuum of Research Involving Persons with Disorders of Consciousness.” Neurocrit Care.
Liang, P., Xu, H., Li, S., Ren, L., Zhao, X., "Virtual Reality-Based Sensory Stimulation for Pediatric Disorders of Consciousness: A Pilot Study. Front Pedia, 10, 2022, 879422.
Liuzzi, P., Grippo, A., Draghi, F., Hakiki, B., Macchi, C., Cecchi, F., Mannini, A., "Can Respiration Complexity Help the Diagnosis of Disorders of Consciousness in Rehabilitation?". Diagn. (Basel), 13(3), 2023.
Llobera, J., Spanlang, B., Ruffini, G., Slater, M., "Proxemics with multiple dynamic characters in an immersive virtual environment. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 8 (2011), 1–12.
López-González, A., Panda, R., Ponce-Alvarez, A., Zamora-López, G., Escrichs, A., Martial, C., Thibaut, A., Gosseries, O., Kringelbach, M.L., Annen, J., Laureys, S., Deco, G., “Loss of consciousness reduces the stability of brain hubs and the heterogeneity of brain dynamics.” Communications. Biology, 4(1), 2021, 1037.
Lugo, Z., Pellas, F., Blandin, V., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., "Assessment of needs, psychological impact and quality of life in families of patients with locked-in syndrome. Brain Inj. 31:12 (2017), 1590–1596.
Luppi, A.I., "What anaesthesia reveals about human brains and consciousness. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8:5 (2024), 801–804.
Maggio, M.G., Naro, A., La Rosa, G., Cambria, A., Lauria, P., Billeri, L., Latella, D., Manuli, A., Calabrò, R.S., "Virtual Reality Based Cognitive Rehabilitation in Minimally Conscious State: A Case Report with EEG Findings and Systematic Literature Review. Brain Sci., 10(7), 2020.
Magliacano, A., Rosenfelder, M., Hieber, N., Bender, A., Estraneo, A., Trojano, L., "Spontaneous eye blinking as a diagnostic marker in prolonged disorders of consciousness. Sci. Rep., 11(1), 2021, 22393.
Mashour, G.A., "Anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness. Neuron 112:10 (2024), 1553–1567.
Mason, M.F., Norton, M.I., Van Horn, J.D., Wegner, D.M., Grafton, S.T., Macrae, C.N., "Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315:5810 (2007), 393–395.
Massetti, T., da Silva, T.D., Crocetta, T.B., Guarnieri, R., de Freitas, B.L., Bianchi Lopes, P., Watson, S., Tonks, J., de Mello Monteiro, C.B., "The Clinical Utility of Virtual Reality in Neurorehabilitation: A Systematic Review.". J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis., 10, 2018 1179573518813541.
Mat, B., Sanz, L.R.D., Arzi, A., Boly, M., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., "New Behavioral Signs of Consciousness in Patients with Severe Brain Injuries. Semin Neurol. 42:3 (2022), 259–272.
Mathis, M., "Personal needs of family members of critically ill patients with and without acute brain injury. J. Neurosurg. Nurs. 16:1 (1984), 36–44.
Metzger, S.L., Littlejohn, K.T., Silva, A.B., Moses, D.A., Seaton, M.P., Wang, R., Dougherty, M.E., Liu, J.R., Wu, P., Berger, M.A., Zhuravleva, I., Tu-Chan, A., Ganguly, K., Anumanchipalli, G.K., Chang, E.F., "A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control. Nature 620:7976 (2023), 1037–1046.
Meys, M., Thibaut, A., Annen, J., Brain–Computer Interfaces and Their Place in the Management of Disorders of Consciousness. Schnakers, C., Laureys, S., (eds.) Coma and Disorders of Consciousness, 2023, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 35–57.
Monti, M.M., Schnakers, C., "Flowchart for Implementing Advanced Imaging and Electrophysiology in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: To fMRI or Not to fMRI?". Neurology 98:11 (2022), 452–459.
Muckli, L., Kohler, A., Kriegeskorte, N., Singer, W., "Primary visual cortex activity along the apparent-motion trace reflects illusory perception. PLoS Biol., 3(8), 2005, e265.
Muckli, L., Kriegeskorte, N., Lanfermann, H., Zanella, F.E., Singer, W., Goebel, R., "Apparent motion: event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of perceptual switches and States. J. Neurosci., 22(9), 2002 RC219.
Muckli, L., Singer, W., Zanella, F.E., Goebel, R., "Integration of multiple motion vectors over space: an fMRI study of transparent motion perception. Neuroimage 16:4 (2002), 843–856.
MultiSocietyTaskForceonPVS, "Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (1). N. Engl. J. Med 330:21 (1994), 1499–1508.
Munk, M.H., Linden, D.E., Muckli, L., Lanfermann, H., Zanella, F.E., Singer, W., Goebel, R., "Distributed cortical systems in visual short-term memory revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb. Cortex 12:8 (2002), 866–876.
Naccache, L., "Minimally conscious state or cortically mediated state?". Brain 141:4 (2018), 949–960.
Naro, A., Maggio, M.G., Leo, A., Calabro, R.S., "Multiplex and Multilayer Network EEG Analyses: A Novel Strategy in the Differential Diagnosis of Patients with Chronic Disorders of Consciousness. Int J. Neural Syst., 31(2), 2021, 2050052.
Nilsen, A.S., B.E. Juel, B. Thürer and J.F. Storm (2020). Proposed EEG measures of consciousness: a systematic, comparative review.
Noé, E., Navarro, M.D., Moliner, B., O'Valle, M., Olaya, J., Maza, A., Llorens, R., Ferri, J., Rodríguez, R., Pérez, T., Bernabéu, M., Colomer, C., Gómez, A., González, C., Juárez-Belaúnde, A., López, C., Laxe, S., Pelayo, R., Ríos, M., Quemada, I., "Guideline: Neurorehabilitation in patients with disorder of consciousness. Recommendations from the Spanish Society of Neurorehabilitation. Neurol. ía (Engl. Ed. ) 40:1 (2025), 92–117.
Oddy, M., Humprey, M., Uttley, D., "Stresses upon the relatives of head-injured patients. J. Ment. Sci. 133 (1978), 507–513.
Olcese, U., Oude Lohuis, M.N., Pennartz, C.M.A., "Sensory Processing Across Conscious and Nonconscious Brain States: From Single Neurons to Distributed Networks for Inferential Representation. Front Syst. Neurosci., 12, 2018, 49.
Overbeek, B.U.H., van Erp, W.S., Eilander, H.J., Koopmans, R.T.C.M., Lavrijsen, J.C.M., "Medical complications and advance medical decision-making in the minimally conscious state. Brain Inj. 39:4 (2025), 249–256.
Owen, A.M., "Improving diagnosis and prognosis in disorders of consciousness. Brain 143:4 (2020), 1050–1053.
Padrao, G., Gonzalez-Franco, M., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Slater, M., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., "Violating body movement semantics: Neural signatures of self-generated and external-generated errors.". NeuroImage 124 (2016), 147–156.
Panda, R., Thibaut, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, A., Escrichs, A., Bahri, M.A., Hillebrand, A., Deco, G., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Annen, J., Tewarie, P., "Disruption in structural–functional network repertoire and time-resolved subcortical fronto-temporoparietal connectivity in disorders of consciousness.". eLife, 11, 2022, e77462.
Pavone, K.J., Su, L., Gao, L., Eromo, E., Vazquez, R., Rhee, J., Hobbs, L.E., Ibala, R., Demircioglu, G., Purdon, P.L., Brown, E.N., Akeju, O., "Lack of Responsiveness during the Onset and Offset of Sevoflurane Anesthesia Is Associated with Decreased Awake-Alpha Oscillation Power. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 11, 2017.
Pennartz, The Brain´s Representational Power. On Consciousness and the Integration of Modalities. 2015, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Pennartz, M., Farisco, Evers, K., "Indicators and Criteria of Consciousness in Animals and Intelligent Machines: An Inside-Out Approach. Front Syst. Neurosci., 13, 2019, 25.
Perez-Marcos, D., Solazzi, M., Steptoe, W., Oyekoya, O., Frisoli, A., Weyrich, T., Steed, A., Tecchia, F., Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., "A fully immersive set-up for remote interaction and neurorehabilitation based on virtual body ownership.". Front Neurol., 3, 2012, 110.
Peterson, A., "Consilience, clinical validation, and global disorders of consciousness. Neurosci. Conscious 2016(1), 2016 niw011.
Piarulli, A., Bergamasco, M., Thibaut, A., Cologan, V., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., "EEG ultradian rhythmicity differences in disorders of consciousness during wakefulness. J. Neurol. 263:9 (2016), 1746–1760.
Pisa, F.E., Biasutti, E., Drigo, D., Barbone, F., "The prevalence of vegetative and minimally conscious states: a systematic review and methodological appraisal. J. Head. Trauma Rehabil., 29(4), 2014 E23-30.
Ponce-Alvarez, A., Deco, G., Hagmann, P., Romani, G.L., Mantini, D., Corbetta, M., "Resting-state temporal synchronization networks emerge from connectivity topology and heterogeneity.". PLoS Comput. Biol., 11(2), 2015, e1004100.
Purdon, P.L., Sampson, A., Pavone, K.J., Brown, E.N., "Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and Basic Signatures. Anesthesiology 123:4 (2015), 937–960.
Raimondo, F., Rohaut, B., Demertzi, A., Valente, M., Engemann, D.A., Salti, M., Fernandez Slezak, D., Naccache, L., Sitt, J.D., "Brain-heart interactions reveal consciousness in noncommunicating patients. Ann. Neurol. 82:4 (2017), 578–591.
Ramsburg, H., Fischer, A.G., MacKenzie Greenle, M., Fehnel, C.R., "Care of the Patient Nearing the End of Life in the Neurointensive Care Unit. Neurocritical Care 41:3 (2024), 749–759.
Reale, G., Fusco, A., Calciano, R., Vallario, N., Vagnarelli, G., Caliandro, P., Castelli, L., Moci, M., Tieri, G., Iasevoli, L., Padua, L., "The Immediate Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality on Autonomic Nervous System Function in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness after Severe Acquired Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med, 12(24), 2023.
Robinson, M.T., Holloway, R.G., "Palliative Care in Neurology. Mayo Clin. Proc. 92:10 (2017), 1592–1601.
Rohaut, B., Calligaris, C., Hermann, B., Perez, P., Faugeras, F., Raimondo, F., King, J.R., Engemann, D., Marois, C., Le Guennec, L., Di Meglio, L., Sangaré, A., Munoz Musat, E., Valente, M., Ben Salah, A., Demertzi, A., Belloli, L., Manasova, D., Jodaitis, L., Habert, M.O., Lambrecq, V., Pyatigorskaya, N., Galanaud, D., Puybasset, L., Weiss, N., Demeret, S., Lejeune, F.X., Sitt, J.D., Naccache, L., "Multimodal assessment improves neuroprognosis performance in clinically unresponsive critical-care patients with brain injury. Nat. Med. 30:8 (2024), 2349–2355.
Rossi Sebastiano, D., Varotto, G., Sattin, D., Franceschetti, S., EEG Assessment in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: Aims, Advantages, Limits, and Pitfalls. Front. Neurol., 12, 2021, 649849, 10.3389/fneur.2021.649849.
Rousseaux, F., Dardenne, N., Massion, P.B., Ledoux, D., Bicego, A., Donneau, A.F., Faymonville, M.E., Nyssen, A.S., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Virtual reality and hypnosis for anxiety and pain management in intensive care units: a prospective randomised trial among cardiac surgery patients. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 39:1 (2022), 58–66.
Sanders, R.D., Banks, M.I., Darracq, M., Moran, R., Sleigh, J., Gosseries, O., Bonhomme, V., Brichant, J.F., Rosanova, M., Raz, A., Tononi, G., Massimini, M., Laureys, S., Boly, M., Propofol-induced unresponsiveness is associated with impaired feedforward connectivity in cortical hierarchy. Br. J. Anaesth. 121:5 (2018), 1084–1096.
Sanz, L.R.D., Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., Bodart, O., Wannez, S., Bonin, E.A.C., Barra, A., Lejeune, N., Martial, C., Chatelle, C., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., Thibaut, A., Gosseries, O., SECONDs administration guidelines: a fast tool to assess consciousness in brain-injured patients. J. Vis. Exp. (168), 2021.
Sanz, L.R.D., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., "Towards modern post-coma care based on neuroscientific evidence. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol., 23(3), 2023, 100370.
Sarasso, S., Rosanova, M., Casali, A.G., Casarotto, S., Fecchio, M., Boly, M., Gosseries, O., Tononi, G., Laureys, S., Massimini, M., Quantifying cortical EEG responses to TMS in (Un)consciousness. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 45:1 (2014), 40–49.
Scheinin, A., Kallionpaa, R.E., Li, D., Kallioinen, M., Kaisti, K., Langsjo, J., Maksimow, A., Vahlberg, T., Valli, K., Mashour, G.A., Revonsuo, A., Scheinin, H., Differentiating drug-related and state-related effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on the electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 129:1 (2018), 22–36.
Schiff, N.D., Fins, J.J., Disorders of consciousness. Mayo Clin. Proc. 82:2 (2007), 250–251 author reply 251.
Schnakers, C., Bauer, C., Formisano, R., Noe, E., Llorens, R., Lejeune, N., Farisco, M., Teixeira, L., Morrissey, A.M., Marco, S.De, Veeramuthu, V., Ilina, K., Edlow, B.L., Gosseries, O., Zandalasini, M., Bellis, F.De, Thibaut, A., Estraneo, A., What names for covert awareness? A systematic review. Front Hum. Neurosci., 16, 2022, 971315.
Schnakers, C., Laureys, S., Coma and Disorders of Consciousness. 2024, Springer, Cham.
Senden, M., Reuter, N., van den Heuvel, M.P., Goebel, R., Deco, G., Cortical rich club regions can organize state-dependent functional network formation by engaging in oscillatory behavior. Neuroimage 146 (2017), 561–574.
Serio, C.D., Kreutzer, J.S., Witol, A.D., Family needs after traumatic brain injury: a factor analytic study of the family needs questionnaire. Brain Inj. 11:1 (1997), 1–9.
Sharma-Virk, M., van Erp, W.S., Lavrijsen, J.C.M., Koopmans, R.T.C.M., Intensive neurorehabilitation for patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: protocol of a mixed-methods study focusing on outcomes, ethics and impact.". BMC Neurol., 21(1), 2021, 133.
Singer, W., Recurrent dynamics in the cerebral cortex: integration of sensory evidence with stored knowledge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 118(33), 2021, e2101043118.
Sitt, J.D., King, J.R., Karoui, I.El, Rohaut, B., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Brain 137:Pt 8 (2014), 2258–2270.
Slater, M., Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 364:1535 (2009), 3549–3557.
Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Front. Robot. AI, 3, 2016.
Stasolla, F., Vinci, L.A., Cusano, M., The integration of assistive technology and virtual reality for assessment and recovery of post-coma patients with disorders of consciousness: a new hypothesis. Front Psychol., 13, 2022, 905811.
TheSUPPORTPrincipalInvestigators, A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). Jama 274:20 (1995), 1591–1598.
Thibaut, A., Panda, R., Annen, J., Sanz, L.R.D., Naccache, L., Martial, C., Chatelle, C., Aubinet, C., Bonin, E.A.C., Barra, A., Briand, M.M., Cecconi, B., Wannez, S., Stender, J., Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Preservation of brain activity in unresponsive patients identifies MCS star. Ann. Neurol. 90:1 (2021), 89–100.
Thul, A., Lechinger, J., Donis, J., Michitsch, G., Pichler, G., Kochs, E.F., Jordan, D., Ilg, R., Schabus, M., EEG entropy measures indicate decrease of cortical information processing in disorders of consciousness. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127:2 (2016), 1419–1427.
Tononi, G., Boly, M., Cirelli, C., "Consciousness and sleep. Neuron 112:10 (2024), 1568–1594.
Tsurumi, S., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M.K., Infants' visual perception without feature-binding. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 290(2012), 2023, 20232134.
Van der Lande, G.J.M., Blume, C., Annen, J., Sleep and circadian disturbance in disorders of consciousness: current methods and the way towards clinical implementation. Semin Neurol. 42:03 (2022), 283–298.
Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Noirhomme, Q., Tshibanda, L.J., Bruno, M.A., Boveroux, P., Schnakers, C., Soddu, A., Perlbarg, V., Ledoux, D., Brichant, J.F., Moonen, G., Maquet, P., Greicius, M.D., Laureys, S., Boly, M., Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 133:Pt 1 (2010), 161–171.
Vijayan, S., Ching, S., Purdon, P.L., Brown, E.N., Kopell, N.J., Thalamocortical mechanisms for the anteriorization of alpha rhythms during propofol-induced unconsciousness. J. Neurosci. 33:27 (2013), 11070–11075.
Vlisides, P.E., Bel-Bahar, T., Lee, U., Li, D., Kim, H., Janke, E., Tarnal, V., Pichurko, A.B., McKinney, A.M., Kunkler, B.S., Picton, P., Mashour, G.A., Neurophysiologic correlates of ketamine sedation and anesthesia: a high-density electroencephalography study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 127:1 (2017), 58–69.
Walter, J., "Consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon: implications for the assessment of disorders of consciousness. Neurosci. Conscious, 2021(2), 2021 niab047.
Wang, J., Hu, X., Hu, Z., Sun, Z., Laureys, S., Di, H., The misdiagnosis of prolonged disorders of consciousness by a clinical consensus compared with repeated coma-recovery scale-revised assessment.". BMC Neurol., 20(1), 2020, 343.
Wannez, S., Gosseries, O., Azzolini, D., Martial, C., Cassol, H., Aubinet, C., Annen, J., Martens, G., Bodart, O., Heine, L., Charland-Verville, V., Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Schnakers, C., Donneau, A.F., Laureys, S., Prevalence of coma-recovery scale-revised signs of consciousness in patients in minimally conscious state. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 28:8 (2018), 1350–1359.
Weilnhammer, V., Stuke, H., Hesselmann, G., Sterzer, P., Schmack, K., A predictive coding account of bistable perception - a model-based fMRI study. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13(5), 2017, e1005536.
White, N.S., Alkire, M.T., Impaired thalamocortical connectivity in humans during general-anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Neuroimage 19:2 Pt 1 (2003), 402–411.
Williams, S.T., Conte, M.M., Goldfine, A.M., Noirhomme, Q., Gosseries, O., Thonnard, M., Beattie, B., Hersh, J., Katz, D.I., Victor, J.D., Laureys, S., Schiff, N.D., Common resting brain dynamics indicate a possible mechanism underlying zolpidem response in severe brain injury. eLife, 2, 2013, e01157.
Wu, D.Y., Cai, G., Zorowitz, R.D., Yuan, Y., Wang, J., Song, W.Q., Measuring interconnection of the residual cortical functional islands in persistent vegetative state and minimal conscious state with EEG nonlinear analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122:10 (2011), 1956–1966.
Young, M.J., Bodien, Y.G., Giacino, J.T., Fins, J.J., Truog, R.D., Hochberg, L.R., Edlow, B.L., The neuroethics of disorders of consciousness: a brief history of evolving ideas. Brain, 2021.
Zamora-López, G., Chen, Y., Deco, G., Kringelbach, M.L., Zhou, C., Functional complexity emerging from anatomical constraints in the brain: the significance of network modularity and rich-clubs. Sci. Rep., 6(1), 2016, 38424.
